Literatura brytyjska „The Dream of the rood”-title is divided of Christian and pagan it is anonymous. Dream -vision convention means that the speaker of the poem for asleep and he has a dream and he tells the dream to reader and he dreams about cross. The Tree is a symbol of the cross where the Jesus has died. The man admired the cross he is religious In his dream he looks at the cross and Suddenly the cross started to speaks. The cross is personified here he has human quality and feelings typical for human. He is both proud and scared. The cross has black nails this is a symbol of human sins .According to the cross Jesus death brought him glory.
Caedeman's hymn-religious work the first song of praise in England literature. It was written by Caedemon who according to historical sources was given a talent of praising God . God is presented of creator of all miracles. Riddles -kind of entertainment typical types of riddles
“Beowulf”-it was written down in the 7th or 8th century and it tells the story of fourth century and Beowulf it has included fantastic elements, present myths and legends from Scandinavia and England. Presents geography of those countries. This work belongs of the kind heroic epic and it Presents the mixture of pagan and Christian elements. The story begins with pagan elements. It is a pagan funeral of the king-the body was put on the boat and it was on fire. This work described the monster Grendel the king Hrothgar and knight Beowulf. Grendel is compared to Kain because he killed people. Beowulf was a very warrior famous and brave. The strongest man galland and bold, he had the best weapon. B. is very self-confident he was fight Grendel alone . Finally B. wins and is happy. Important -the work presents the idea of brave warrior who not only fights people but also monsters. He is legal and he is ready to -the work includes come Christian elements like: the act of creation, Grendel compared to Kain and B. sword has a picture presenting Biblia flood . The language of B. called Kennings which are Compound words the men -devourer (Grendel) The ring-giver(King), the swam-road(sea)
Middle ages Church the most important institution It was responsible for spiritual life. The majority of work was anonymous, one the most popular was the ballads. Medieval ballads was called folk and traditional ballads. First was oral and then written down and we can find several versions of one ballad. The subject was taken for every day life. In the majority of ballad we can find as called incremental repetition it was a refrain each time with slight changes. Typical -the form is simple and regular -typical stance consist of four lines -usually in the first and third there are eight syllabus , while and the second and the fourth are 6 syllabus. -clear and definite beat, -the meter is usually iambic -the lang. is simple and alliteration is replace “
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The pearl” The whole poem consist of 101 parts. Each stance Consist of 14 lines, there is also incremental repetition. This is example of utopian writing. It is anonymous. There are three possible interpretations Literally interpretation The man had a pearl and he lost its summer in the garden. The pearl is a very precious object. Second interp. The pearl is the name of the man daughter. She is precious, maybe she has died. Third interp. The pearl means religious faith the man lost his faith in the garden. This poem is written in two conventions: -dream vision -field full of folk Means that the speaker falls asleep and in his sleep He sees field full of folk the panorama of society and he criticized different classes of society and different professions. The part of Entertainment- the speaker criticized entertainers , the speaker called them the children of Judas. They make people fools and they earn money. In the II part he criticized the civil servant. This people who work for the king. They served King's money. The most important in the III part The speaker prizes good deeds. The whole poem Critic of different professions and the prizes of faith and good deeds.
Medieval drama Is divided into 1.Miracle Plays 2.Morality Plays is strongly connected with the church. ad.1 were based on Biblia or on life on Saints. The first Plays were performed on Corpus Christi Day And they were known Quaen quaerits? and there were very often Virgin Mary who was looking for Jesus after his death. She met an angel on her way who ask her(who are you looking for?) She answers she is looking for the Christ stone and an angel Tells her about resurrection. The typical subjects of Miracle Plays are: -the crucifixion -judgment day the Plays were performed on special platforms. The most popular Miracle Plays were Noah, Second Sheppard's Play. Ad.2 . Were very often allegory which presented the struggle between God and Devil. They usually protagonist was men king or every men. The other protagonist are angels, devils, death. Every men is represented of human kind.
“Everyman” The Messenger introduces the audience to the faith Where God created Man. The Man was good. The God said that the all creature are not good. God is angry and criticized men and their behavior. Every prepared for the meeting. Nobody can go for Everyman. Only good deeds can go to the God with Everyman. Everyman uses allegory and allegorical are: -the names of the characters -sins which are bounds that tie good deeds to the ground -life is a struggle between God and Evil -salvation is the central purpose of life -thinks of the world are unimportant -the church is necessary guy of to salvation
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Baulk at - wzbraniać się
Drain - odpływ ,studzienka ściekowa
Draining-
Swine flu- świńska grypa
Threat - zagrożenie
Hyde- szum
Circus strain-mild -
Circus strain deadly-
Immune to - odporny,nieczuły
To contract disease - zarazić się
Be infected- zarazić się
Pick up - złapać wirus
To pass on - przekazać
Stomach bug - rozstrój żołądka
Antiviral drugs- leki antywirusowe
Medicin- lekarstwo
To come down with disease- zachorowac
To fall ill- zachorowac
To fall behind in work- to catch up- nadrabiać zalgłości
I come down with flu, I had typical symptoms, fortunately I fully recover but I fall behind in work . Zachorowałam na grypę ,miałam typowe objawy, na szczęście w pełni wyzdrowiałam ale miałam zaległości w pracy I musiałam je nadrobić.
Vulnerable- bezbronny
Variety- odmiana
Strain- odmiana,szczep
Combination genes- łączenie genów
Phenomenon - zjawisko
Bacterial - bakteryjny
Habitat - środowisko naturalne
Inhabitant- mieszkanka
To carry genes- przenosić geny
To swap genes- wymieniać
To transfer information- przekazywać informacje
To pass on - przekazywać informacje
Genetic engineering - inzynieria genetyczna
Hybrid- skrzyżowanie
Make experipment- przeprowadzać doświadczenie
To study sth- badać
Research into- badania naukowe
Do research - prowadzić badania
To explore- to study In depth - dogłębne badanie
Resistant to disease - odporne na choroby
Susceptible to - podatny na
Immunity resistance- odporność
To be immunity- być odpornym
Chemical compound- zw. Chem.
Oxygen- tlen
Inject- wstrzykiwać
tissue- tkanka
cell- komórka
useful for medical experiences - użyteczny do medycznych eksperymentów
saving dying spices- zachoeanie gatunku????
Rotten - zgniły ,zepsuty
Foresee- foresaw- foreseen- foreseeing - przewidywać