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What are substitution and transposition ciphers?






























 





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What are substitution and transposition ciphers?










Substitution and Transposition Ciphers are two categories of ciphers
used in classical cryptography. Substitution and Transposition differ
in how chunks of the message are handled by the encryption process.

Substitution ciphers

Substition ciphers encrypt plaintext by changing the plaintext one piece at a time.

The Ceasar Cipher was an early substitution cipher. In the Caesar
Cipher, each character is shifted three places up. Therefore, A becomes
D and B becomes E, etc...

This table shows "VOYAGER" being encrypted with the Caesar substution cipher:


PlaintextVOYAGER
Key+3+3+3+3+3+3+3
CiphertextYRBDJHU



A more complex substitution cipher would be created if, instead of
incrementing each character by three, we used a more complex key. This
table shows a simple substitution cipher with a key of "123".


PlaintextVOYAGER
Key+1+2+3+1+2+3+1
CiphertextWQBBIHS



An even more complex substitution cipher can be made by having each
character of the alphabet correspond to a different letter of the
alphabet, without a set pattern.



Plaintext
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z


Key
T
O
E
U
N
Z
I
A
G
X
P
Q
Y
R
H
V
S
M
D
F
C
J
W
B
K
L




Using this substitution cipher to encrypt VOYAGER would give us these results:


PlaintextVOYAGER
CiphertextJHKTXNM



The Vernam Cipher, or one time pad, is a simple substitution cipher where the key length equals the message length.

ROT-13 is a simple substitution cipher used to encode messages on Usenet.


Transposition ciphers

Transposition ciphers encrypt plaintext by moving small pieces of
the message around. Anagrams are a primitive transposition cipher.

This table shows "VOYAGER" being encrypted with a primitive
transposition cipher where every two letters are switched with each
other:


VOYAGER
OVAYEGR



Substitution and transposition ciphers in modern times

Modern cryptanalysis makes simple substitution and transposition ciphers obsolete.

However, these techniques remain useful for understanding cryptography and the workings of more complex modern ciphers.











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