51	d
	obituaries	description of lives of famous people who have just died
	leader (editorial)	article giving a newspaper's editor's opinion
	classified ads	pages with advertisements of different categories
	supplements	separate magazines included with the newspaper
	feature	an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
	agony columns	sections in newspaper that deal with reader's emotional problems
	agony aunt	person who answers letters in the agony column
	pamphlet	a small book with a soft cover dealing with a specific topic, often political
	leaflet	single sheet of paper giving info about sth
	brochure	small book like a magazine that gives information often about travel or company
	prospectus	small, thin book like a magazine that gives information about school, college etc
	flyer	small single sheet of paper giving info about some events etc
	booklet	small book giving info about sth
	manual	instructions how to use sth
	ghost writer	someone who writes on somebody else's behalf
	desktop publishing	the production of finished page designs for books or other printed material, using a small computer and printer
	facsimile	an exact copy, especially of a document
	the lowdown	the most important facts and information about something
	52	d
	instant messaging	a kind of e-mail where both people are on-line a the same time
	chat rooms	d
	newsgroups	a website where people with shared interests can get useful info
	e-commerce	all kinds of businesses that are done on the Internet
	attachments	files you send at the same time as e-mails
	browsing	looking at different websites with no particular reason
	surfing the Web	d
	graphic images	d
	ISP	Internet Service Provider
	downloading and uploading	d
	spam	d
	cookies	d
	offensive material	violence, pornography etc
	to bookmark	put into list of pages you can access immediately
	to subscribe to	become a member of
	to screen out	prevent from reaching you
	server	central computer that distributes e-mails etc to other groups
	down	not working
	to hack into	access illegally
	anti-virus software	d
	to bounce	come back
	garbled text	meaningless letters
	dotcom	a company that does most of its business on the Internet
	e-signatures	d
	e-books	d
	e-learning	d
	53	d
	innovative	original and interesting
	unsurpassed	the best there is
	to leave others standing	be much better
	to put/leave others in the shade	make others insignificant
	rock-bottom	extremely low
	slashed prices	dramatically reduced
	bargains galore	a large number of products on sale for a ridiculously low prices
	pamper yourself with sth	treat yourself to something luxurious
	indulge yourself	allow yourself something enjoyable
	sumptuous	sth rich and special, often refers to meat
	opulent	sth rich and special, often refers to lifestyle
	in the lap of luxury	in a very luxurious way
	scientifically designed	d
	proven	shown by research
	state-of-the-art	use the very latest technology
	to stand out in the crowd	be noticeable
	tantalisingly	temptingly
	fetching	alluring, attractive
	alliteration	repetition of a sound
	trailers	d
	sky-writing	words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
	sandwich boards	advertisements carried by a person on the back an on the front of his/her body
	to plug	advertise
	colossal discounts	reductions in a regular price
	fit for a king	d
	eye-catchingly elegant	d
	outshine the best of the rest	d
	flatteringly fashionable	d
	54	d
	pressure groups	people who try to influence what other people think about particular issue
	to air views	express opinions
	to seek publicity	want to reach a bigger audience
	press conferences	d
	to issue a statement/press release	to give a formal info to press
	sound bite	short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in newspapers
	silly season	time of the year when there is nothing serious happening and front pages are filled with trivial info
	to tap useful sources	to make use of people or organization who usually provide news
	monitoring	regular checking
	column inches	space
	to put one's own gloss/spin on a story	present in particular way
	muck-raking	collecting scandal
	rag	a newspaper of not a very high quality
	gutter press	newspapers more interested in sex and crime than serious events
	glossy	expensive magazine printed on high quality paper
	to go to press	d
	hot off the press	very new story
	exclusive story	only to be found in one newspaper
	scoop	story found and discovered by one newspaper before the others
	to hit the headlines	to be the most major story
	to receive a lot of coverage	a lot of space in a newspaper
	libel	a piece of writing which contains bad and false things about a person
	defamation of a character	damage to the reputation of a person or group by saying or writing bad things about them which are not true
	cutting	an article which has been cut from a newspaper or magazine
	back copy	a newspaper or magazine of an earlier date than the one now on sale
	55	d
	to fight off	try to get rid of
	to go down with flu etc	catch, usually a non-serious illness (I and we: come down)
	to get over a flu etc	get rid of it, get recovered
	recovering from	getting better
	suffer from	d
	died of/from	d
	healthcare	all the services connected with health (hospitals etc.)
	national insurance	tax paid by most of the adults that provides healthcare
	National Health Service	British name for the service that covers hospitals, clinics etc
	family doctor/general practitioner	d
	surgery	small center with just two or three doctors
	clinic	large centre with several doctors and kinds of services
	prescription charge	charge for the medication doctor prescribes, that you pay at a pharmacy
	to go private	choose private healthcare
	diabetes	a disease when body does not properly absorb sugar and starch
	bronchitis	inflammation in the breathing system, causing you to cough
	heart disease	d
	tuberculosis (TB)	infectious disease in the lungs
	cholera	intestinal disease, can be caused by drinking unhealthy water
	hepatitis	inflammation of the liver
	typhoid	fever with the red spots on the chest and abdomen
	heart attack/failure	d
	56	d
	hurt	caused by injury
	ache	other causes
	the usual aches and pains	nothing new
	cuts and bruises	minor injury
	stinging	sudden burning pain
	throbbing	beating with pain
	stiff neck	pain and difficulty to move your neck around
	dizzy	the feeling that you're spinning around and can't balance
	feverish	with a high temperature
	nauseous	feeling that you want to vomit
	trembling	shaking
	bunged up (nose)	blocked
	to look a bit off-colour	d
	to feel under the weather	d
	to feel out of sorts	d
	acupuncture	d
	chiropractic	d
	herbal medicine	d
	homoeopathy	d
	aromatherapy	d
	dosage	the amount of medicine that you should take at one time
	prescription	a piece of paper on which a doctor writes the details of the medicine or drugs that someone needs
	allergic to	d
	vaccinations	d
	medication	d
	sick note	you show it to your employer to prove that you were ill
	to donate blood	d
	to get contact lenses	d
	to have physiotherapy	d
	to have a filling	d
	57	d
	clotting (blood)	forming a partly solid lump
	dehydration	not having enough water in your body
	ulcer	painful infected area on the skin or inside your body
	side effects	additional effects, not really wanted
	stools	excrement, pooh
	symptom	metaphorically a problem in society
	diagnose of the problem causes	d
	situation prognosis	d
	ailing organization	with lots of problems
	a rash of burglaries	number of similar things happening at the same time
	World Cup fever	great excitement
	fever pitch	point at very high intensity
	jaundiced	unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experience
	to carry the scars of/ be scarred by	be permanently affected by a negative experience
	contagious	describes a disease that can be caught by touching someone with the disease or a piece of infected clothing
	58	d
	cholesterol	fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals
	plaque	unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries
	offal	organs from inside animals which are eaten as food
	excreted	got rid of from the body
	fibre	substance from food that travels through the body as waste, helping digestion
	buffer	someone or something that helps to protect from harm
	gut	tubes that carry the food from stomach
	cardiovascular	affecting the heart and blood circulation
	diabetics	people suffering from diabetes
	glucose	sugar
	insulin	hormone that controls the level of the sugar in the body
	pounds	measure in weight
	mood enhancer	hormone that makes you feel better
	to score an own goal	make things worse rather than better
	moving the goalposts	changing the rules
	a level playing field	good situation
	to be in the running for	be seriously considered
	to be neck and neck	equal chances to win
	to skate around a subject	not talking directly about it
	to sail through	pass with no difficulties
	mood depressant	sth that makes you feel unhappy
	to lower serotonin levels	d
	glucose intolerance	d
	59	d
	heavy/light industry	d
	manufacturing industry	making things
	service industry	servicing people
	high-tech/low-tech	d
	privatization	d
	nationalization/state ownership	d
	public-private partnership	partly state owned, partly owned by private enterprises
	subsidies	money, grants which enable to stay in profit
	sweeteners	money/grants or tax benefits to encourage to open a factory or business
	inward investment	investment from foreign companies
	to be on piecework	be paid only for the amount you produce
	child labour	the employment of children to do adult jobs
	trade union representation	the right to have a union that negotiates conditions and wages
	sweatshops	factories where people work for very long hours, for very low wages
	big multinationals	big companies with operations in many different countries
	cost-cutting exercise	effort to reduce the cost
	switch production	move the centre of manufacturing to another place
	retraining and reskilling	d
	copyright infringement	d
	industrial espionage	d
	industrial piracy	d
	money laundering	d
	60	d
	digital technology	d
	satellite communications	mobile phones etc
	biotechnology	genetic modification of food
	artificial intelligence	identification systems etc
	ergonomics	efficient design of human environments
	techie	a person who loves acquiring the new technology
	hands-free earpiece in mobile phones	d
	desktop/laptop computer	d
	PDA	Personal Digital Assistant
	palmtop/handheld	d
	pager	d
	computer nerd	d
	thumbnail	picture, like an icon on the computer
	electronic footprint	something electronic, such as sending an email, using a credit card, etc. which shows where you have been and what you have been doing
	61	d
	smart buildings	computer operated buildings where things like lighting, security, heating are completely automatic
	virtual reality	computer-generated experiences that feel like reality
	interactive TV	TV set where you can choose exactly what you want to watch and when
	interplanetary travel	travel to planets in outer space
	e-commerce	doing business via Internet
	doomsday scenario	worst possible prediction
	gridlocked	unable to move at all
	genetic modification	d
	genetic engineering	making artificial changes to the genetic structure of organisms
	gene therapy	changing genes in order to prevent disease or disability
	the human genome	the map or index of all the genes in human being
	designer babies	babies whose genetic characteristics are artificially created
	cloning	making a genetically identical copy
	nuclear family	father, mother, one or two children
	globalised	cover the whole world
	global village	a single community covering the whole world
	extraterrestrial beings	creatures from other planets
	gulf	gap, difference
	62	d
	extensive	occupying a large space
	spacious	occupying a large space
	roomy	occupying a large space
	rambling	occupying a large space
	wide open spaces	large areas without buildings or trees
	to scatter	cover a wide area
	spread out	not close to one another
	cramped	insufficient space
	poky	insufficient space
	congested streets	full of traffic, people
	compact	little, tiny
	hemmed in	surrounded by people and no able to move
	there isn't enough room to swing a cat	the place is small
	packed in like sardines	too many people in one place
	labyrinth	vast and complex
	claustrophobia	d
	agoraphobia	fear of open spaces
	to squeeze in between two people	d
	to incarcerate	to keep someone in a closed place and prevent them from leaving it
	to stuff in	put sth into sth forcefully
	63	d
	once in a blue moon	very infrequently
	all his born days	all his life
	in a mo/in a sec/ in a tick/in a less than no time/in a jiffy	very soon
	for yonks/for donkey's years/since the year dot	for a long time
	till the cows come home/till the hell freezes over	forever
	for keeps	to keep over
	in the nick of time	only just in a minute
	over the hill/past it	too old
	a has-been	person no longer famous
	in a flash/at a rate of knots	very quickly
	fleeting	brief or quick
	transient	lasting for only a short time
	persistent	lasting for a long time, hard to stop or get rid of
	inexorable	continuing without hope of being stopped
	incipient	just beginning
	pristine	not changed from its original condition
	protracted	lasting for a long time or made to last longer
	lingering	taking a long time to leave or disappear
	at a snail's pace	very slowly
	64	d
	Types of movement:	d
	to limp	uneven, because of hurt leg
	to hobble	awkward, because of small shoes
	to stagger	unsteady, because of being drunk
	to stumble	nearly falling (bad surface)
	to lurch	sudden, irregular, because of being drunk or ill
	to tiptoe	quiet, on toes
	to amble	easy, gentle
	to stride	long steps
	to strut	proud, chest held out
	to tramp	firm, heavy steps
	to trample	pressing repeatedly with feet, often intending to destroy
	to stamp	pushing foot down heavily, often because of anger
	to trudge	heavy, slow, with difficulty, often because of tiredness
	to chase	quickly, wanting to catch sth or smone
	to file	to walk in a line, one behind another
	to saunter	to walk in a slow and relaxed way, often in no particular direction
	to sidle	to walk towards or away from someone, trying not to be noticed
	to glide	to move easily without stopping and without effort or noise
	to mill around	If a group of people mill around, they move about with no particular purpose or in no fixed direction, sometimes while waiting for someone
	water connected	d
	to flow	d
	to spill out	go smwhere quickly in a big group
	to stream	to group and teach together school students with similar abilities who are approximately the same age
	a trickle	a very small number of people or things arriving or leaving somewhere
	to meander	to walk slowly without any clear direction
	to flood	to fill or enter a place in large numbers or amounts
	65	d
	mind you Ps and Qs	make an effort to be polite
	elders and betters	people older than you
	courtesy	politeness
	prim/starchy/strait-laced/prissy	very formal and correct
	etiquette	formal rules of behavior
	gentlemanly/ladylike	polite in a formal way
	social graces	polite behavior
	the done thing	socially acceptable behavior (opposite: not the dot thing)
	oiling the wheels of	making easier
	offhand	casual, slightly rude
	to stand on ceremony	insist on formal behaviour
	body language	d
	to flutter one's eyelashes	to flirt
	to raise eyebrows	to show that you're shocked
	to twitch	repeated quick movements of a part of a body = nervousness
	to flinch	sudden small movement indicating fear or pain
	to squirm	moving on a chair from one side to another indicating embarrassment
	to beam	smile broadly
	to sniff at sth	show disapproval
	to snort	make an explosive sound by forcing air quickly up or down the nose, to show disgust or amusement
	to titter	to laugh in a shy way
	66	d
	silent	d
	quiet	d
	noiseless	d
	soundless	d
	to slam	close with a loud bang
	squeaking	high, irritating noise
	pounding	dull, beating sound
	creak	noise of friction of wood and/or metal
	sizzle	sound made by frying sth
	to ring out	typically used to describe a sound of a gunshot
	crash	loud, heavy noise usually used for waves
	hoots/toots	sounds made by car horn
	wailing	raising and falling sounds
	to hammer	knock very loudly and repeatedly
	eerie	rather scary
	deafening	extremely and painfully loud
	grating	unpleasant irritating (voice)
	piercing	high noise that hurts the ears
	high-pitched	a constantly high level
	you can hear a pin drop	total silence
	I can't hear myself think!	used when people make too much noise
	peace and quiet	calm and silent period after a noisy time
	as quite as a mouse	very quiet indeed
	67	d
	weighty	heavy, indicates that sth is serious
	unwieldy	heavy, difficult to handle
	cumbersome	heavy, often used for machines and equipment which are difficult to handle
	burdensome	heavy, usually used for abstract things
	ponderous	usually used for abstract things, “serious” with a more negative connotation
	lumbering	often suggests heavy movement
	to be weighed down	carry very heavy things
	to weigh up	consider and compare
	to weigh out	weigh a quantity of loose goods
	weigh on sb	it troubles someone's mind
	to weigh in	add more points to the argument
	to thicken	make thicker
	to sift	shake in a sieve to separate the grains
	lumpy	having solid pieces in it
	to congeal	become thick and solid
	to solidify	become solid
	to thin	make thinner
	to dilute, to water sth down	add water
	to thin out	become less dense
	impenetrable	impossible to move through
	impermeable	no liquid or gas can pass through
	impervious	liquid cannot pass through
	68	d
	pitch black	intensely black, used about darkness, night etc
	jet black	intensely black, used about hair, eyes etc
	scarlet	brilliant red
	crimson	strong deep red
	shocking pink	an extremely bright pink
	ginger	orangy red, used about hair and cuts
	navy	dark blue, used about clothes
	turquoise	greenish blue, used about paint, sea etc
	beige	a light creamy brown
	mousy	a light, not very intensive brown, used about hair (only)
	chestnut	a deep reddish brown, used about hair and horses
	auburn	a red-brown, usually used about hair
	primary colours	red, blue, yellow
	pastel colours	pale shades of colours
	mauve	pale purple
	vivid colours	strong bright colours, like scarlet or turquoise
	fluorescent colours	d
	electric blues and greens	extremely bright
	a tinge of	small shade
	monochrome	uses only one colour
	to feel blue	depression
	blue movie	pornographic
	blue joke	referring to sex
	blue-collar workers	physical or unskilled
	to see red	to be very angry
	red alert, red flag	danger
	red carpet treatment	to show special importance
	red point of view	left wing in politics
	to look green	seasick people while on the sea
	to turn green with envy	d
	green tourism	caring for environment
	black future	depressing, without hope
	to look as black as thunder	look very angry
	black market	illegal
	black sheep	acting not as expected
	a grey area	lacks clarity
	white as snow, whiter than white	pure
	to go white as a sheet	pale
	white knuckle	terrifying
	white-collar workers	office workers
	forget-me-not	light blue
	69	d
	to dash/to race/to tear	to go somewhere very quickly on foot or by a means of transport
	to nip/to pop/to zip/to dart/to whizz	to go somewhere quickly on a short distance
	to bolt	quickly run away from sth
	to career	move rapidly, out of control
	to scamper/to scurry/to scuttle	move rapidly with small steps, usually referring to large groups of small animals
	to accelerate	speed up
	to plunge/to plummet	to move downward quickly
	to soar/to rocket	to move upward quickly
	to slump/to tumble	fall quickly (prices, shares)
	to crawl/to creep	move slowly
	to totter	move slowly, unsteadily
	to sidle	to walk anxiously and nervously
	to dawdle	move more slowly that it's necessary
	70	d
	to cause	collocates mainly with negative situations/results
	to produce	more neutral
	to give	collocates with positive and negative results
	to generate	formal contexts, electronic
	to precipitate/to spark off	cause quickly, suddenly
	to bring about	gradually produce
	to result in	produce
	to incite	to encourage someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent
	to prompt	to make something happen
	to induce	to cause something to happen
	to breed	to cause something to happen, usually something bad
	71	d
	affinity	a liking or sympathy for someone or something, especially because of shared characteristics
	akin	similar in spirit/feel
	analogy	a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or idea
	to correspond	to match or be similar or equal
	to equate	to consider one thing to be the same as or equal to another thing
	tantamount to	being almost the same or having the same effect as, usually something bad
	interchangeable	able to be exchanged with each other without making any difference or without being noticed
	indistinguishable	impossible to judge as being different when compared to another similar thing
	diverse	varied or different
	disparate	different in every way
	dissimilar	different
	divergent	following a different direction, different
	distinct	clearly separate and different (from something else)
	discrete	having a clear independent shape or form; separate
	72	d
	snag	a small problem, difficulty or disadvantage
	hitch	a temporary difficulty which causes a short delay
	setback	something that happens which delays or prevents a process from advancing
	glitch	a small problem or fault that prevents something from being successful or working as well as it should
	a stumbling block	prevents action or agreement
	pitfall	unexpected difficulty
	obstacle	d
	impediment	prevents free action, progress or movement
	dilemma	a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do
	ordeal	a very unpleasant and painful or difficult experience
	adversity	a difficult or unlucky situation or event
	hardship	(something which causes) difficult or unpleasant conditions of life, or an example of this
	affliction	something that makes you suffer
	tribulation	a problem or difficulty
	abstruse	difficult to understand
	arduous	difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy
	complex	difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many different parts
	convoluted	describes sentences, explanations and arguments, etc. that are unreasonably long and difficult to understand
	gruelling	extremely tiring and difficult, and demanding great effort and determination
	insufferable	very annoying, unpleasant or uncomfortable, and therefore extremely difficult to bear
	obstructive	trying to stop someone from doing something by causing problems for them
	stiff	difficult to beat
	tough	difficult to deal with or do
	traumatic	shocking and upsetting
	wayward	(especially of a person's behaviour) often changing, selfish and difficult to control
	nuisance	something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for you
	what a pain/drag!	what a problem
	what's eating him?/what's got into him?/what's bugging him?/what's up with him?	what's the matter with him
	a hassle	situation causing trouble or difficulty
	to hassle	pester, ask again and again
	to slog your guts out/to grind/to graft/to flog yourself to death	to work very hard
	in a fix/in a spot/ in a hole/up against it/up to one's neck	in a difficult situation
	sticky/tricky	difficult
	off the hook/in the clear/out of the woods	freed from a difficult situation
	73	d
	You must be joking!	d
	who should I see but him/her etc	d
	the odds are	it's likely that
	the odds are against	it's unlikely that
	be bound to	be almost certain to
	In all probability...	d
	There's every likelihood that...	d
	If I were in the same boat	in your shoes
	Let me give you some pointers	tip, suggestion
	to take sth in the spirit in which it is intended	d
	expedient	helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not morally acceptable
	advantageous	giving advantages or helping to make you more successful
	prudent	avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful
	essential	d
	obligatory	d
	resolved	determined
	anxious	eager to do something
	74	d
	recorded sightings	times seen that have been officially written down
	sustained	kept alive, supported
	rodents	small animals including rats, mice, squirrels
	expenditure	spending
	factor	number by which another number or quantity is multiplied
	to quadruple	to become four times as big, or to multiply a number or amount by four
	IQ	Intelligence Quotient
	per	for each
	aggregate	total
	to aggregate	add up all the different amounts
	blip	temporary change
	continuum	sth what changes gradually or in very small stages, without distinct divisions
	correlation	connection between things which cause or affect each other
	to deviate	move away from standard or acceptable pattern
	discrepancy	difference between two things that should be the same
	erratic	not regular, often changing suddenly
	flawed	inaccurate
	to fluctuate	go up and down
	five-fold	multiplied by 5
	in inverse proportion	in opposite proportion
	inconsistent with	not in agreement with
	to seesaw	go up and down; to change repeatedly from one emotion, situation, etc. to another and then back again
	ballpark figure	guess believed to be accurate
	to tot everything up	add everything up
	to run into six figures	get a figure over 100,000
	variables	different factors that may change
	projected figures	planned figures
	to err on the side of caution	be cautious
	to round things down	make 2 from 2,5, rather than 3
	conservative	cautious
	75	d
	to accede	accept, but often associated with initial unwillingness to accept sth or give permission
	to acquiesce	permit sth to happen, but often associated with a degree of secrecy or conspiracy
	to assent	agree to sth, often associated with plans, proposals etc
	to authorize	give official permission
	to condone	approve or allow sth which most people consider to be wrong
	to countenance	consider giving assent or permission, often used in negative contexts
	to endorse	give official approval to sth
	to be given carte blanche	(formal) complete freedom to do anything you think is necessary
	to give the go-ahead	(informal) to give permission
	to give a green light to	d
	to bar	officially exclude; forbid someone access to sth
	to clamp down	use someone's full power to prevent or limit sth
	to outlaw	make sth illegal
	to veto	use one's official power to forbid

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