Unit 26 |
||
Pull the wool over sb's eyes |
to deceive sb |
|
Philistinism |
a refusal to see the beauty of art , literature or etc. (disapproving) |
|
Detractor |
sb who criticizes sth or smn, often unfairly |
|
wise up |
to become more sophisticated |
|
dumb down |
to become less intellectual (especially according to the mass culture) |
|
Tate Modern |
new art gallery in London |
|
Fad |
a style or activity popular for a short period of time (disapproving) |
|
Vote with smn's feet |
to stop coming |
|
Deem |
to consider (formal) |
|
Visually literate |
educated with regard to art |
|
Immune to |
not affected by |
|
Inured to |
not affected by |
|
Highbrow |
intended for educated and intelligent people , disapproving (lowbrow) |
|
Impenetrable |
hard to understand because of it's complexity (transparent) |
|
Sophisticated |
showing advanced skills and understanding (primitive) |
|
Challenging |
demanding considerable effort to be understood (undemanding) |
|
Dazzling |
inspiring great admiration because it is brilliant in some way (pedestrian) |
|
Evocative |
calling up memories and images (uninspiring) |
|
Exquisite |
having rare beauty or delicacy (clumsy) |
|
Intriguing |
exciting and interesting because of it's mystery (dreary) |
|
Peerless |
better than any other (run-of-the-mill) |
|
Tongue-in-cheek |
not intended to be taken seriously despite it appears as serious (earnest) |
|
Metaphores |
Paint hero in fascinating light , shadowy characters, shaped and moulded , illustrate motifs, black-and-white, illuminate ( to show expose) |
|
UNIT 27 |
||
Poignant chronicle |
a sad and moving description of events |
|
Compelling tale |
powerful story that keeps you interested |
|
Lugubrious setting |
dark and gloomy setting |
|
Page-turner |
gripping and interesting story , very engaging |
|
Enigmatic tale |
mysterious story |
|
Macabre |
violent and gore, often disgusting |
|
Chilling |
causing great fear |
|
Breathtaking achievement |
amazing achievement |
|
Wry humour |
humour in the face of a bad situation |
|
Evocative scenes |
arousing memories and images |
|
Journal |
a written record of activities done each day or academic publication |
|
Memoirs |
a written record of person's own life (politician , military) |
|
Anthology |
collection/compilation of e.g poems or short stories by different authors |
|
Compendium |
collection of detailed information about particular subject |
|
Manual |
a technical book with instructions |
|
Logbook |
book that records events and times |
|
Compulsive reading / one of books you can't put down |
hard to stop / the same (informal) |
|
Lightweight |
not complex |
|
Bedtime reading |
nice to read in bed |
|
Heavy going |
hard, difficult to read |
|
Can't get into it |
hard to become involved |
|
UNIT 28 |
||
Synthetic ingredients |
artificial |
|
Wholesome |
good for you, physically or morally |
|
Wholemeal |
containing all natural substances in the grain with nothing removed |
|
Fair Trade |
refers to products such as coffee , tea or chocolate , farmers for small farms get profits from distribution of these goods rather than multinational companies |
|
Free-range |
relating to farm animals not kept in cages |
|
GM |
genetically modified |
|
Loopholes |
ways of getting round regulations |
|
Derivatives |
things produced from |
|
Recipe for a disaster |
situation which will surely lead to sth bad |
|
All ingredients of |
all necessary characteristics |
|
Dilute |
make less dominant |
|
Let smn stew |
worry or suffer because especially about sth which you think is his fault |
|
Grill |
to ask a lot of questions |
|
Half-baked |
unrealistic or didn't thought through properly |
|
Spice up |
make more lively |
|
Unsavoury |
unpleasant, morally offensive |
|
To turn sour |
to go wrong |
|
Juicy gossip |
exciting and interesting |
|
Uses of word |
'light' |
|
Light |
colored hair, light wind, light comedy, have a light , light of my life, in the light of the reports, light on solution |
|
UNIT 29 |
||
Split the bill |
each person pays for it's own meal |
|
Lunch is on me |
today I pay |
|
Join us |
come with us |
|
be our guest |
we will pay |
|
get this |
pay bill this time |
|
vined and dined |
invited to restaurants very often |
|
impeccable service |
perfect |
|
sluggish |
rather slow |
|
courteous waiters |
polite |
|
overbearing |
too confident/ too much telling people what to do |
|
sullen |
not polite, unwilling to smile |
|
brusque |
quick and rude |
|
off-putting |
makes you feel do not go smwh or do sth again |
|
go out of smns way |
to do the best, do everything possible |
|
Food |
preferences |
|
To have sweet tooth |
to like sweet tastes |
|
Count calories/ to be calorie-conscious |
be careful with calories |
|
Savoury |
salty taste or with herbs |
|
Fussy eater |
having very particular demands when eating |
|
Teetotal |
never drink alcohol, an abstinent |
|
Dietary requirements |
special needs or things smn cannot eat |
|
Overdo sth |
eat or drink to much |
|
To take pot luck |
eat what we're eating, nothing special |
|
Bring a bottle |
a bottle of wine |
|
Dinner party |
formal dinner with gest |
|
Informal get-together |
dinner with friends , not official |
|
Does anyone want SECONDS ? |
second helping/serving of a dish |
|
Say when |
say when it is enough |
|
When |
that's enough |
|
Nibbles |
things like chips, peanuts etc. before the meal (snacks) |
|
Grab a bite to eat |
have a quick meal |
|
Takeaway |
ready-cooked meal bought to take home |
|
UNIT 30 |
||
Give way at a give-way sign |
|
|
Right of way |
is allowed to go before others |
|
Sound/hoot/toot a horn |
to make that biiip sound with your car |
|
Jumping a red light |
not stopping at |
|
Reckless driving |
very dangerous |
|
Penalty points |
negative points on your licence |
|
Hit-and-run |
running over or into smn and not stopping |
|
Breathalyser |
device which shows how much alcohol you drank |
|
On-the-spot fines |
given at the scene of the offence |
|
Exhaust emissions |
waste gases produced by car |
|
Roadworthy |
in a condition that it can be driven safely |
|
Tyre tread |
the depth of the grooves in tyre rubber |
|
Tailback |
a big line of slow traffic |
|
Pile-up |
a crash between several cars |
|
Diverted |
directed away from our road |
|
Towaway zone |
area where your car can be taken because you parked illegally |
|
Clamped |
fitted with a metal device on the wheels in order to make car unable to move |
|
Road rage |
anger or violence between drivers caused by difficult driving conditions |
|
Skid |
to lose control over steering |
|
Head-on collision |
frontal collision |
|
Total gridlock |
huge traffic |
|
Behind the wheel |
as a driver, driving |
|
Pull over |
to stop |
|
Back-seat driver |
smn who doesn't drive very often and criticizes everybody's driving style |
|
Conk out |
to stop working suddenly, sudden failure |
|
UNIT 31 |
||
Scheduled flight |
normal regular flight |
|
Charter flight |
taking group of people, usually to the same holiday destination |
|
Apex fares |
have to book in advance and offer value for money |
|
Budget fares |
cheaper, but have broader restrictions and are non-refundable |
|
Cancelation fee |
amount of money you pay for cancelling a ticket |
|
Stopover |
ability to stay somewhere overnight before continuing to your destination |
|
All-in packages |
including accommodation and transfers |
|
Ferry |
a boat |
|
Crossing |
journey by ferry |
|
Cruise |
holiday on the sea , during crossing |
|
Holiday of the lifetime |
one which you will always remember |
|
Berth |
a bed |
|
Shared cabin |
with other people |
|
Upper deck |
upper part of the ship |
|
Get away from it all |
relax and escape from the problems of the real world |
|
Car hire |
hiring and travelling by car |
|
Getting around |
travelling to different places |
|
Unlimited mileage |
you can drive as many miles as you want for the same price |
|
Go as you please |
wherever and whenever you want |
|
Self-catering |
cooking on your own |
|
Chalet |
small cabin or cottage specially built for holiday-makers |
|
Guest houses |
private houses offering high standard accommodation |
|
Inns |
similar to pubs , but also offering accommodation |
|
Bed-and-breakfast |
accommodation where you get morning meal |
|
Half board |
breakfast and one other meal |
|
Full board |
all meals |
|
To rough it |
to live in basic and uncomfortable conditions temporarily |
|
To lounge around |
to spend your time in extremely relaxed way, doing very little |
|
A cosy atmosphere |
comfortable and pleasant, because of small and WARM room |
|
An exhilarating experience |
makes you feel very excited and happy |
|
Te be your own boss |
|
|
To be on the move |
|
|
To be in the wilds |
to be in natural conditions , independent of humans |
|
To sleep under the stars |
without any roof above your head |
|
To spend fortune on entrance fees |
to buy a lot of expensive tickets in order to reach some places |
|
UNIT 32 |
||
Escape the crowd |
go where there are not many people |
|
Wander off the beaten track |
go to places where tourists don't go normally |
|
Get back to the nature |
to live a rural style |
|
Promising choice |
good choice |
|
Boasts |
listing the good quality of a place |
|
Hordes |
crowds In negative sense |
|
Tourism sector |
tourist industry |
|
Looking for something out of the ordinary |
for sth unusual |
|
Wealth of |
large amount of sth (formal) |
|
Tracts |
huge areas of land |
|
Virgin |
original and natural |
|
Flora and fauna |
plants and animals |
|
Eco-tourism |
holidays that respect environment |
|
Unwind |
relax |
|
Recharge |
to get back your energy |
|
The bush |
wild places in Africa and Australia |
|
4.10.2004 |
four by four |
|
Waterfront |
near water |
|
Discerning |
decided, who knows what he wants |
|
Stunning |
astounding , breathtaking |
|
Unbeatable |
the cheapest without any doubt |
|
Awe-inspiring |
feels you with sense of the power and beauty of what you're looking at |
|
Ramble |
long, not demanding walk |
|
Hike |
more demanding, suggesting more difficult terrain |
|
Trek |
of several days over wild country |
|
Unrivalled |
nothing can match this |
|
Savour |
enjoy |
|
Heartlands |
inland areas in away from the sea or borders |
|
UNIT 33 |
||
Arid |
dry |
|
Prone to |
tending to have particular negative characteristics |
|
Drought |
period without the rain |
|
Tundra |
area without trees with permanently frozen ground |
|
Vegetation |
plant life |
|
Coniferous |
evergreen trees producing cones |
|
Decidous |
they lose leaves during the winter |
|
Prairies |
flat grasslands in Canada and North America |
|
Paddy fields |
places where rice is planted growing with water |
|
Cereals |
type of grass cultivated to produce grain |
|
Tend |
take care of animals |
|
Manufacturing |
producing goods in large numbers |
|
At the forefront |
in an important position |
|
Generates |
produces |
|
Descended from |
related to |
|
Ancestors |
relatives from earlier times, we are our ancestors descendants |
|
Migrants |
people who move from other countries |
|
Settle |
to make home |
|
UNIT |
34 |
|
Freezing/nippy |
cold |
|
Boiling/sweltering/roasting |
very hot |
|
Windy |
there's much wind |
|
Blowy/breezy |
much wind |
|
Oppressive |
unpleasantly hot and no wind |
|
Sultry |
very hot and the air is slightly wet |
|
Stifling/heavy/close |
unpleasantly hot and air is slightly wet |
|
Downpour/deluge |
a lot of rain in a short time |
|
Chucking it down/pouring |
a lot of rain in a short time |
|
Humid |
containing extremely lot of water drops in the air |
|
Muggy/clammy |
extremely lot of water drops in the air |
|
Climate of distrust |
|
|
Climate of change |
|
|
these words collocate strongly with CLIMATE: |
||
Cultural |
|
|
Economic |
|
|
Financial |
|
|
Moral |
|
|
Political |
|
|
Social |
|
|
Prevailing |
|
|
Sunny disposition |
to be usually happy |
|
Sunny |
bright, clear (job prospects) |
|
Frosty |
unfriendly and not welcoming (reception) |
|
Icily |
unfriendly, showing no emotion |
|
Snowed under with work |
to have a plenty of things to do |
|
To be left under a cloud of suspicion |
|
|
To cloud sth |
to make sth unclear, confused |
|
Hail of bullets |
lots of bullets |
|
Hail / storm of abuse |
|
|
Hazy idea |
a little I understand |
|
In the mists of history |
|
|
Misty-eyed |
clearly in love |
|
Whirlwind of speculation |
|
|
Whirlwind romance |
bumpy romance |
|
Thundered |
moved and made a lot of noise |
|
Thunderous applause |
very noisy applause |
|
Thundery |
weather |
|
Thunderous |
a lot of noise |
|
Winds of change/democracy/discontent |
|
|
Indices |
average (plural of index) |
|
Arid |
dry |
|
Elevation |
height above the sea level |
|
Latitude |
distance from the equator |
|
Precipitation |
rain and snow |
|
Solar radiation |
sun beams |
|
Moderate |
make less extreme |
|
UNIT |
35 |
|
Cement |
a kind of glue |
|
To cement |
to make stronger |
|
To come up against a brick wall |
an come across an obstacle , barrier |
|
To put a ceiling of …. |
to suggest a limit to sth |
|
To hit a glass ceiling |
to be unable to get promotion |
|
Roof falls on smn head |
|
|
Go through the roof |
to increase in rapid or (about person) to lose temper |
|
Hit the roof |
to lose temper |
|
To live in ivory tower |
to not know about unpleasant and ordinary things happening |
|
To be a tower of strength |
to be extremely strong but in emotional way |
|
To tower above smn |
to be tall or outstanding but in a positive way |
|
Gateway |
access |
|
Close/shut doors |
to close some paths in front of smn |
|
Close the door on past |
|
|
Do sth through/by the back door |
suggest that you do sth unofficially |
|
Provide/hold the key to sth |
|
|
The key to success |
|
|
UNIT |
36 |
|
Seeds |
metaphorically , the start or beginning of a feeling or idea; Seeds of success/discontent/revolution |
|
Roots |
used to talk about origins of sth |
|
Go back to your roots |
going to the place where your family came from |
|
Root of a problem |
|
|
Roots of tradition |
|
|
Putting down roots |
to stay in one place to make home |
|
Take root |
when idea becomes known or accepted it TAKES ROOT |
|
To be firmly/deeply rooted in sth |
to have origins there |
|
Grass roots of organization/society |
ordinary people , not leaders |
|
Branch out |
to grow off from a main organization |
|
Branch of a shop |
|
|
Business branching out into new directions |
|
|
To nip sth in the bud |
to stop sth before it develops into sth bigger |
|
Budding |
adjective, promising or showing ability for future development |
|
Weed out |
to get rid of |
|
Prune back |
cut/limit |
|
To reap award of |
to get results from |
|
Dig up |
to discover |
|
Germinating |
beginning to develop |
|
Sprout |
to appear quickly and in large numbers |
|
Flourishing |
doing very well |
|
Shed |
lose (leaves for example) |
|
To fade |
become smaller (e.g hope) |
|
Shrivel |
become less |
|
Wilt |
o lose energy |
|
Wither |
to make sb feel scorned (She gave him a withering look) |
|
UNIT 37 |
||
Mammal |
animal, gives birth to live babies |
|
Rodent |
mouse or rat |
|
Reptile |
snake or lizard |
|
Carnivore |
eating meat |
|
Herbivore |
eating plants |
|
Predator |
a hunting animal |
|
Docile |
behaving gently |
|
Tame |
not afraid of humans |
|
Domesticated |
lives with humans or is used by them |
|
Wild |
living In the wild |
|
Savage |
extremely violent or wild |
|
Fierce |
aggressive |
|
Natural habitat |
a natural place for living and breeding |
|
Game reserves/games parks |
an area on the land where animals are protected from hunting |
|
Bird sanctuary |
area for birds where they can live and are protected |
|
Animal shelter |
homeless animals are given food and shelter there |
|
Blood sports |
sports whose purpose is to kill or injure animals |
|
The fur trade |
hunting for and selling furs |
|
Poachers |
people who hunt animals illegally |
|
Ivory trade |
buying and selling ivory from elephants' tusks |
|
Animal rights activists |
people who actively campaign for animal rights |
|
Endangered species |
some species which are in danger of no longer existing |
|
Global warming |
|
|
Climatic changes |
|
|
Carbon dioxide emissions |
|
|
Greenhouse effect |
|
|
Fossil fuels |
coal and oil |
|
Exerts severe pressure on finite resources |
puts pressure on limited resources |
|
Deforestation |
|
|
Demographic projections |
predictions about population |
|
Ecological balance |
|
|
worst case scenario |
the worst possible end |
|
pristine environments |
untouched, natural , unspoilt areas |
|
green credentials |
reputation for positive support of the environment |
|
prophets of doom and gloom |
people who make the most depressing and pessimistic forecasts for the future |
|
sustainable development |
development of industry not threatening environment and economic stability |
|
piecemeal conservation |
carrying out conservations one bit at a time , with no plan |
|
UNIT 39 |
||
Prompt |
quick, without delay |
|
Query |
question or enquiry about service |
|
Responsive to complaints |
they listen, take them seriously |
|
Accommodating |
willing to understand and help |
|
Got back to me |
called me back with an answer |
|
Obliging |
happy and willing to do things for you |
|
Impeccable |
100% perfect |
|
Incompetent |
failing due to lack of skill, knowledge or experience |
|
Impersonal |
lacking personal element |
|
Shoddy |
bad quality of service or goods |
|
Substandard |
below the standard expected |
|
Uncooperative |
not supportive, unwilling to work together |
|
Backlog (of orders) |
number of things which are waiting to be dealt with |
|
Sense of urgency |
feeling that your request is important or urgent |
|
Helpline |
telephone number which you call when you have problems |
|
Put you on hold |
they make you wait |
|
Guarantee/warranty |
written promise to repair or replace faulty product |
|
Secure website |
an outside person can't read your details |
|
Privacy policy |
|
|
Safe transactions |
kind of transactions which guarantee that no one e. g. will use your credit card |
|
FAQ |
|
|
Browse |
look at the list |
|
Immediate dispatch |
goods will be sent at once |
|
Nationwide |
covering whole country |
|
UNIT 40 |
||
Landing card |
form with your personal details and date of your arrival |
|
Customs declaration form |
showing how much money and goods you are carrying |
|
Vaccination certificate |
form proving you've got necessary health injections |
|
Enter restrictions |
rules controlling conditions on which you can enter the country |
|
Spot checks/random checks |
unexpected checks, without warning |
|
Sniffer dogs |
|
|
Clear customs |
take your bags through customs |
|
Port of entry |
port where you first enter the country |
|
Political asylum |
stay in another country while being a refugee and not be sent back |
|
Economic migrants |
migrants from poorer countries looking for work |
|
Traffic offence |
illegal action |
|
Fixed penalty |
fixed sum of money which has to be paid for a particular offence |
|
On-the-spot fine |
given at the place where you committed offence |
|
Parking tickets |
for illegal parking |
|
To take the Breathalyser test |
|
|
Make a statement on the police station |
say what happened and sign a copy of it |
|
Stop-and-search |
power to stop and search people on the street |
|
Surveillance |
the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed |
|
Search warrant |
official permission from judge or magistrate to search smn house |
|
Security forces |
army and police together enforcing the army |
|
Plain clothes/undercover |
don't wear uniform |
|
Paramilitary police |
more looking like soldiers |
|
Drug squad |
fight illegal drug trade |
|
Anti-corruption squad |
discovering and fighting bribery or corruption |
|
UNIT |
41 |
|
Adherent of |
supporting particular idea or party |
|
Convert to |
someone who has taken on a new set of beliefs |
|
Fanatic |
(diss) someone with a very strong belief |
|
Radical |
someone who believes that there should be and extreme political change |
|
Reactionary |
(diss) someone opposed to any changes or new ideas |
|
Bigot |
(diss) someone with strong unreasonable beliefs who thinks that other beliefs are wrong |
|
Assumption |
unquestioning acceptance that sth is good |
|
Derives from |
has it's origins in |
|
Eradicate |
abolish or get rid of |
|
Postulates |
basic principles |
|
Consciousness |
awareness |
|
Usher in |
introduce |
|
Credible |
believable |
|
Credulous |
too willing to believe what you're told, opposite INCREDULOUS |
|
Credence |
acceptance that sth is true |
|
Document Give/add/lend credence |
|
|
Gullible |
easy tricked and deceived |
|
Ingenuous |
trusting , sincere, often in a way that seems foolish |
|
A plausible argument |
|
|
An implausible excuse |
|
|
plausible |
convincing |
|
Ascribe/attribute |
you consider sth to be caused , created or possessed by that person or thing |
|
Tenet |
one of the principles on which a belief is based |
|
Give someone the benefit of the doubt |
to accept that someone is telling the truth even though it is not certain |
|
Take sth with a pinch of salt |
you don't totally believe in what you are told |
|
I don't buy that |
|
|
I wasn't born yesterday |
|
|
A likely story |
|
|
What d'you take me for ? |
|
|
Pull the other one |
|
|
I'll believe it when I see it |
|
|
UNIT |
42 |
|
Celebratory mood |
|
|
Renewal |
action of repeating sth |
|
Renewed hope |
|
|
Festival |
|
|
Festivities |
enjoyable activities |
|
Festive mood |
|
|
Spectacle |
unusual attractive event |
|
Spectacular |
|
|
Pagan ceremonies |
|
|
Ceremonial procession |
|
|
Superstitious |
believe in superstitions |
|
Centenary |
100 years after special event |
|
Bi-centenary |
|
|
Penance |
actions to show you're sorry for bad deeds |
|
Fasting |
not eating for a long period of time |
|
Flamboyant |
extremely colorful and exaggerated |
|
Raucous |
very noisy |
|
Sombre |
serious, heavy and sad |
|
Atmospheric |
had a special feeling or atmosphere |
|
Commemorates |
respects and remembers officially |
|
UNIT 43 |
||
Slavic |
Polish, Russian, Bulgarian |
|
Germanic |
|
|
Romance |
|
|
Indo-Arian |
|
|
Celtic |
|
|
Semitic |
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Austronesian |
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Syntax |
grammar and word order |
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Modality |
meanings such as possibility |
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Phonology |
pronunciation and intonation |
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Phonemes |
different sounds distinguishing meanings |
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Diphthongs |
sounds made by combining vowels |
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Lexicon |
vocabulary |
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Compounds |
combining words |
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Graeco-Latin |
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Anglo-Saxon |
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Orthography |
writing system |
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Pictograms |
characters representing pictures |
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Ideograms |
characters representing ideas |
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Morphology |
how words are formed |
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Morphemes |
units of meaning |
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Infected |
words have endings to show, tense , person e.t.c |
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Isolating |
each word has only one morpheme |
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UNIT |
44 |
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Absolute power |
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Laws of succession |
law controlling the terms on which the throne is succeeded |
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Succeeded one another to the throne |
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Regent |
person who rules the country during the king's absence |
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Pretender to the throne |
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Lay claim to the throne |
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Proclaimed |
announced to be |
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Proclaimed king |
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Depose |
remove smn important from a powerful position |
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Seize power |
to get power |
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Usurp power |
try to possess power without having right to |
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Fall from power |
to be deprived of power |
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To abuse power |
to not use power well |
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Feudal |
relating to social system organized according to rank or position |
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Medieval |
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Renaissance |
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Victorian |
relating to period of time when Victoria was Queen of Britain (hard-work, loyalty, self-control) |
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Infantry |
soldiers on foot |
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Cavalry |
on horseback |
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Legion |
roman army |
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Armour |
worn by soldiers in order to protect their bodies |
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Chariot |
two-wheeled vehicle pulled by horse |
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Galleon |
large sailing ship with three or four masts |
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Stagecoach |
covered vehicle pulled by horses , carrying goods or passengers on typical routes |
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Cart |
open vehicle with two or four wheels pulled by an animal |
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Serf |
works on the land and belongs to his master |
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Jester |
person entertaining people in Middle Ages with jokes |
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Minstrel |
entertaining people with music and poetry |
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Highwayman |
man on horseback robbing travelers on roads |
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UNIT 45 |
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Absolute poverty |
defined according to the absolute minimum standard , called the “poverty line” |
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Relative poverty |
you're poor compared/related to people around you |
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Income poverty |
means that you're poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country |
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Human poverty |
related to the malnutrition and illiteracy for example |
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Malnutrition |
being ill because of inadequate food |
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Illiteracy |
lack of ability to read and write |
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Sanitation |
systems taking dirty water and waste from homes |
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GDP Gross Domestic Product |
total value of products and services produced in a country in one yea excluding income from abroad |
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GNP |
Gross National Product is GDP plus money earned from abroad |
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Poverty alleviation |
reducing the level of poverty |
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Debt servicing |
paying back money owed by loans |
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Penury |
state of being extremely poor |
Unit 46: British politics |
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Legislation, person = a legislator, v. legislate |
Law - making |
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Constituents, group = constituency |
People who elected one PM |
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Lobbies, v. lobby |
Interests group who try to infulence Pms; also the entrance hall of a building |
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Corporations, adj. Corporate |
Lar4ge companies |
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Institute of Directors |
Organisation of top business people |
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Ministers |
PMs with responsibilities, e.g. healt, education; also vicar |
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Civil servants |
People employed in government departments (the Civil Service) |
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Lobbyists |
People who lobby |
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Chancellor of the Exchequer |
finance minister in UK |
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Annual budget |
Yearly financial plan (of tax rates etc.) |
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Petitions |
Formal requests often signed by lots of people |
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Tax concession, v. concede |
Reduction in taxes |
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Producers |
Manufacturers |
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Centralised, n. centralisation |
Concentrated in one central organisation |
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Close-knit |
With close ties to each other |
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Well-funded |
With plenty of financial support |
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Consumers |
People who buy/use products |
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Fragmented |
Separate, not centralised |
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Friends of the Earth |
Arge environmental organisation |
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Child Poverty Action Group |
Large organisation helping children |
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Paid - up members |
People who have paid their membership fees |
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Deputations |
People sent to speak for a group |
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Counter |
Oppose |
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Grievances |
Complaints about unfair treatment |
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Appeal to |
Request support from; also be attractive to someone |
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Unit 47: the language of law |
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To abrogate a law/treaty |
To bring a law, treaty to an official end |
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To bend the law/rules |
To break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful |
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To contravene a law |
To break a law |
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To impeach a president/governor |
To make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence |
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To infringe sbd's rights |
To prevent a person doing what they are allowed to do |
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To lodge an appeal |
To make an official appeal |
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To uphold/overturn a verdict |
To say that a previous decision was correct/incorrect |
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To prevent the course of justice |
To put obstacles in the way of the way of justice being done |
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To quash a decision/conviction |
To change an official decision/conviction |
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To set a precedent |
To establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions |
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To award/grant custody to |
To give one parent or an adult main responsibility for a child, especially after separation or divorce |
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To annul a marriage/agreement/law |
To declare that it no longer exists and never existed |
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Discrimination, v. discriminate |
Unfair treatment on ground of sex, race or nationality |
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Embezzlement, v. embezzle, criminal = embezzler |
Stealing money that is in your care of belongs to an organisation that you work for |
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Harassment, v. harass |
Making a person feel anxious and unhappy sometimes e.g. for sexual reasons, sometimes to get debt repaid |
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Insider trading/dealing, v. do/practise insider trading/ dealing, criminal = insider trader/dealer |
Illegal buying or selling shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of a company |
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Joyriding, v. joyride, criminal= joyrider |
Driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen |
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Money laundering, v. launder money, criminal = money launderer |
Moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced |
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Perjury, v. commit perjury, criminal = perjurer |
Lying when under oath |
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Trespass, v. trespass, criminal = trespasser |
Go onto sbd else's land without permission |
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Unit 48: War and peace |
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Patriotism |
Loyalty to your own country |
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n. Deterrents, v. deter, adj. deterrent |
Ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results |
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n. Outlaw, v. outlaw, adj. outlawed |
Make illegal or impossible |
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Aerial warfare adj. Warring, warlike |
Fighting a war using aeroplanes |
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Nuclear annihilation v. annihilate, adj. annihilated | adj. nucleus |
Total destruction by nuclear weapons |
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Great powers, v. empower, power, adj. powerful |
Most important political powers |
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Revulsion against v. revolt, adj. revolting |
Feeling a total disgust towards |
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Causes, v. cause, adj. casual |
Movements, organisations |
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Gaining one's ends |
Achieving one's aims |
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To wage war |
To fight a war |
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Hostilities begin/break out/end/cease |
Acts of war |
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To besiege, n. siege |
To attack a place by surrounding it |
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To ambush, n. ambush |
To attack unexpectedly from secret position |
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A truce |
An agreement during a war to stop fighting for a time |
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A ceasefire |
Agreement between two armies or groups to stop fighting |
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To rout, n. rout |
To defeat totally |
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Peacekeeping troops |
Neutral soldiers engaged in keeping the peace in a divided society |
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An international observer |
Outside, neutral person or body |
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To plan/organise/launch a campaign |
Planned group of military activities |
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placed/set off/ thrown an incendiary device |
Bomb |
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germ/biological warfare |
Using germs to cause disease among enemy soldiers or crops |
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Unit 49: Economy and finance |
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Development grants |
Money to help economic development of a poor country |
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Restrictive practices |
The placing of unfair restrictions |
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Sanctions |
Restrictions on what country may import/export |
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Embargoes |
Total prohibitions on importing/exporting certain goods |
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War - torn economy |
Economy badly affected by war |
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Ailing economies |
Economies in a bad state |
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devaluation/revaluation of the currency |
reduction/increase in value against other currencies |
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Go into recession, come out of/emerge from recession |
When the economy of a country gets worse/better |
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Slump in prices |
Serious fall/collapse in prices |
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Fiscal measures |
Measures containing taxes, etc. |
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Boost the economy |
Give the economy a lift |
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Unit 50: Personal finance: balancing your books |
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Be broke(informal)/skint(very informal) |
Have no money |
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Roll in it |
Informal: have a lot of money |
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To make ends meet |
To survive financially |
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Things are a bit tight |
Informal: finances are not good |
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Be strapped for cash |
Informal: needing cash and have very little |
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Bounce (about cheque) |
The bank refuses to pay it |
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Make the cheque out to sbd |
Put sb's name on a cheque |
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put/stick sth on a credit card Charge sth to a credit card |
Informal formal |
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APR |
Annual percentage rate of interest |
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To Expire |
Not to be valid any more |
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Credit card fraud |
Illegal use of sb's credit card or account |
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Charge card |
Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month |
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Store card |
Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store |
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Lump sum |
Single, large payment |
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Golden handshake |
Large payment to someone on leaving a job |
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Endowment |
Combined insurance and saving plan that pays out after a fixed period |
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Life-savings |
Money saved over many years |
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Share portfolios |
Combination of stocks and hares of different kinds |
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Be broke |
Have no money (informal) |
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Be skint |
Have no money (formal) |
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Be rolling in it |
Have a lot of money (informal) |
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Things are a bit tight |
My finance are not good (informal) |
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Be strapped for cash |
Need cash and have very little (informal) |
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Bounce |
The bank refuse to pay it (e.g. cheque) |
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Make the cheque out to |
Put a name on check (receiver) |
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put/stick sth on (my) credit card |
It's on me |
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Charge |
Obciążyć (karte kredytową) |
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APR |
Annual percentage rate of interest |
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Expire |
Be not valid |
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Credit card fraud |
Illegal use of someone's card or account |
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A charge card |
Card where you must pay back the whole debt each month |
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Store card |
Credit card issued by a store/shop for that store |
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Lump sum |
Single, large payment |
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Golden handshake |
Large payment to someone on leaving a job |
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Endowment |
Combined insurance and savings plan that pays out after a fixed period |
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Life-savings |
Money saved over many years |
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Share portfolios |
Combination of stocks and shares of different kinds |
Handouts
Lobby |
a group of people who try to influence politicians on a particular issue |
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bolster |
to improve sth or make it stronger |
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be in the limelight |
be at the centre of attention |
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furrier |
someone who sells clothes made from fur |
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clutch sth |
hold tightly |
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resurgence |
the return and growth of an activity that had stopped |
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a far cry from sth |
a very different experience from sth |
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spatter sb/sth with sth |
to cover sb/sth with drops of liquid, dirt, etc, especially by accident |
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open (sth) up |
to become or make sth possible, available or able to be reached |
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bring sth home |
to make sb realize how important, difficult or serious sth is |
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spearhead |
a person or group that begins an activity or leads an attack against sb/sth |
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wail |
to say sth screaming |
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strain |
pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage, or sth very difficult to deal with |
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chuckle |
to laugh quietly |
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astounded |
surprised |
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workshop |
a room or building in which things are made or repaired using tools or machinery |
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inconsolable |
impossible to conform |
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bulging |
that sticks out from sth in a round shape |
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sleigh |
a vehicle pulled by animals and travels on snow |
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cracker |
a decorated paper tube that makes a noise when you pull it apart, it contains a small toy a paper hat and a joke inside, used at Christmas in the UK |
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capital |
money or property that you use to star a business or invest |
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consignment |
an amount of goods delivered |
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maiden |
done for the first time |
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with full steam ahead |
with as much speed or energy as possible |
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behemoth |
a giant animal |
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row /raʊ/ |
argument |
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set off |
begin a voyage |
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detritus |
waste |
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brim with sth (e.g. tears) |
to be full of sth (e.g. tears = cry) |
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spree |
a period of wild irresponsible fun |
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infallible |
never wrong |
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peer into |
to look with effort into sth |
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nudge |
to push gently |
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dog's dinner |
sth badly or untidily done |
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in the pipeline |
about to happen |
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the luck of the draw |
decided by chance |
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to get off to a flying start |
to start very well (e.g. a new job) |
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be in the doghouse |
when sb is annoyed with you because of sth that you have done |
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get (sth) off the ground |
to start happening successfully; to make sth start happening successfully |
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nurture |
to care for and protect sb/sth while they are growing and developing |
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gross |
obviously wrong; total; clear |
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understatement |
incomplete statement |
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compulsive |
powerfully interesting |
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home economics |
school study of household management |
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to gnaw away at sb/sth |
to gradually reduce or spoil sth |
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to dote on sb |
to love someone completely and believe thy are perfect |
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legacy |
sth left or handed down by a predecessor |
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to shortchange sb |
to treat sb unfairly |
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disband |
to break up; to stop sb/sth from operating as a group, to separate |
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palpable |
so strong that you seem to feel it physically |
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decline |
become less powerful or less effective |
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militant |
using, or willing to use, force or strong pressure to achieve your aims, especially to achieve social or political change |
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delinquent |
someone, especially a young person, who behaves in a criminal or antisocial way |
|
movie buff |
someone who is very interested in films |
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monopolize |
to have or take control of the largest part of sth so that other people are prevented from sharing it |
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sluggish economy |
economy that does not perform as well as usual |
|
reel (at/from/with sth) |
to feel very shocked or upset about sth |
|
frugality |
using only as much money or food as is necessary |
|
forage for food |
search for food in a wide area, but especially in rubbish bins |
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brasserie |
a restaurant or bar, especially one that serves French food |
|
aperitif |
an alcoholic drink that is drunk before a meal |
|
skip a meal |
avoid having a meal |
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crisis |
downturn |
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wolf |
eat sth very quickly |
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kill off |
to make sth stop or fail completely |
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go bust |
to become bankrupt |
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renowned |
famous and admired for a special skill or achievement |
|
brink |
the point in time when sth very bad or very good is about to happen |
|
loyalty deals |
a special offer for customers who return to the same shop or restaurant again |
|
be broke |
having no money (informal) |
|
shutter |
to break into pieces |
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rumour |
a gossip |
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malaise |
feeling of illness; general feeling of discontent |
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intercut |
to alternate scenes or shots of a movie, usually to show different events taking place at the same time |
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jollity |
fun; cheerfulness; hilarity |
|
etch |
to engrave, to cut lines into a piece of glass, metal, etc. in order to make words or a picture |
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query |
a question, often expressing doubt about sth or looking for a n answer from an authority; enquiry |
|
map out |
to outline sth; to plan sth |
|
allocate |
to give sth officially to sb/sth for a particular purpose |
2