Chapter III

INTELLIGENCE

1. Background

processing, and interpreting data to provide reasoned judgments to decisionmakers.

At the operational level of war, the joint intelligence system concentrates on the c. IPB. IPB is an analytical methodology collection, identification, location, and employed to reduce uncertainties concerning analysis of strategic and operational centers the enemy, environment, and terrain for all of gravity that, if successfully attacked, will types of operations. IPB builds an extensive achieve joint force objectives. At both the database for each potential area where a unit operational and tactical levels, intelligence may be required to operate. The database is provides the basis for planning, synchro-then analyzed to determine the impact of the nizing, and conducting joint force operations.

enemy, environment, and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form.

2. Terminology

IPB is also referred to as �śIntelligence Preparation of the Battlefield” in Army Joint Pubs 1-02 and 2.0, Doctrine for doctrinal publications.

Intelligence Support to Joint Operations, define the key terms and concepts that serve 3. Intelligence Responsibilities as the foundation for discussion throughout this text. Key terms and concepts include The following discussion highlights intelligence operations, intelligence system, intelligence responsibilities for the respective and intelligence preparation of battlespace intelligence organizations of the joint force: (IPB).

a. Intelligence Operations. Intelligence a. Senior Intelligence Organization. The operations are the variety of intelligence senior intelligence organization�"

tasks carried out by various intelligence organizations and activities. Predominantly, (1) Establishes plans, policies, and it refers to either intelligence collection or overall requirements for the intelligence intelligence production activities of the activities of the command.

intelligence cycle. When used in the context of intelligence

collection activities,

(2) Ensures interoperability and intelligence operations refer to collection, responsiveness of intelligence structure.

processing, exploitation, and reporting of information. When used in the context of (3) Articulates, reviews, and monitors intelligence production activities, it refers to intelligence priorities.

collation, integration, interpretation, and analysis, leading to dissemination of a (4) Provides subordinate commands finished product. The concept for intelligence with a single, coordinated intelligence picture operations, tailored for the operational by fusing available intelligence into all-mission, results in the availability of all-source estimates and assessments.

source intelligence that supports JFC and subordinate commander decisionmaking.

(5) Coordinates the intelligence plans and operations of subordinate commanders.

b. Intelligence System. Intelligence system is any formal or informal system for (6) Coordinates the collection plan and managing data collection, obtaining, employment of joint force collection assets.

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(7) Identifies/requests external assis-facilitate targeting. IEW operations assist tance for intelligence resource shortfalls the commander to understand the battlefield, critical to accomplishing assigned missions.

support decisionmaking, and effectively execute combat operations by�"

(8) Establishes and supervises intelligence liaison, coordination, and communi-a. Providing indications and warning.

cations requirements with subordinate, lateral, superior, and national intelligence b. Performing intelligence preparation of organizations as appropriate.

the battlefield.

(9) Prescribes intelligence security c. Performing situation development.

requirements for the entire force.

d. Performing target development and b. Subordinate Command Intelligence supporting targeting.

Organizations. Subordinate command intelligence organizations collect, process, e. Supporting force protection.

produce, and disseminate intelligence to support respective commanders in the f. Performing battle damage assessment.

employment of their forces to accomplish assigned missions. Within their assigned AO, See FM 34-1, Intelligence and Electronic subordinate

command

intelligence

Warfare Operations, for detailed discussion organizations�"

of Army IEW principles, tasks, and doctrine.

(1) Assess threat capabilities and 5. DRB IEW Organizations

provide intelligence estimates.

The DRB is supported by a variety of (2) Develop supporting intelligence military intelligence (MI) and non-MI units plans.

capable of gathering and reporting information.

Non-MI assets include

(3) Support target development and battalion scouts, counterbattery radars, weaponeering.

observation posts, and MP patrols. Brigade MI assets consist of a brigade S2 section and (4) Task organic collection assets with a DS MI company from the divisional MI special focus on reconnaissance and battalion. Additional tactically tailored IEW

surveillance operations.

assets from division, corps, and theater Army MI units can augment the brigade if required (5) Perform battle damage assessment.

to support split-based intelligence operations, provide additional capabilities (6) Recommend force protection and such as ground-based electronic warfare counterintelligence measures.

systems, or

support

other mission

requirements.

4. DRB Intelligence Operations a. Brigade Commander. The brigade DRB intelligence and electronic warfare commander focuses the IEW effort by (IEW) operations provide the commander identifying, clearly articulating, and with the tactical intelligence needed to prioritizing intelligence and targeting successfully plan and execute combat requirements. The commander must be operations. The commander uses priority responsive

to IEW requirements of

intelligence requirements (PIR) to focus the subordinate commanders and, when brigade IEW effort and leverage higher necessary, broker those requirements with echelons to support decision making and higher echelons. The commander must III-2





integrate IEW support into the total BICC develops and manages the execution combined arms effort to effectively of the brigade reconnaissance and accomplish the mission and exploit the full surveillance (R&S) plan. The BICC also potential of the intelligence system.

reviews subordinate battalion R&S plans, integrates subordinate plans into the brigade b. Brigade S2.

The S2 is the com-

plan, and forwards the consolidated R&S

mander’s senior intelligence officer and plan to the next higher echelon. The BICC

principle advisor on the enemy, terrain, and maintains current status of all brigade IEW

weather. The S2’s first and most important responsibility is to provide the intelligence assets, processes incoming intelligence the commander needs for sound and timely reports, and disseminates information to decisions. The S2 takes full advantage of subordinate elements.

intelligence and targeting information available from direct broadcast systems, d. Direct Support MI Company. The DS

special purpose intelligence communications, MI company maintains a habitual training and automated processing systems to meet and operational relationship with the the commander’s requirements. With the brigade. The company provides organic staff support, the S2 plans and controls the automated intelligence processing, enemy brigade IEW operation. To synchronize IEW

prisoner interrogation, counterintelligence, support with the operation and satisfy staff and ground surveillance radar support.

requirements for intelligence, the S2 works Future capabilities will include unmanned closely with other staff elements and aerial vehicle (UAV) control and Joint supporting MI units.

Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (J-STARS) imagery processing. The comany c. Battlefield Information Coordination does not possess organic signal intelligence/

Center (BICC). To supply the commander electronic warfare systems; it relies upon with intelligence and targeting information, higher echelons for this support. The the brigade BICC provides the S2 with an company consists of a headquarters element, organic collection management, analysis, an analysis and control team (ACT), and an production, and reporting capability. The operations platoon as depicted in Figure III-1.

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The functions of the ACT and operations operation. This reduces the possibility of platoon are�"

intelligence shortfalls that could arise during (1) ACT. The ACT provides the

the deployment phase from reliance on brigade S2 automated intelligence processing, evolving intelligence organizations or analysis, and dissemination capabilities.

relationships. The DRB can continue to Using its ASAS workstation, the ACT

receive support from the division ACE in provides access to sensitive compartmented addition to support from intelligence information (SCI) databases, reports, organizations within the theater. Intel-graphics, and other intelligence products from

higher

echelon

intelligence

ligence support from the ACE includes organizations such as the division ACE.

analysis and production of tailored When augmented with the TROJAN Special intelligence products; maintaining accessible Purpose Integrated Remote Intelligence intelligence databases needed by the DRB; Terminal (SPIRIT), the ACT can support and other intelligence operations that split-based intelligence operations with an support the DRB. The intelligence support intelligence support base located outside the base may also provide the follow-on IEW

area of operations.

assets and the deployable intelligence (2) Operations Platoon. The opera-support element (DISE) if the operation tions platoon provides support and conducts involves follow-on Army forces. The asset management of the company’s intelligence support base complements the counterintelligence team, interrogation team, and ground surveillance radar squad.

theater or JTF intelligence structures; it is The platoon will possess a UAV section and not intended to circumvent theater or task an imagery processing section when force tasking and reporting channels supporting systems are fielded. Table III-1

established by the higher echelon summarizes the capabilities of the operations Intelligence Director of a joint staff (J-2) platoon.

or G-2.

e. Intelligence Support Base. The 6. MEF (FWD) Intelligence Operations division G-2 and MI battalion form the DRB’s intelligence support base. The support base MAGTF intelligence operations provide is the principle organization in a split-based intelligence support of the decisionmaking intelligence operation from which the processes of the MAGTF commander and deployed DRB commander pulls intelligence.

subordinate commanders down to the It is located in the division garrison or smallest unit level. MAGTF intelligence another location outside the AO. The operations focus on generating tactical intelligence support base allows the DRB to intelligence (i.e., intelligence that supports pull intelligence from its normal intelligence the planning and conduct of tactical source between the predeployment and operations). Intelligence supports the operations stages of a force projection decisionmaking process by�"

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a. Describing the battlespace.

is currently undergoing reorganization. In the future, MEF intelligence assets currently b. Identifying key factors in the battle-assigned to the SRIG may be consolidated in space that influence operations.

an intelligence battalion. In that case, intelligence and radio battalion detachments c. Defining and evaluating the enemy’s vice SRIG detachments would support the capabilities.

MEF [FWD].) In addition, the GCE, ACE, and CSSE all have organic intelligence d. Assessing enemy intentions.

sections and assets to satisfy their unique e. Identifying the enemy’s center of grav-intelligence requirements as reflected in ity and critical vulnerabilities.

Figure III-2.

a. MEF (FWD) G-2 Section. The MEF

f. Reducing uncertainty.

(FWD) G-2 section plans, coordinates, and I n t e l l i g e n c e , o p e r a t i o n s , a n d integrates intelligence operations. It decisionmaking are linked throughout the provides centralized collection, production, mission execution cycle. Intelligence shapes and dissemination capabilities for the CE and the plan and provides the knowledge that subordinate elements. In addition, it facilitates execution. It identifies changes provides connectivity to national, joint, and in the situation that modify the plan or

supporting force intelligence assets. Figure

trigger decisions during the conduct of the

III-3 depicts the organization of the MEF

operation. MAGTF intelligence operations (FWD) G-2. The intelligence operations satisfy the commander’s critical information branch serves as the focal point for MAGTF

requirements about the environment and the intelligence operations. It contains the enemy, facilitate the commander’s under-collections unit, the MAGTF all-source fusion standing of the battlespace, identify key center (MAFC), and the target intelligence enemy vulnerabilities, and enable the unit. During combat operations, the planning and execution of successful intelligence operations branch staffs the operations.

combat information center (CIC). The CIC

collocates with the MEF (FWD) COC in the 7. MEF (FWD) Intelligence Organizations main CP. The CIC receives support from a surveillance and reconnaissance center The MEF (FWD) G-2 section serves as the (SARC) that controls the operations of focal point for MAGTF intelligence organic collection assets and from a radio operations. The MAGTF G-2 section, battalion operational control and analysis supported by a task-organized detachment center (OCAC) that manages SIGINT and from the SRIG, provides all-source ground EW operations. For additional intelligence support to the MAGTF

information on MEF G-2 organization and commander and the major subordinate operations see FMFRP 3-28, Tri-MEF SOP

elements. (Note: MEF intelligence structure for Field Intelligence Operations.

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b. SRIG. The SRIG, depicted in Figure air/naval gunfire platoon detachment and III-4, is organic to a MEF. The SRIG of the the headquarters and service company parent MEF provides a task-organized detachment. In addition, personnel from the detachment to a MEF (FWD). The intelligence SRIG augment the G-2’s SARC, automatic assets from the SRIG detachment consist of frequency control (AFC), and signals some or all elements depicted in Table III-2.

intelligence electronic warfare coordination The table does not reflect the nonintelligence center (SEWCC).

assets of the SRIG detachment to include the III-6

c. GCE. GCE intelligence efforts focus on operations hinge on the clear articulation of the planning and execution of ground service intelligence expectations, capabilities, operations, with particular emphasis on and limitations. The intelligence cycle locating, identifying, targeting, and attacking described in Joint Pub 2-O and service targets of interest to the commander.

intelligence doctrine provides a common Organic reconnaissance, surveillance, and framework for addressing these issues as they target acquisition assets assist this effort.

apply to Army and Marine Corps IEW

These assets include-

operations.

(1) Light armored reconnaissance a. Plan and Direct. Several issues battalion

influence effective planning and directing IEW operations. These include-

(2) Reconnaissance companies and platoons.

(1) Liaison. Intelligence liaison is critical to the success of the integrated IEW

(3) Scout/sniper platoons.

effort and requires early establishment, particularly between units that have not (4) Counterbattery radar platoons.

routinely trained together and possess differing capabilities. As a minimum, liaison (5) FAC and forward observers.

teams are exchanged between the MEF or corps G-2 and the subordinate DRB S2 or d. ACE. ACE intelligence operations MEF (FWD) G-2, respectively. If the DRB is facilitate friendly air operations and counter subordinate to the MEF GCE, liaison is enemy air and air defense capabilities. The established between the MEF GCE G-2 and ACE contributes long-range reconnaissance the DRB S2. Additional liaison may be and surveillance capabilities such as fixed-necessary to facilitate joint force collection, and rotary-wing aircraft, UAVs, and air production, or dissemination requirements.

surveillance radars.

Liaison teams�"

e. CSSE. CSSE intelligence operations (a) Support planning and control of IEW operations.

focus on intelligence requirements concerning the terrain, infrastructure, (b) Ensure timely two-way flow of medical threat, and rear-area threat. CSSE

critical intelligence between commands.

subordinate elements provide valuable information on terrain, the transportation (c) Broker IEW intelligence and network, key facilities, and the indigenous resource requirements of the subordinate population in the AO.

command.

8. AMCI Intelligence Operations (d) Advise the commander on

service IEW capabilities, limitations, and IEW support to integrated operations employment.

builds upon the strengths and similarities of service IEW operations and organizations.

(2) IPB. Commanders and staffs use The Army and Marine Corps share the IPB to understand battlespace and develop common objective of providing the combat operational plans. Both Army and Marine commander the intelligence needed to Corps intelligence organizations follow the accomplish the mission and conserve fighting IPB process as described in FM 34-130, strength. Service IEW doctrine, organi-Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield.

zations, and systems provide significant Some important issues to consider when degrees of compatibility and interoperability.

developing and disseminating IPB products Effective integration and execution of IEW

include�"

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(a) MEF or corps G-2 develops IPB

(c) Intelligence requirements are products on the entire battlespace with s a t i s f i e d f i r s t b y o r g a n i c a s s e t s .

particular focus to the main effort.

Requirements that exceed the capability of organic assets are submitted to higher (b) DRB S2 or MEF (FWD) G-2

echelons.

refines the IPB products provided by the higher echelons to satisfy the requirements (d) Battle damage assessment

of their commanders, staffs, and subordinate requirements must be included and elements.

prioritized against the commander’s other intelligence requirements.

(c) IPB products exchanged

between echelons ensure a common picture of the battle space and estimate of the (4) Additional intelligence planning situation.

considerations include�"

(3) Intelligence Requirements. The (a) Planning for intelligence com-commander’s intelligence requirements, munications transition to facilitate execution concept of operation, and intent drive the of branches or sequels to the plan or to intelligence effort. The commander and staff accommodate shifting of the main effort from use IPB to identify knowns and unknowns one force to another.

about the enemy, AO, and other factors that influence an operation. The gaps in (b) Identifying and establishing knowledge identified by the commander and procedures and protocols for information that staff become intelligence requirements, The exchange between processors (databases, commander designates some of these PIR.

text, secondary, imagery, voice, and video).

Joint Pub 2-0 and FM 34-2, Collection Management and Synchronization Planning, (c) Identifying databases each discuss how intelligence requirements are service possesses or has access to; generated and the roles they play in directing determining which database(s) will support the intelligence system. Considerations in the operations, and if necessary, merging developing and satisfying intelligence them into a single database and ensuring requirements for integrated operations include-access by the entire force.

(a) MEF and corps intelligence (d) Considering balancing avail-requirements must support and be sensitive ability of service-unique systems or to needs of subordinate commands. For capabilities between echelons or services.

example, the MEF commander may need This may require the provision of additional additional information on the enemy’s resources by each service.

Ultimate

antiarmor capability against Ml Abrams responsibility for allocating resources rests tanks to support the DRB mission. Similarly, with the senior commander. Resources and the corps commander may ask for more capabilities are distributed based on the intelligence on enemy air defense threat to needs of the total force. For example, the Marine AV-8 Harrier aircraft supporting the bulk of Marine radio battalion assets may MEF (FWD).

be committed to support the DRB when the DRB is designated the main effort.

(b) Intelligence requirements

Conversely, it may be appropriate to employ should address the priority for processing, the DRB’s single J-STARS ground station production, and dissemination as well as module (GSM) at the MEF level during a collection.

particular phase of the operation.

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(e) Providing the focal point for (5) Maximize available linguist cap-subordinate command access to national or abilities. Shortages of military linguists joint intelligence. The senior commander will trained in the target language may require request and allocate resources required to cross-leveling Army and Marine linguists support this access.

between CI, interrogation, and signal intelligence units of the other service.

b. Collect. The integrated collection effort must�"

Tables III-3 and III-4 portray the

(1) Coordinate IEW operations to collection capabilities for both the DRB and optimize capabilities of collection assets and the MEF (FWD) respectively.

reduce duplication of effort.

c. Process.

At the tactical level,

(2) Integrate supporting national and theater intelligence collection assets into the processing, and producing intelligence are collection plan.

often indistinguishable. Where processing can be separated, the G-2 or S2 must (3) Establish procedures for tracking prioritize by focusing on the needs of the and handing off high payoff targets between commander. For example, when processing services and echelons.

film or transcribing intercepted communications, personnel must understand (4) Establish procedures for cross-which portion of the film or recording must cueing Army and Marine collection assets.

be completed first and why.

Table III-3. DRB Collection/EW Capabilities III-9





d. Produce. The intelligence production e. Disseminate. The ability to move effort must�"

information and disseminate critical intelligence between commands is essential, (1) Establish reporting criteria and The intelligence communications and thresholds that produce timely and relevant processing architecture require developing intelligence keyed to the commander’s and resourcing before operations begin.

intelligence and targeting requirements. The Additional communications equipment, intelligence synchronization matrix, attack intelligence broadcast terminals, and guidance matrix list, and high payoff target personnel may be required to balance list are examples of tools used to support joint capabilities between services and fully targeting efforts,

exploit the full potential of IEW systems.

Considerations include�"

(2) Establish common methodology and criteria for producing the battle damage assessment and supporting the combat (1) The MEF CE or corps G-2 assumes assessment function.

responsibility for establishing a communications and processing architecture that (3) Minimize the number and

ensures rapid exchange of critical, time-frequency of periodic reports such as sensitive intelligence, and targeting intelligence summaries and reports.

information.

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(2) To support reporting perishable Deployable Intelligence Support System information of immediate value, the (JDISS).

commander establishes communications paths and procedures. For example, to (4) Connectivity and capacity must facilitate timely and effective target support the flow of SC I and GENSER

engagement, long-range reconnaissance requirements. These requirements include reporting of high payoff targets in the enemy voice, text, data, and graphic intelligence rear area or signal intelligence reporting of reports and products.

enemy artillery targeting friendly forces are linked with specific attack systems.

(5) The JFC must resource and/or allocate limited systems between Army and (3) Processing requirements must Marine Corps units; that is, J-STARS GSM, address interoperability between the Army, UAV ground control stations (GCSs) and Marine Corps, joint, and national intelligence remote video terminals (RVT), Digital processing systems such as the Army ASAS, Terrain Analysis and Mapping System Marine Corps Intelligence Analysis System (DTAMS), Tactical Remote Sensor System (IAS), Joint World Wide Intelligence Suite, and TROJAN SPIRIT to accomplish Communications System (JWICS), and Joint operational objectives.

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