Unit 26
	Pull the wool over sb's eyes	to deceive sb
	Philistinism	a refusal to see the beauty of art , literature or etc. (disapproving)
	Detractor	sb who criticizes sth or smn, often unfairly
	wise up	to become more sophisticated
	dumb down	to become less intellectual (especially according to the mass culture)
	Tate Modern	new art gallery in London
	Fad	a style or activity popular for a short period of time (disapproving)
	Vote with smn's feet	to stop coming
	Deem	to consider (formal)
	Visually literate	educated with regard to art
	Immune to	not affected by
	Inured to	not affected by
	Highbrow	intended for educated and intelligent people , disapproving (lowbrow)
	Impenetrable	hard to understand because of it's complexity (transparent)
	Sophisticated	showing advanced skills and understanding (primitive)
	Challenging	demanding considerable effort to be understood (undemanding)
	Dazzling	inspiring great admiration because it is brilliant in some way (pedestrian)
	Evocative	calling up memories and images (uninspiring)
	Exquisite	having rare beauty or delicacy (clumsy)
	Intriguing	exciting and interesting because of it's mystery (dreary)
	Peerless	better than any other (run-of-the-mill)
	Tongue-in-cheek	not intended to be taken seriously despite it appears as serious (earnest)
	Metaphores	Paint hero in fascinating light , shadowy characters, shaped and moulded , illustrate motifs, black-and-white, illuminate ( to show expose)
	UNIT 27
	Poignant chronicle	a sad and moving description of events
	Compelling tale	powerful story that keeps you interested
	Lugubrious setting	dark and gloomy setting
	Page-turner	gripping and interesting story , very engaging
	Enigmatic tale	mysterious story
	Macabre	violent and gore, often disgusting
	Chilling	causing great fear
	Breathtaking achievement	amazing achievement
	Wry humour	humour in the face of a bad situation
	Evocative scenes	arousing memories and images
	Journal	a written record of activities done each day or academic publication
	Memoirs	a written record of person's own life (politician , military)
	Anthology	collection/compilation of e.g poems or short stories by different authors
	Compendium	collection of detailed information about particular subject
	Manual	a technical book with instructions
	Logbook	book that records events and times
	Compulsive reading / one of books you can't put down	hard to stop / the same (informal)
	Lightweight	not complex
	Bedtime reading	nice to read in bed
	Heavy going	hard, difficult to read
	Can't get into it	hard to become involved
	UNIT 28
	Synthetic ingredients	artificial
	Wholesome	good for you, physically or morally
	Wholemeal	containing all natural substances in the grain with nothing removed
	Fair Trade	refers to products such as coffee , tea or chocolate , farmers for small farms get profits from distribution of these goods rather than multinational companies
	Free-range	relating to farm animals not kept in cages
	GM	genetically modified
	Loopholes	ways of getting round regulations
	Derivatives	things produced from
	Recipe for a disaster	situation which will surely lead to sth bad
	All ingredients of	all necessary characteristics
	Dilute	make less dominant
	Let smn stew	worry or suffer because especially about sth which you think is his fault
	Grill	to ask a lot of questions
	Half-baked	unrealistic or didn't thought through properly
	Spice up	make more lively
	Unsavoury	unpleasant, morally offensive
	To turn sour	to go wrong
	Juicy gossip	exciting and interesting
	Uses of word	'light'
	Light	colored hair, light wind, light comedy, have a light , light of my life, in the light of the reports, light on solution
	UNIT 29
	Split the bill	each person pays for it's own meal
	Lunch is on me	today I pay
	Join us	come with us
	be our guest	we will pay
	get this	pay bill this time
	vined and dined	invited to restaurants very often
	impeccable service	perfect
	sluggish	rather slow
	courteous waiters	polite
	overbearing	too confident/ too much telling people what to do
	sullen	not polite, unwilling to smile
	brusque	quick and rude
	off-putting	makes you feel do not go smwh or do sth again
	go out of smns way	to do the best, do everything possible
	Food	preferences
	To have sweet tooth	to like sweet tastes
	Count calories/ to be calorie-conscious	be careful with calories
	Savoury	salty taste or with herbs
	Fussy eater	having very particular demands when eating
	Teetotal	never drink alcohol, an abstinent
	Dietary requirements	special needs or things smn cannot eat
	Overdo sth	eat or drink to much
	To take pot luck	eat what we're eating, nothing special
	Bring a bottle	a bottle of wine
	Dinner party	formal dinner with gest
	Informal get-together	dinner with friends , not official
	Does anyone want SECONDS ?	second helping/serving of a dish
	Say when	say when it is enough
	When	that's enough
	Nibbles	things like chips, peanuts etc. before the meal (snacks)
	Grab a bite to eat	have a quick meal
	Takeaway	ready-cooked meal bought to take home
	UNIT 30
	Give way at a give-way sign
	Right of way	is allowed to go before others
	Sound/hoot/toot a horn	to make that biiip sound with your car
	Jumping a red light	not stopping at
	Reckless driving	very dangerous
	Penalty points	negative points on your licence
	Hit-and-run	running over or into smn and not stopping
	Breathalyser	device which shows how much alcohol you drank
	On-the-spot fines	given at the scene of the offence
	Exhaust emissions	waste gases produced by car
	Roadworthy	in a condition that it can be driven safely
	Tyre tread	the depth of the grooves in tyre rubber
	Tailback	a big line of slow traffic
	Pile-up	a crash between several cars
	Diverted	directed away from our road
	Towaway zone	area where your car can be taken because you parked illegally
	Clamped	fitted with a metal device on the wheels in order to make car unable to move
	Road rage	anger or violence between drivers caused by difficult driving conditions
	Skid	to lose control over steering
	Head-on collision	frontal collision
	Total gridlock	huge traffic
	Behind the wheel	as a driver, driving
	Pull over	to stop
	Back-seat driver	smn who doesn't drive very often and criticizes everybody's driving style
	Conk out	to stop working suddenly, sudden failure
	UNIT 31
	Scheduled flight	normal regular flight
	Charter flight	taking group of people, usually to the same holiday destination
	Apex fares	have to book in advance and offer value for money
	Budget fares	cheaper, but have broader restrictions and are non-refundable
	Cancelation fee	amount of money you pay for cancelling a ticket
	Stopover	ability to stay somewhere overnight before continuing to your destination
	All-in packages	including accommodation and transfers
	Ferry	a boat
	Crossing	journey by ferry
	Cruise	holiday on the sea , during crossing
	Holiday of the lifetime	one which you will always remember
	Berth	a bed
	Shared cabin	with other people
	Upper deck	upper part of the ship
	Get away from it all	relax and escape from the problems of the real world
	Car hire	hiring and travelling by car
	Getting around	travelling to different places
	Unlimited mileage	you can drive as many miles as you want for the same price
	Go as you please	wherever and whenever you want
	Self-catering	cooking on your own
	Chalet	small cabin or cottage specially built for holiday-makers
	Guest houses	private houses offering high standard accommodation
	Inns	similar to pubs , but also offering accommodation
	Bed-and-breakfast	accommodation where you get morning meal
	Half board	breakfast and one other meal
	Full board	all meals
	To rough it	to live in basic and uncomfortable conditions temporarily
	To lounge around	to spend your time in extremely relaxed way, doing very little
	A cosy atmosphere	comfortable and pleasant, because of small and WARM room
	An exhilarating experience	makes you feel very excited and happy
	Te be your own boss
	To be on the move
	To be in the wilds	to be in natural conditions , independent of humans
	To sleep under the stars	without any roof above your head
	To spend fortune on entrance fees	to buy a lot of expensive tickets in order to reach some places
	UNIT 32
	Escape the crowd	go where there are not many people
	Wander off the beaten track	go to places where tourists don't go normally
	Get back to the nature	to live a rural style
	Promising choice	good choice
	Boasts	listing the good quality of a place
	Hordes	crowds In negative sense
	Tourism sector	tourist industry
	Looking for something out of the ordinary	for sth unusual
	Wealth of	large amount of sth (formal)
	Tracts	huge areas of land
	Virgin	original and natural
	Flora and fauna	plants and animals
	Eco-tourism	holidays that respect environment
	Unwind	relax
	Recharge	to get back your energy
	The bush	wild places in Africa and Australia
	4.10.2004	four by four
	Waterfront	near water
	Discerning	decided, who knows what he wants
	Stunning	astounding , breathtaking
	Unbeatable	the cheapest without any doubt
	Awe-inspiring	feels you with sense of the power and beauty of what you're looking at
	Ramble	long, not demanding walk
	Hike	more demanding, suggesting more difficult terrain
	Trek	of several days over wild country
	Unrivalled	nothing can match this
	Savour	enjoy
	Heartlands	inland areas in away from the sea or borders
	UNIT 33
	Arid	dry
	Prone to	tending to have particular negative characteristics
	Drought	period without the rain
	Tundra	area without trees with permanently frozen ground
	Vegetation	plant life
	Coniferous	evergreen trees producing cones
	Decidous	they lose leaves during the winter
	Prairies	flat grasslands in Canada and North America
	Paddy fields	places where rice is planted growing with water
	Cereals	type of grass cultivated to produce grain
	Tend	take care of animals
	Manufacturing	producing goods in large numbers
	At the forefront	in an important position
	Generates	produces
	Descended from	related to
	Ancestors	relatives from earlier times, we are our ancestors descendants
	Migrants	people who move from other countries
	Settle	to make home
	UNIT	34
	Freezing/nippy	cold
	Boiling/sweltering/roasting	very hot
	Windy	there's much wind
	Blowy/breezy	much wind
	Oppressive	unpleasantly hot and no wind
	Sultry	very hot and the air is slightly wet
	Stifling/heavy/close	unpleasantly hot and air is slightly wet
	Downpour/deluge	a lot of rain in a short time
	Chucking it down/pouring	a lot of rain in a short time
	Humid	containing extremely lot of water drops in the air
	Muggy/clammy	extremely lot of water drops in the air
	Climate of distrust
	Climate of change
	these words collocate strongly with CLIMATE:
	Cultural
	Economic
	Financial
	Moral
	Political
	Social
	Prevailing
	Sunny disposition	to be usually happy
	Sunny	bright, clear (job prospects)
	Frosty	unfriendly and not welcoming (reception)
	Icily	unfriendly, showing no emotion
	Snowed under with work	to have a plenty of things to do
	To be left under a cloud of suspicion
	To cloud sth	to make sth unclear, confused
	Hail of bullets	lots of bullets
	Hail / storm of abuse
	Hazy idea	a little I understand
	In the mists of history
	Misty-eyed	clearly in love
	Whirlwind of speculation
	Whirlwind romance	bumpy romance
	Thundered	moved and made a lot of noise
	Thunderous applause	very noisy applause
	Thundery	weather
	Thunderous	a lot of noise
	Winds of change/democracy/discontent
	Indices	average (plural of index)
	Arid	dry
	Elevation	height above the sea level
	Latitude	distance from the equator
	Precipitation	rain and snow
	Solar radiation	sun beams
	Moderate	make less extreme
	UNIT	35
	Cement	a kind of glue
	To cement	to make stronger
	To come up against a brick wall	an come across an obstacle , barrier
	To put a ceiling of ….	to suggest a limit to sth
	To hit a glass ceiling	to be unable to get promotion
	Roof falls on smn head
	Go through the roof	to increase in rapid or (about person) to lose temper
	Hit the roof	to lose temper
	To live in ivory tower	to not know about unpleasant and ordinary things happening
	To be a tower of strength	to be extremely strong but in emotional way
	To tower above smn	to be tall or outstanding but in a positive way
	Gateway	access
	Close/shut doors	to close some paths in front of smn
	Close the door on past
	Do sth through/by the back door	suggest that you do sth unofficially
	Provide/hold the key to sth
	The key to success
	UNIT	36
	Seeds	metaphorically , the start or beginning of a feeling or idea; Seeds of success/discontent/revolution
	Roots	used to talk about origins of sth
	Go back to your roots	going to the place where your family came from
	Root of a problem
	Roots of tradition
	Putting down roots	to stay in one place to make home
	Take root	when idea becomes known or accepted it TAKES ROOT
	To be firmly/deeply rooted in sth	to have origins there
	Grass roots of organization/society	ordinary people , not leaders
	Branch out	to grow off from a main organization
	Branch of a shop
	Business branching out into new directions
	To nip sth in the bud	to stop sth before it develops into sth bigger
	Budding	adjective, promising or showing ability for future development
	Weed out	to get rid of
	Prune back	cut/limit
	To reap award of	to get results from
	Dig up	to discover
	Germinating	beginning to develop
	Sprout	to appear quickly and in large numbers
	Flourishing	doing very well
	Shed	lose (leaves for example)
	To fade	become smaller (e.g hope)
	Shrivel	become less
	Wilt	o lose energy
	Wither	to make sb feel scorned (She gave him a withering look)
	UNIT 37
	Mammal	animal, gives birth to live babies
	Rodent	mouse or rat
	Reptile	snake or lizard
	Carnivore	eating meat
	Herbivore	eating plants
	Predator	a hunting animal
	Docile	behaving gently
	Tame	not afraid of humans
	Domesticated	lives with humans or is used by them
	Wild	living In the wild
	Savage	extremely violent or wild
	Fierce	aggressive
	Natural habitat	a natural place for living and breeding
	Game reserves/games parks	an area on the land where animals are protected from hunting
	Bird sanctuary	area for birds where they can live and are protected
	Animal shelter	homeless animals are given food and shelter there
	Blood sports	sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals
	The fur trade	hunting for and selling furs
	Poachers	people who hunt animals illegally
	Ivory trade	buying and selling ivory from elephants' tusks
	Animal rights activists	people who actively campaign for animal rights
	Endangered species	some species which are in danger of no longer existing
	Global warming
	Climatic changes
	Carbon dioxide emissions
	Greenhouse effect
	Fossil fuels	coal and oil
	Exerts severe pressure on finite resources	puts pressure on limited resources
	Deforestation
	Demographic projections	predictions about population
	Ecological balance
	worst case scenario	the worst possible end
	pristine environments	untouched, natural , unspoilt areas
	green credentials	reputation for positive support of the environment
	prophets of doom and gloom	people who make the most depressing and pessimistic forecasts for the future
	sustainable development	development of industry not threatening environment and economic stability
	piecemeal conservation	carrying out conservations one bit at a time , with no plan
	UNIT 39
	Prompt	quick, without delay
	Query	question or enquiry about service
	Responsive to complaints	they listen, take them seriously
	Accommodating	willing to understand and help
	Got back to me	called me back with an answer
	Obliging	happy and willing to do things for you
	Impeccable	100% perfect
	Incompetent	failing due to lack of skill, knowledge or experience
	Impersonal	lacking personal element
	Shoddy	bad quality of service or goods
	Substandard	below the standard expected
	Uncooperative	not supportive, unwilling to work together
	Backlog (of orders)	number of things which are waiting to be dealt with
	Sense of urgency	feeling that your request is important or urgent
	Helpline	telephone number which you call when you have problems
	Put you on hold	they make you wait
	Guarantee/warranty	written promise to repair or replace faulty product
	Secure website	an outside person can't read your details
	Privacy policy
	Safe transactions	kind of transactions which guarantee that no one e. g. will use your credit card
	FAQ
	Browse	look at the list
	Immediate dispatch	goods will be sent at once
	Nationwide	covering whole country
	UNIT 40
	Landing card	form with your personal details and date of your arrival
	Customs declaration form	showing how much money and goods you are carrying
	Vaccination certificate	form proving you've got necessary health injections
	Enter restrictions	rules controlling conditions on which you can enter the country
	Spot checks/random checks	unexpected checks, without warning
	Sniffer dogs
	Clear customs	take your bags through customs
	Port of entry	port where you first enter the country
	Political asylum	stay in another country while being a refugee and not be sent back
	Economic migrants	migrants from poorer countries looking for work
	Traffic offence	illegal action
	Fixed penalty	fixed sum of money which has to be paid for a particular offence
	On-the-spot fine	given at the place where you committed offence
	Parking tickets	for illegal parking
	To take the Breathalyser test
	Make a statement on the police station	say what happened and sign a copy of it
	Stop-and-search	power to stop and search people on the street
	Surveillance	the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed
	Search warrant	official permission from judge or magistrate to search smn house
	Security forces	army and police together enforcing the army
	Plain clothes/undercover	don't wear uniform
	Paramilitary police	more looking like soldiers
	Drug squad	fight illegal drug trade
	Anti-corruption squad	discovering and fighting bribery or corruption
	UNIT	41
	Adherent of	supporting particular idea or party
	Convert to	someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs
	Fanatic	(diss) someone with a very strong belief
	Radical	someone who believes that there should be and extreme political change
	Reactionary	(diss) someone opposed to any changes or new ideas
	Bigot	(diss) someone with strong unreasonable beliefs who thinks that other beliefs are wrong
	Assumption	unquestioning acceptance that sth is good
	Derives from	has it's origins in
	Eradicate	abolish or get rid of
	Postulates	basic principles
	Consciousness	awareness
	Usher in	introduce
	Credible	believable
	Credulous	too willing to believe what you're told, opposite INCREDULOUS
	Credence	acceptance that sth is true
	Document Give/add/lend credence
	Gullible	easy tricked and deceived
	Ingenuous	trusting , sincere, often in a way that seems foolish
	A plausible argument
	An implausible excuse
	plausible	convincing
	Ascribe/attribute	you consider sth to be caused , created or possessed by that person or thing
	Tenet	one of the principles on which a belief is based
	Give someone the benefit of the doubt	to accept that someone is telling the truth even though it is not certain
	Take sth with a pinch of salt	you don't totally believe in what you are told
	I don't buy that
	I wasn't born yesterday
	A likely story
	What d'you take me for ?
	Pull the other one
	I'll believe it when I see it
	UNIT	42
	Celebratory mood
	Renewal	action of repeating sth
	Renewed hope
	Festival
	Festivities	enjoyable activities
	Festive mood
	Spectacle	unusual attractive event
	Spectacular
	Pagan ceremonies
	Ceremonial procession
	Superstitious	believe in superstitions
	Centenary	100 years after special event
	Bi-centenary
	Penance	actions to show you're sorry for bad deeds
	Fasting	not eating for a long period of time
	Flamboyant	extremely colorful and exaggerated
	Raucous	very noisy
	Sombre	serious, heavy and sad
	Atmospheric	had a special feeling or atmosphere
	Commemorates	respects and remembers officially
	UNIT 43
	Slavic	Polish, Russian, Bulgarian
	Germanic
	Romance
	Indo-Arian
	Celtic
	Semitic
	Austronesian
	Syntax	grammar and word order
	Modality	meanings such as possibility
	Phonology	pronunciation and intonation
	Phonemes	different sounds distinguishing meanings
	Diphthongs	sounds made by combining vowels
	Lexicon	vocabulary
	Compounds	combining words
	Graeco-Latin
	Anglo-Saxon
	Orthography	writing system
	Pictograms	characters representing pictures
	Ideograms	characters representing ideas
	Morphology	how words are formed
	Morphemes	units of meaning
	Infected	words have endings to show, tense , person e.t.c
	Isolating	each word has only one morpheme
	UNIT	44
	Absolute power
	Laws of succession	law controlling the terms on which the throne is succeeded
	Succeeded one another to the throne
	Regent	person who rules the country during the king's absence
	Pretender to the throne
	Lay claim to the throne
	Proclaimed	announced to be
	Proclaimed king
	Depose	remove smn important from a powerful position
	Seize power	to get power
	Usurp power	try to possess power without having right to
	Fall from power	to be deprived of power
	To abuse power	to not use power well
	Feudal	relating to social system organized according to rank or position
	Medieval
	Renaissance
	Victorian	relating to period of time when Victoria was Queen of Britain (hard-work, loyalty, self-control)
	Infantry	soldiers on foot
	Cavalry	on horseback
	Legion	roman army
	Armour	worn by soldiers in order to protect their bodies
	Chariot	two-wheeled vehicle pulled by horse
	Galleon	large sailing ship with three or four masts
	Stagecoach	covered vehicle pulled by horses , carrying goods or passengers on typical routes
	Cart	open vehicle with two or four wheels pulled by an animal
	Serf	works on the land and belongs to his master
	Jester	person entertaining people in Middle Ages with jokes
	Minstrel	entertaining people with music and poetry
	Highwayman	man on horseback robbing travelers on roads
	UNIT 45
	Absolute poverty	defined according to the absolute minimum standard , called the “poverty line”
	Relative poverty	you're poor compared/related to people around you
	Income poverty	means that you're poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country
	Human poverty	related to the malnutrition and illiteracy for example
	Malnutrition	being ill because of inadequate food
	Illiteracy	lack of ability to read and write
	Sanitation	systems taking dirty water and waste from homes
	GDP Gross Domestic Product	total value of products and services produced in a country in one yea excluding income from abroad
	GNP	Gross National Product is GDP plus money earned from abroad
	Poverty alleviation	reducing the level of poverty
	Debt servicing	paying back money owed by loans
	Penury	state of being extremely poor

	Unit 46: British politics
	Legislation, person = a legislator, v. legislate	Law - making
	Constituents, group = constituency	People who elected one PM
	Lobbies, v. lobby	Interests group who try to infulence Pms; also the entrance hall of a building
	Corporations, adj. Corporate	Lar4ge companies
	Institute of Directors	Organisation of top business people
	Ministers	PMs with responsibilities, e.g. healt, education; also vicar
	Civil servants	People employed in government departments (the Civil Service)
	Lobbyists	People who lobby
	Chancellor of the Exchequer	finance minister in UK
	Annual budget	Yearly financial plan (of tax rates etc.)
	Petitions	Formal requests often signed by lots of people
	Tax concession, v. concede	Reduction in taxes
	Producers	Manufacturers
	Centralised, n. centralisation	Concentrated in one central organisation
	Close-knit	With close ties to each other
	Well-funded	With plenty of financial support
	Consumers	People who buy/use products
	Fragmented	Separate, not centralised
	Friends of the Earth	Arge environmental organisation
	Child Poverty Action Group	Large organisation helping children
	Paid - up members	People who have paid their membership fees
	Deputations	People sent to speak for a group
	Counter	Oppose
	Grievances	Complaints about unfair treatment
	Appeal to	Request support from; also be attractive to someone
	Unit 47: the language of law
	To abrogate a law/treaty	To bring a law, treaty to an official end
	To bend the law/rules	To break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful
	To contravene a law	To break a law
	To impeach a president/governor	To make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence
	To infringe sbd's rights	To prevent a person doing what they are allowed to do
	To lodge an appeal	To make an official appeal
	To uphold/overturn a verdict	To say that a previous decision was correct/incorrect
	To prevent the course of justice	To put obstacles in the way of the way of justice being done
	To quash a decision/conviction	To change an official decision/conviction
	To set a precedent	To establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions
	To award/grant custody to	To give one parent or an adult main responsibility for a child, especially after separation or divorce
	To annul a marriage/agreement/law	To declare that it no longer exists and never existed
	Discrimination, v. discriminate	Unfair treatment on ground of sex, race or nationality
	Embezzlement, v. embezzle, criminal = embezzler	Stealing money that is in your care of belongs to an organisation that you work for
	Harassment, v. harass	Making a person feel anxious and unhappy sometimes e.g. for sexual reasons, sometimes to get debt repaid
	Insider trading/dealing, v. do/practise insider trading/ dealing, criminal = insider trader/dealer	Illegal buying or selling shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of a company
	Joyriding, v. joyride, criminal= joyrider	Driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen
	Money laundering, v. launder money, criminal = money launderer	Moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced
	Perjury, v. commit perjury, criminal = perjurer	Lying when under oath
	Trespass, v. trespass, criminal = trespasser	Go onto sbd else's land without permission
	Unit 48: War and peace
	Patriotism	Loyalty to your own country
	n. Deterrents, v. deter, adj. deterrent	Ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results
	n. Outlaw, v. outlaw, adj. outlawed	Make illegal or impossible
	Aerial warfare adj. Warring, warlike	Fighting a war using aeroplanes
	Nuclear annihilation v. annihilate, adj. annihilated | adj. nucleus	Total destruction by nuclear weapons
	Great powers, v. empower, power, adj. powerful	Most important political powers
	Revulsion against v. revolt, adj. revolting	Feeling a total disgust towards
	Causes, v. cause, adj. casual	Movements, organisations
	Gaining one's ends	Achieving one's aims
	To wage war	To fight a war
	Hostilities begin/break out/end/cease	Acts of war
	To besiege, n. siege	To attack a place by surrounding it
	To ambush, n. ambush	To attack unexpectedly from secret position
	A truce	An agreement during a war to stop fighting for a time
	A ceasefire	Agreement between two armies or groups to stop fighting
	To rout, n. rout	To defeat totally
	Peacekeeping troops	Neutral soldiers engaged in keeping the peace in a divided society
	An international observer	Outside, neutral person or body
	To plan/organise/launch a campaign	Planned group of military activities
	placed/set off/ thrown an incendiary device	Bomb
	germ/biological warfare	Using germs to cause disease among enemy soldiers or crops
	Unit 49: Economy and finance
	Development grants	Money to help economic development of a poor country
	Restrictive practices	The placing of unfair restrictions
	Sanctions	Restrictions on what country may import/export
	Embargoes	Total prohibitions on importing/exporting certain goods
	War - torn economy	Economy badly affected by war
	Ailing economies	Economies in a bad state
	devaluation/revaluation of the currency	reduction/increase in value against other currencies
	Go into recession, come out of/emerge from recession	When the economy of a country gets worse/better
	Slump in prices	Serious fall/collapse in prices
	Fiscal measures	Measures containing taxes, etc.
	Boost the economy	Give the economy a lift
	Unit 50: Personal finance: balancing your books
	Be broke(informal)/skint(very informal)	Have no money
	Roll in it	Informal: have a lot of money
	To make ends meet	To survive financially
	Things are a bit tight	Informal: finances are not good
	Be strapped for cash	Informal: needing cash and have very little
	Bounce (about cheque)	The bank refuses to pay it
	Make the cheque out to sbd	Put sb's name on a cheque
	put/stick sth on a credit card Charge sth to a credit card	Informal formal
	APR	Annual percentage rate of interest
	To Expire	Not to be valid any more
	Credit card fraud	Illegal use of sb's credit card or account
	Charge card	Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month
	Store card	Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store
	Lump sum	Single, large payment
	Golden handshake	Large payment to someone on leaving a job
	Endowment	Combined insurance and saving plan that pays out after a fixed period
	Life-savings	Money saved over many years
	Share portfolios	Combination of stocks and hares of different kinds
	Be broke	Have no money (informal)
	Be skint	Have no money (formal)
	Be rolling in it	Have a lot of money (informal)
	Things are a bit tight	My finance are not good (informal)
	Be strapped for cash	Need cash and have very little (informal)
	Bounce	The bank refuse to pay it (e.g. cheque)
	Make the cheque out to	Put a name on check (receiver)
	put/stick sth on (my) credit card	It's on me
	Charge	Obciążyć (karte kredytową)
	APR	Annual percentage rate of interest
	Expire	Be not valid
	Credit card fraud	Illegal use of someone's card or account
	A charge card	Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month
	Store card	Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store
	Lump sum	Single, large payment
	Golden handshake	Large payment to someone on leaving a job
	Endowment	Combined insurance and savings plan that pays out after a fixed period
	Life-savings	Money saved over many years
	Share portfolios	Combination of stocks and shares of different kinds

Handouts

	Lobby	a group of people who try to influence politicians on a particular issue
	bolster	to improve sth or make it stronger
	be in the limelight	be at the centre of attention
	furrier	someone who sells clothes made from fur
	clutch sth	hold tightly
	resurgence	the return and growth of an activity that had stopped
	a far cry from sth	a very different experience from sth
	spatter sb/sth with sth	to cover sb/sth with drops of liquid, dirt, etc, especially by accident
	open (sth) up	to become or make sth possible, available or able to be reached
	bring sth home	to make sb realize how important, difficult or serious sth is
	spearhead	a person or group that begins an activity or leads an attack against sb/sth
	wail	to say sth screaming
	strain	pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with
	chuckle	to laugh quietly
	astounded	surprised
	workshop	a room or building in which things are made or repaired using tools or machinery
	inconsolable	impossible to conform
	bulging	that sticks out from sth in a round shape
	sleigh	a vehicle pulled by animals and travels on snow
	cracker	a decorated paper tube that makes a noise when you pull it apart, it contains a small toy a paper hat and a joke inside, used at Christmas in the UK
	capital	money or property that you use to star a business or invest
	consignment	an amount of goods delivered
	maiden	done for the first time
	with full steam ahead	with as much speed or energy as possible
	behemoth	a giant animal
	row /raʊ/	argument
	set off	begin a voyage
	detritus	waste
	brim with sth (e.g. tears)	to be full of sth (e.g. tears = cry)
	spree	a period of wild irresponsible fun
	infallible	never wrong
	peer into	to look with effort into sth
	nudge	to push gently
	dog's dinner	sth badly or untidily done
	in the pipeline	about to happen
	the luck of the draw	decided by chance
	to get off to a flying start	to start very well (e.g. a new job)
	be in the doghouse	when sb is annoyed with you because of sth that you have done
	get (sth) off the ground	to start happening successfully; to make sth start happening successfully
	nurture	to care for and protect sb/sth while they are growing and developing
	gross	obviously wrong; total; clear
	understatement	incomplete statement
	compulsive	powerfully interesting
	home economics	school study of household management
	to gnaw away at sb/sth	to gradually reduce or spoil sth
	to dote on sb	to love someone completely and believe thy are perfect
	legacy	sth left or handed down by a predecessor
	to shortchange sb	to treat sb unfairly
	disband	to break up; to stop sb/sth from operating as a group, to separate
	palpable	so strong that you seem to feel it physically
	decline	become less powerful or less effective
	militant	using, or willing to use, force or strong pressure to achieve your aims, especially to achieve social or political change
	delinquent	someone, especially a young person, who behaves in a criminal or antisocial way
	movie buff	someone who is very interested in films
	monopolize	to have or take control of the largest part of sth so that other people are prevented from sharing it
	sluggish economy	economy that does not perform as well as usual
	reel (at/from/with sth)	to feel very shocked or upset about sth
	frugality	using only as much money or food as is necessary
	forage for food	search for food in a wide area, but especially in rubbish bins
	brasserie	a restaurant or bar, especially one that serves French food
	aperitif	an alcoholic drink that is drunk before a meal
	skip a meal	avoid having a meal
	crisis	downturn
	wolf	eat sth very quickly
	kill off	to make sth stop or fail completely
	go bust	to become bankrupt
	renowned	famous and admired for a special skill or achievement
	brink	the point in time when sth very bad or very good is about to happen
	loyalty deals	a special offer for customers who return to the same shop or restaurant again
	be broke	having no money (informal)
	shutter	to break into pieces
	rumour	a gossip
	malaise	feeling of illness; general feeling of discontent
	intercut	to alternate scenes or shots of a movie, usually to show different events taking place at the same time
	jollity	fun; cheerfulness; hilarity
	etch	to engrave, to cut lines into a piece of glass, metal, etc. in order to make words or a picture
	query	a question, often expressing doubt about sth or looking for a n answer from an authority; enquiry
	map out	to outline sth; to plan sth
	allocate	to give sth officially to sb/sth for a particular purpose

2

---