Bibligrafia: Dieta wegańska Rastafarianizm

2007-2008

1. Watanabe, Fumio. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, NJ, United States) (2007), 232(10), 1266-1274.

Abstract

A review. The usual dietary sources of vitamin B12 are animal foods, meat, milk, egg, fish, and shellfish. As the intrinsic factor-mediated intestinal absorption system is estd. to be satd. at about 1.5-2.0 g per meal under physiol. conditions, vitamin B12 bioavailability significantly decreases with increasing intake of vitamin B12 per meal. The bioavailability of vitamin B12 in healthy humans from fish meat, sheep meat, and chicken meat averaged 42%, 56%-89%, and 61%-66%, resp. Vitamin B12 in eggs seems to be poorly absorbed (<9%) relative to other animal food products. In the Dietary Ref. Intakes in the United States and Japan, it is assumed that 50% of dietary vitamin B12 is absorbed by healthy adults with normal gastrointestinal function. Some plant foods, dried green and purple lavers (nori) contain substantial amts. of vitamin B12, although other edible algae contained none or only traces of vitamin B12. Most of the edible blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) used for human supplements predominately contain pseudovitamin B12, which is inactive in humans. The edible cyanobacteria are not suitable for use as vitamin B12 sources, esp. in vegans. Fortified breakfast cereals are a particularly valuable source of vitamin B12 for vegans and elderly people. Prodn. of some vitamin B12-enriched vegetables is also being devised.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 17

Food

(animal products; vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

Meat

(chicken; vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

Meat

(lamb; vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

Food

(plant products; vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

Bioavailability

Breakfast cereal

Cyanobacteria

Diet

Dietary supplements

Egg, poultry

Fish

Food

Human

Milk

Nutrition, animal

Shellfish

Tea products

Vegetable

(vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

68-19-9, Vitamin B12

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability)

Supplementary Terms

review vitamin B12 food diet bioavailability

Citations

1) Ball, G; Bioavailability and Analysis of Vitamins in Foods 1998, 497

2) Scheider, Z; Comprehensive B12 1987, 93

3) Watanabe, F; J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2002, 48, 325

4) Chen, Z; J Biol Chem 1994, 269, 27193

5) Fenton, W; Arch Biochem 1982, 228, 323

6) Russell-Jones, G; Pharm Biotechnol 1999, 12, 493

7) Institute of Medicine; Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline 1998, 306

8) Millet, P; Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50, 718

9) Baik, H; Annu Rev Nutr 1999, 19, 357

10) Park, S; Nutr Rev 2006, 64, 373

11) Seal, E; J Am Geriatr Soc 2002, 50, 146

12) Bor, M; Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83, 52

13) Schneider, Z; Comprehensive B12 1987, 111

14) Casey, P; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982, 65, 85

15) Arnaud, J; Scand J Clin Invest 1994, 54, 235

16) Watanabe, F; J Agric Food Chem 1998, 46, 1433

17) Resources Council Science and Technology Agency; Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan-Vitamin K, B6 and B12 1995, 6

18) USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory; USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 18, http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=9673 2007

19) Bennink, M; J Food Sci 1982, 47, 1786

20) Watanabe, F; J Agric Food Chem 1998, 46, 206

21) Heyssel, R; Am J Clin Nutr 1966, 18, 176

22) Scott, J; Eur J Clin Nutr 1997, 51(Suppl 1), S49

23) Doscherholmen, A; Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31, 825

24) Fedosov, S; Biochim Biophys Acta 1996, 292, 113

25) Russell, R; J Nutr 2001, 131, 291

26) Watanabe, F; J Home Econ Jpn 2000, 51, 231

27) Andersson, I; Int Dairy J 1994, 4, 161

28) Arkbage, K; Int Dairy J 2003, 13, 101

29) Sato, K; J Dairy Sci 1997, 80, 2701

30) Squires, M; Poul Sci 1992, 71, 275

31) Doscherholmen, A; Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975, 149, 987

32) Doscherholmen, A; Br J Haematol 1976, 33, 261

33) Herbert, V; Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th ed 1996, 191

34) Watanabe, F; Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001, 52, 263

35) Kimura, N; J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2003, 49, 149

36) Nishioka, M; Vitamins (Japanese) 2006, 80, 507

37) Nishioka, M; J Liq Chrom Rel Technol 2007, 30, 1

38) Doscherholmen, A; Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1981, 167, 480

39) The Council for Science and Technology Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology; Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 5th ed 2005, 150

40) Adachi, S; J Liq Chrom Rel Technol 2005, 28, 2561

41) Areekul, S; J Med Assoc Thailand 1972, 55, 243

42) Takenaka, S; J Liq Chrom Rel Technol 2003, 26, 2703

43) Watanabe, F; J Liq Chrom Rel Technol 2004, 27, 2113

44) Miyamoto, E; Vitamins (Japanese) 2005, 79, 329

45) Mozafar, A; Plant Soil 1994, 167, 305

46) Mozafar, A; Plant Soil 1992, 139, 23

47) Sato, K; Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1672, 135

48) Kittaka-Katsura, H; J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2004, 50, 438

49) Kittaka-Katsura, H; J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52, 909

50) Nout, M; J Appl Bacteriol 1990, 69, 609

51) Denter, J; Int J Food Microbiol 1994, 22, 23

52) Okada, N; Rept Nalt Food Res Inst 1983, 43, 126

53) Dagnelie, P; Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 53, 695

54) Watanabe, F; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000, 64, 2712

55) Watanabe, F; Appl Biol Sci 1999, 5, 99

56) Kittaka-Katsura, H; J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50, 4994

57) Miyamoto, E; J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49, 3486

58) Takenaka, S; Brit J Nutr 2001, 85, 699

59) Suziki, H; J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1995, 41, 587

60) Rauma, A; J Nutr 1995, 125, 2511

61) Pulz, O; Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004, 65, 635

62) van den Berg, H; Lancet 1988, 1, 242

63) Watanabe, F; J Agric Food Chem 1999, 47, 4736

64) Stupperich, E; Eur J Biochem 1991, 199, 299

65) Brandt, L; Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32, 1832

66) Herbert, V; JAMA 1982, 248, 3096

67) Herbert, V; Am J Clin Nutr 1988, 48, 852

68) van den Berg, H; J Nutr Biochem 1991, 2, 314

69) Kay, R; Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991, 30, 555

70) Miyamoto, E; J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54, 9604

71) Watanabe, F; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006, 70, 3066

72) Watanabe, F; J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2007, 53, 183

73) Tucker, K; Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79, 805

74) Watanabe, F; Vitamins (Japanese) 2007, 81, 49

2. De Biase, Simone Grigoletto; Fernandes, Sabrina Francine Carrocha; Gianini, Reinaldo Jose; Duarte, Joao Luiz Garcia. Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (2007), 88(1), 35-39.

Abstract

The levels of blood serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-d. lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were compared in 54 vegetarians and 22 omnivores, both males and females. The vegetarians were subdivided into lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and restricted vegetarians (vegans). Significant differences were found for TC, LDL-C and TG levels among the groups. High levels were seen in omnivores and decreased levels in vegetarian subgroups as the animal products consumption was restricted, with the lowest levels seen in vegans. The mean TC values were 208.09±49.09 mg/dL in omnivores and 141.06±30.56 mg/dL in vegans. The resp. mean LDL-C values in omnivores and vegans were 123.43±42.67 and 69.28±29.53 mg/dL. The resp. TG values were 155.68±119.84 and 81.67±87.90 mg/dL. The HDL-C levels showed no difference among the groups, but the HDL-C/TC ratio was higher in vegans. Thus, vegetarian diets were assocd. with decreased levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C compared omnivore diets.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Glycerides, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(blood; vegetarian diet relation to blood serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in humans)

Blood serum

Human

Nutrition, animal

(vegetarian diet relation to blood serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in humans)

Lipoproteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(vegetarian diet relation to blood serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in humans)

Diet

(vegetarian; vegetarian diet relation to blood serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in humans)

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(vegetarian diet relation to blood serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in humans)

Supplementary Terms

nutrition vegetarian blood glyceride cholesterol lipoprotein

Citations

1) Galvao, S; Rev Incor 1998, 4, 8

2) Steimberg, D; JAMA 1999, 282, 2043

3) Santos, R; Aterosclerosis 2001, 12, 13

4) Rizos, E; Cardiovasc Res 2001, 52, 199

5) Centers For Disease Control And Prevention; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004, 53, 4

6) Akosah, K; J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35, 1178

7) Kivipelto, M; Ann Intern Med 2002, 137, 149

8) Simons, M; Neurology 2001, 57, 1089

9) Rubins, H; N Engl J Med 1999, 341, 410

10) Cliffton, P; Ateroscler Thromb 1992, 12, 955

11) Baer, D; Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75, 593

12) van der Gaag, M; J Lipid Res 2001, 42, 2077

13) Tricopoulou, A; Br J Nutr 2000, 84, 205

14) Mancilha-Carvalho, J; Prev Med 1990, 19, 66

15) Navarro, J; O Estudo Lima An Paul Med Cir 1998, 125, 87

16) Navarro, J; Tese de Doutorado, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo 2002

17) Melby, L; Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59, 103

18) Harman, S; N Z Med J 1998, 111, 91

19) Barnard, N; Am J Cardiol 2000, 85, 969

20) Key, T; Proc Nutr Soc 1999, 58, 271

21) West, R; Am J Clin Nutr 1968, 21, 853

22) Cooper, R; Atherosclerosis 1982, 44, 293

23) Soares, E; Cad Nutr 1990, 1, 3

24) Obeid, R; Eur J Haematol 2002, 69, 275

25) Rachmel, A; IMAJ 2003, 5, 534

26) North, K; BJU Int 2000, 85, 107

27) Bissoli, L; Ann Nutr Metab 2002, 46, 73

28) Shaikh, M; J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003, 16, 111

29) Milea, D; N Engl J Med 2002, 342, 897

3. Peeters, Petra H. M.; Slimani, Nadia; van der Schouw, Yvonne T.; Grace, Philip B.; Navarro, Carmen; Tjonneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise; Touillaud, Marina; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Jenab, Mazda; Kaaks, Rudolf; Linseisen, Jakob; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Trichopoulos, Dimitrios; Dilis, Vardis; Boeing, Heiner; Weikert, Cornelia; Overvad, Kim; Pala, Valeria; Palli, Domenico; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Vineis, Paolo; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas; van Gils, Carla H.; Skeie, Guri; Jakszyn, Paula; Hallmans, Goran; Berglund, Goran; Key, Tim J.; Travis, Ruth; Riboli, Elio; Bingham, Sheila A. Variations in plasma phytoestrogen concentrations in European adults. Journal of Nutrition (2007), 137(5), 1294-1300.

Abstract

Dietary phytoestrogens may play a role in chronic disease occurrence. The aim of our study was to assess the variability of plasma concns. in European populations. We included 15 geog. regions in 9 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and UK) and a 16th region, Oxford, UK, where participants were recruited from among vegans and vegetarians. All subjects were participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Plasma concns. of 3 isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein), 2 metabolites of daidzein [O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and equol] and 2 mammalian lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) were measured in 1414 participants. We computed geometric means for each region and used multivariate regression anal. to assess the influence of region, adjusted for gender, age, BMI, alc. intake, smoking status, and lab. batch. Many subjects had concns. below the detection limit [0.1 μg/L (0.4 nmol/L)] for glycitein (80%), O-DMA (73%) and equol (62%). Excluding subjects from Oxford, UK, the highest concns. of isoflavones were in subjects from the Netherlands and Cambridge, UK[2-6 μg/L (7-24 nmol/L); P < 0.05], whereas concns. for lignans were highest in Denmark [8 μg/L (27 nmol/L); P < 0.05]. Isoflavones varied 8- to 13-fold, whereas lignans varied 4-fold. In the vegetarian/vegan cohort of Oxford, concns. of isoflavones were 5-50 times higher than in nonvegetarian regions. Region was the most important determinant of plasma concns. for all 7 phytoestrogens. Despite the fact that plasma concns. of phytoestrogens in Europe were low compared with Asian populations, they varied substantially among subjects from the 16 different regions.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Flavones

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(isoflavones; variations in plasma phytoestrogen concns. in European adults)

Blood plasma

Human

Human groups

Nutrition, animal

(variations in plasma phytoestrogen concns. in European adults)

Lignans

Phytoestrogens

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(variations in plasma phytoestrogen concns. in European adults)

Diet

(vegetarian; variations in plasma phytoestrogen concns. in European adults)

446-72-0, Genistein

486-66-8, Daidzein

531-95-3, Equol

21255-69-6, O-Desmethylangolensin

40957-83-3, Glycitein

78473-71-9, Enterolactone

80226-00-2, Enterodiol

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(variations in plasma phytoestrogen concns. in European adults)

Supplementary Terms

diet phytoestrogen isoflavone lignan blood

Citations

1) Thompson, L; Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11, 3828

2) Hedelin, M; Cancer Causes Control 2006, 17, 169

3) Kilkkinen, A; Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163, 687

4) Piller, R; Eur J Cancer Prev 2006, 15, 225

5) Shimizu, H; Br J Cancer 1991, 63, 963

6) Bingham, S; Br J Nutr 1998, 79, 393

7) Peeters, P; Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003, 77, 171

8) Agradi, E; Phytother Res 2006, 20, 670

9) Agudo, A; Public Health Nutr 2002, 5, 1179

10) Sieri, S; Public Health Nutr 2002, 5, 1287

11) Riboli, E; Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26(Suppl 1), 6S

12) Keinan-Boker, L; Public Health Nutr 2002, 5, 1217

13) Riboli, E; Public Health Nutr 2002, 5, 1113

14) Slimani, N; Public Health Nutr 2002, 5, 1125

15) Al-Delaimy, W; Public Health Nutr 2004, 7, 713

16) Al-Delaimy, W; Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59, 1387

17) Al-Delaimy, W; Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59, 1397

18) Grace, P; Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003, 17, 1350

19) Pumford, S; Ann Clin Biochem 2002, 39, 281

20) Morton, M; J Nutr 2002, 132, 3168

21) Verkasalo, P; Br J Nutr 2001, 86, 415

22) Liggins, J; Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56, 961

23) Grace, P; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004, 13, 698

24) Setchell, K; J Nutr 2002, 132, 3577

25) Axelson, M; J Endocrinol 1984, 102, 49

26) Morton, M; J Endocrinol 1994, 142, 251

27) Johnsen, N; J Nutr 2004, 134, 2691

28) Milder, I; Br J Nutr 2005, 93, 393

29) Low, Y; J Nutr 2005, 135, 2680

30) Low, Y; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14, 213

31) Verheus, M; J Clin Oncol 2007, 25, 648

32) Setchell, K; Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 68, 1333S

33) Kinjo, J; Biol Pharm Bull 2004, 27, 185

4. Sikorska-Wisniewska, Grazyna; Szumera, Malgorzata. The role of food components in children's nutrition. Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components (3rd Edition) (2007), 487-516.

Abstract

A review discusses the role of nutrition in children's development and lipids in children's nutrition. It also tackles saccharides, proteins, and mineral components in children's nutrition.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 13

Development, mammalian postnatal

(child; protein, vitamin, minerals, lipid, saccharide and fat content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Lipids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary lipids play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary proteins play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Fats and Glyceridic oils, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(fat content of food plays important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Newborn

(low-birth-wt.; protein, vitamin, minerals, lipid, saccharide and fat content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Mineral elements, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(mineral content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Diet

Disease, animal

Human

Nutrients

Nutrition, animal

Standards, legal and permissive

(protein, vitamin, minerals, lipid, saccharide and fat content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Carbohydrates, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(saccharide content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Diet

(vegetarian, vegan; the adequacy of nutrients in a vegan diet for proper growth and nutrition of children are discussed)

Vitamins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(vitamin A, B-complex, D, C, E and K content of food play important role in proper growth and nutrition of children)

Supplementary Terms

review child nutrition nutrient

Citations

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Aggett, P; Acta Paediatr Scand 1991, 80, 887

Alexy, U; Ann Nutr Metab 1999, 43, 14

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); Pediatrics 1993, 91(5), 1001

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition; Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 4th ed 1998

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition; Pediatrics 1999, 104(5), 1152

American Dietetic Association; J Am Diet Assoc 1997, 97, 1317

Bellisle, F; Brit J Nutr 2004, 92(Suppl 2), S227

Benton, D; Psychopharmacology 1997, 129, 66

Benton, D; Psychopharmacology 2003, 166, 86

Berseth, C; Semin Neonatol 2001, 6, 417

Briefel, R; America Dietetic Association, suppl 1 2004, 104(1), S31

Brion, L; Cochrane database Syst Rev 2003, 4, CD-003665

Bryan, J; Nutr Rev 2004, 62(8), 295

Christian, M; JPGN 1999, 29, 116

Anon; Official Journal of the European Communities 1996, L49/13

Coppen, A; J Psychopharmacology 2005, 19, 59

Dagnelie, P; Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51, 202

Denne, S; Semin Neonatol 2001, 6, 377

Dewey, K; Eur J Clin Nutr 1996, 50, S119

EEC (European Economic Community); 91/321 (Infant Formulae) amendment of 01.05.2004, http://www.tarim.gov 1991

ESPGAN (European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition) Committee on Nutrition; Acta Paediatr Scand 1991, 80, 887

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization); Technical Report Series 1973, 522

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization); WHO Technical Report Series 1985, 724

FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization); FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 1998, 66

Fattal-Valevski, A; Pediatrics 2005, 2, 233

Fewtrell, M; Current Paediatrics 2002, 12, 98

Fewtrell, M; Semin in Neonatology 2003, 8, 169

Fleischer, K; Guidelines for the WHO European Region 2000

Fleming, A; Nutr Rev 2001, 59, 13

Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) 2000

Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) 2005

Foster-Powell, K; Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76, 5

Freedman, D; Pediatrics 1999, 103, 1175

Goldenberg, H; Forum Nutr 2003, 56, 42

Grantham-McGregor, S; Journal of Nutrition 2001, 131, 649

Hellerstein, M; J Clin Invest 1991, 87, 1841

Henderson, L; The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years. Energy, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Alcohol Intake 2003, 3

Anon; http://www.meadjohnson.com/products/hcp-infant/prosobee.htlm

Anon; http://www.parentschoiceformula.com/comparison.html

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Lanting, C; Curr Opin Lipidol 1996, 7, 43

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Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER); http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nutrition-for-kids/NU00606 2005

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Mendez, M; J Nutr 1999, 129, 1555

Miller, G; J Nutr 1994, 124, 1404

National Research Council; Recommended Dietary Allowances 1989

Niinikoski, H; Pediatrics 1997, 100, 810

Olson, R; J Am Diet Assoc 2000, 100, 28

Petrie, H; Nutrition 2004, 20, 620

Pettifor, J; Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005, 34, 537

Pollitt, E; Am J Clin Nutr 1981, 34, 1526

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Salmeron, J; Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73(6), 1019

Sanders, T; J Hum Nutr Diet 1992, 5, 11

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Sikorska-Wisniewska, G; Przeg Ped 2004, 34, 62

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Sweetman, L; Pediatrics 1981, 68, 553

Tormo, R; Early Human Development 1998, 53(Suppl), 165

Uauy, R; World Rev Nutr Diet 2001, 89, 134

Uauy, R; J Nutr 2003, 133, 2962S

Wachs, T; Int J Behav Dev 2000, 24, 435

Wharton, B; Pediatrics 2000, 106(5), 1292

Williams, C; Pediatrics 1995, suppl, 96, 1014

Wolf, G; Nutr Rev 2002, 60, 88

Canadian Diabetes Association; www.Glycemic Index. diabetes.ca/section about/glycemic asp 2005

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5. Wiwanitkit Viroj Reticulocyte counts of thai vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Laboratory hematology : official publication of the International Society for Laboratory Hematology (2007), 13(1), 39-40.

6. Wiwanitkit, Viroj. Renal function parameters of Thai vegans compared with non- vegans. Renal Failure (2007), 29(2), 219-220.

Abstract

In Asia, vegetarianism is a well-established eating behavior. It appears that the adoption of a vegan diet leads to a lessening of several health risk factors. Although vegetarianism has some notable effects on the hematol. system, the effect on the nephrol. system has not been well clarified. The pattern of renal function parameters was studied in 25 Thai vegans compared with 25 non-vegetarians. Of the studied parameters, it was found that urine protein was significantly different (p < 0.05) in vegans and controls. Vegans had significantly lower urine protein level.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 13

Human

(Thai vegans showed significantly lower urine protein but not serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to non-vegans)

Human groups

Kidney

Nutrition, animal

(Thai vegans showed significantly lower urine protein compared to non-vegans)

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(Thai vegans showed significantly lower urine protein compared to non-vegans)

Diet

(vegetarian; Thai vegans showed significantly lower urine protein but not serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to non-vegans)

60-27-5, Creatinine

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(Thai vegans showed significantly lower urine protein but not serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to non-vegans)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian kidney function urine protein nutrition

Citations

1) Hanninen, O; Acta Physiol Hung 1999, 86, 171

2) Rajaram, S; Nutrition 2000, 16, 531

3) Dagnelie, P; Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003, 147, 1308

4) Wiseman, M; Nephron 1987, 46, 37

5) de Mello, V; Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83(5), 1032

6) Barsotti, G; Am J Nephrol 1991, 11(5), 380

7) Gretz, N; Blood Purif 1989, 7(1), 33

7. Dewell, Antonella; Weidner, Gerdi; Sumner, Michael D.; Barnard, R. James; Marlin, Ruth O.; Daubenmier, Jennifer J.; Chi, Christine; Carroll, Peter R.; Ornish, Dean. Relationship of dietary protein and soy isoflavones to serum IGF-1 and IGF binding proteins in the prostate cancer lifestyle trial. Nutrition and Cancer (2007), 58(1), 35-42.

Abstract

High levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are assocd. with increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas increased levels of some of its binding proteins (IGFBPs) seem to be protective. High intakes of dietary protein, esp. animal and soy protein, appear to increase IGF-1. However, soy isoflavones have demonstrated anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated dietary intakes of total protein and soy isoflavones in relation to the IGF axis in prostate cancer patients making comprehensive lifestyle changes including a very low-fat vegan diet supplemented with soy protein (58 g/day). After one year, intervention group patients reported significantly higher intakes of dietary protein and soy isoflavones compared to usual-care controls (P < 0.001). IGF-1 increased significantly in both groups, whereas IGFBP-1 rose in the exptl. group only (P < 0.01). Increases in vegetable protein over one year were assocd. with increases in IGFBP-1 among intervention group patients (P < 0.05). These results suggest that dietary protein and soy isoflavones, in the context of comprehensive lifestyle changes, may not significantly alter IGF-1. However, given the recent literature indicating that high intake of protein rich in essential amino acids (animal or soy protein) may increase IGF-1, it may be prudent for men with early stage prostate cancer not to exceed dietary protein recommendations.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 14

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(IGFBP-1; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in patient with prostate cancer)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(IGFBP-2; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were not assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in patient with prostate cancer)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(IGFBP-3; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were not assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in patient with prostate cancer)

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(animal; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

Cell proliferation

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with higher cell growth in patient with prostate cancer)

Prostate-specific antigen

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with higher prostate specific antigen in patient with prostate cancer)

Human

Prostate gland, neoplasm

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

Apoptosis

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were not assocd. with apoptosis in patient with prostate cancer)

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

Flavones

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(isoflavones; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(soybean; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

Diet

(vegetarian, vegan; dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, higher cell growth, prostate specific antigen and fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

9004-10-8, Insulin, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with higher fasting insulin in patient with prostate cancer)

58-22-0, Testosterone

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were assocd. with testosterone in patient with prostate cancer)

67763-96-6, Insulin-like growth factor 1

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary animal/vegetable protein and soy isoflavone were not assocd. with increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 in patient with prostate cancer)

Supplementary Terms

diet soy isoflavone protein prostate cancer IGF

Citations

1) Djavan, B; World J Urol 2001, 19, 225

2) Yu, H; J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92, 1472

3) Renehan, A; Lancet 2004, 363, 1346

4) Chan, J; J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94, 1099

5) Ngo, T; Cancer Causes Control 2002, 13, 929

6) Barnard, R; Prostate 2003, 56, 201

7) Chan, J; Science 1998, 279, 563

8) Chokkalingam, A; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001, 10, 421

9) Giovannucci, E; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003, 12, 84

10) Holmes, M; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11, 852

11) Larsson, S; Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81, 1163

12) Allen, N; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11, 1441

13) Thissen, J; Endocr Rev 1994, 15, 80

14) Smith, W; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80, 443

15) Clemmons, D; Metabolism 1985, 34, 391

16) Phillips, L; Proc Nutr Soc 1990, 49, 451

17) Sim, H; Eur J Cancer 2005, 41, 834

18) Zhou, J; J Nutr 1999, 129, 1628

19) Zhou, J; Prostate 2002, 53, 143

20) Lamartiniere, C; J Nutr 2002, 132, 552S

21) Jarred, R; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11, 1689

22) Probst-Hensch, N; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003, 12, 739

23) Khalil, D; J Nutr 2002, 132, 2605

24) Adams, K; J Nutr 2003, 133, 1316

25) Gann, P; Int J Cancer 2005, 116, 297

26) Spentzos, D; Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9, 3282

27) Ornish, D; J Urol 2005, 174, 1065

28) Dunn-Emke, S; J Am Diet Assoc 2005, 105, 1442

29) Daubenmier, J; Urology 2006, 67, 125

30) Ornish, D; Urology 2001, 57, 200

31) Wright, J; Adv Data 2003, 1

32) Vrieling, A; Cancer Causes Control 2004, 15, 787

33) Wakai, K; Nutr Cancer 1999, 33, 139

34) Yu, H; J Clin Lab Anal 1999, 13, 166

35) Food And Nutrition Board Institute Of Medicine; Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) 2002

36) Anon; J Am Diet Assoc 2003, 103, 748

37) Cohen, P; J Natl Cancer Inst 1998, 90, 876

38) Harman, S; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85, 4258

39) Yu, H; Urology 2001, 57, 471

40) Janssen, J; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89, 4391

41) Hsing, A; J Natl Cancer Inst 2001, 93, 783

42) Suikkari, A; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988, 66, 266

43) Allen, N; Br J Cancer 2000, 83, 95

8. Waldmann, Annika; Stroehle, Alexander; Koschizke, Jochen W.; Leitzmann, Claus; Hahn, Andreas. Overall Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Vegan Diets in Relation to Plasma Lipoproteins and Triacylglycerols. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism (2007), 51(4), 335-344.

Abstract

Background: To investigate the overall glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and intake of dietary fiber, and to examine the assocns. between these factors and plasma lipoproteins and triacylglycerols in adult vegans in the German Vegan Study (GVS). Methods: Cross-sectional study, Germany. Healthy men (n = 67) and women (n = 87), who fulfilled the study criteria (vegan diet for ≥1 yr prior to study start; min. age of 18 years; no pregnancy/childbirth during the last 12 mo) and who participated in all study segments. Results: The av. dietary GL of the GVS population was 144, and the av. GI was 51.4. The adjusted geometric mean total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol concns. decreased across the increasing quartiles of GL, carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake. The assocns. between total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and GL d. and GI were inconsistent. Also, assocns. between GI, GL, the intake of carbohydrates, and triacylglycerol concn. were not obsd. Conclusions: Fiber-rich vegan diets are characterized by a low GI and a low to moderate GL. The data do not support the hypothesis that a carbohydrate-rich diet per se is assocd. with unfavorable effects on triaclyglycerols that would be predicted to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Indexing -- Section 18 (Animal Nutrition)

9. Lucke T; Korenke G C; Poggenburg I; Bentele K H P; Das A M; Hartmann H Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency: cause for neurological symptoms in infancy. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie (2007), 211(4), 157-61.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Symptoms of Vitamin B (12) deficiency in infancy include growth retardation, regression of psychomotor development, muscular hypotonia and brain atrophy. Besides an inappropriate vegetarian diet of the infants, a vegan diet or a pernicious anaemia of the mother may lead to an insufficient vitamin B (12) supply of the child. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report here the neurological symptoms of 4 fully breast-fed infants from mothers on vegan diet or with pernicious anaemia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Vitamin B (12) deficiency can easily be diagnosed by detection of methylmalonic acid when measuring the organic acids in urine. Vitamin B (12) deficiency should be avoided or diagnosed as early as possible since a supplementation of mother and child can prevent neurological symptoms of the baby. Furthermore, the neurological symptoms of the infant with manifest vitamin B (12) deficiency are (partially) reversible.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adolescent

*Breast Feeding: AE, adverse effects

Child

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Humans

Maternal-Fetal Exchange

*Mothers

*Nervous System Diseases: DI, diagnosis

*Nervous System Diseases: ET, etiology

Pregnancy

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: CO, complications

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DI, diagnosis

10. Unknown. Low glycemic omega 3 antioxidant rich vegan organic kosher food bars with special formulations for children and for adults. Can. Pat. Appl. (2007), 10pp.

Patent Family Information

Patent No. Kind Date Application No. Date

CA 2536070 A1 20070806 CA 2006-2536070 20060206

Priority Application

CA 2006-2536070 20060206

Abstract

A line of delicious organic food bars that incorporate high quality natural ingredients that are organic, of good fiber, kosher, of omega 3 and antioxidants, of a low--glycemic index, gluten free, of low allergens, preservative free, trans-fat free, cholesterol free, and non-genetically modified, with good proportions of healthy fat, protein and carbohydrates. The special formulation that this patent applies for makes the bars tasty and healthy. The bars vary in weight from individual bite size to 100 grams each in a variety of shapes i.e. rectangular, circular, square, and combination thereof. The food bars include special flavours of cocoa, carob, noni, herbs, fruit, and or seeds, nuts, and or combinations thereof. This patent is for a special formulation of organic food bars that provide tasty healthy snacks or dessert for various ages: children, adults and the elderly.

11. Fontana, Luigi; Meyer, Timothy E.; Klein, Samuel; Holloszy, John O. Long-term low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and endurance exercise are associated with low cardiometabolic risk. Rejuvenation Research (2007), 10(2), 225-234.

Abstract

Background: Western diets, which typically contain large amts. of energy-dense processed foods, together with a sedentary lifestyle are assocd. with increased cardiometabolic risk. We evaluated the long-term effects of consuming a low-calorie low-protein vegan diet or performing regular endurance exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated in 21 sedentary subjects, who had been on a low-calorie low-protein raw vegan diet for 4.4 ± 2.8 years, (mean age, 53.1 ± 11 yrs), 21 body mass index (BMI)-matched endurance runners consuming Western diets, and 21 age- and gender-matched sedentary subjects, consuming Western diets. Results: BMI was lower in the low-calorie low-protein vegan diet (21.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) and endurance runner (21.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2) groups than in the sedentary Western diet group (26.5 ± 2.7 kg/m2) (p < 0.005). Plasma concns. of lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, blood pressure (BP), and carotid artery intima-media thickness were lower in the low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and runner groups than in the Western diet group (all p < 0.05). Both systolic and diastolic BP were lower in the low-calorie low-protein vegan diet group (104 ± 15 and 62 ± 11 mm Hg) than in BMI-matched endurance runners (122 ± 13 and 72 ± 9 mmHg) and Western diet group (132 ± 14 and 79 ± 8 mm Hg) (p < 0.001); BP values were directly assocd. with sodium intake and inversely assocd. with potassium and fiber intake. Conclusions: Long-term consumption of a low-calorie low-protein vegan diet or regular endurance exercise training is assocd. with low cardiometabolic risk. Moreover, our data suggest that specific components of a low-calorie low-protein vegan diet provide addnl. beneficial effects on blood pressure.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 13

Coronary artery disease

Dietary energy

Human

Nutrition, animal

(SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

C-reactive protein

Fats and Glyceridic oils, biological studies

Proteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Glycerides, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(blood; plasma total cholesterol, its ratio with HDL-C, high-, low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in human on regular endurance exercise)

Artery

(carotid, intima; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

High-density lipoproteins

Low-density lipoproteins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(cholesterol of; plasma total cholesterol, its ratio with HDL-C, high-, low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in human on regular endurance exercise)

Blood pressure

(diastolic; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Exercise

(endurance; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(monounsatd.; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(polyunsatd.; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(satd.; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Dietary fiber

(systolic and diastolic blood pressure was inversely correlated with dietary fiber and potassium intake but directly related with sodium intake with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in human on regular endurance exercise)

Blood pressure

(systolic; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(unsatd., trans-; SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

Diet

(vegetarian, vegan; SBP, DBP, glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

9004-10-8, Insulin, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

50-99-7, D-Glucose, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(blood; SBP, DBP, glucose, insulin, CRP, carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet and can be beneficial in cardiometabolic risk in human on regular endurance exercise)

57-88-5, Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3)-, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(blood; plasma total cholesterol, its ratio with HDL-C, high-, low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was reduced with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in human on regular endurance exercise)

7440-09-7, Potassium, biological studies

7440-23-5, Sodium, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(systolic and diastolic blood pressure was inversely correlated with dietary fiber and potassium intake but directly related with sodium intake with low-calorie low-protein vegan diet in human on regular endurance exercise)

Supplementary Terms

energy protein vegan diet endurance exercise coronary heart disease

Citations

1) Briefel, R; Annu Rev Nutr 2004, 24, 401

2) Booth, F; J Appl Physiol 2002, 93, 3

3) Kromhout, D; Circulation 2002, 105, 893

4) Howard, B; JAMA 2006, 295, 655

5) Schakel, S; J Am Diet Assoc 1988, 88, 1268

6) Salamone, L; J Appl Physiol 2000, 89, 345

7) O'Leary, D; N Engl J Med 1999, 340, 14

8) Handa, N; Stroke 1990, 21, 1567

9) Matthews, D; Diabetologia 1985, 28, 412

10) Fontana, L; Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 84, 1456

11) Turnbull, F; Lancet 2003, 362, 1527

12) Lewington, S; Lancet 2002, 360, 1903

13) Appel, L; Hypertension 2006, 47, 296

14) Rahmouni, K; Hypertension 2005, 45, 9

15) Neter, J; Hypertension 2003, 42, 878

16) Aucott, L; Hypertension 2005, 45, 1035

17) He, F; J Hum Hypertens 2002, 16, 761

18) Whelton, P; JAMA 1997, 277, 1624

19) Whelton, S; J Hypertens 2005, 23, 475

20) Sacks, F; N Engl J Med 2001, 344, 3

21) Streja, D; JAMA 1979, 242, 2190

22) Wadden, T; Obes Res 2004, 12(suppl), 151S

23) Rolls, B; Med Clin North Am 2000, 84, 401

24) Buchholz, A; Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79, 899S

25) Burton-Freeman, B; J Nutr 2000, 130, 272S

26) Bell, E; Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67, 412

27) Stubbs, R; Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998, 22, 980

28) Saris, W; Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000, 24, 1310

29) Howarth, N; Nutr Rev 2001, 59, 129

30) Weindruch, R; The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction 1988

31) Meyer, T; J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47(2), 398

32) Taffet, G; J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997, 52, B285

12. Brocadello Filippo; Levedianos Giorgio; Piccione Francesco; Manara Renzo; Pesenti Francesco Francini Irreversible subacute sclerotic combined degeneration of the spinal cord in a vegan subject. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2007), 23(7-8), 622-4.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We describe a case of irreversible subacute sclerotic combined degeneration of the spinal cord in a Western vegan subject. METHODS: A 57-y-old man, member of a vegan cult for 13 y, developed weakness, paraplegia, hyper-reflexia, distal symmetric muscular hypotrophy, impairment of superficial sensation in the hands and feet, loss of deep sensation in the lower limbs, and neurogenic bladder and bowel. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical and dorsal spine disclosed abnormally increased signal intensity on T(2)-weighted sections in the posterior and lateral columns. Subacute sclerotic combined degeneration of the spinal cord was diagnosed and treatment with cobalamin was started. RESULTS: Despite rehabilitative treatment, the patient developed spastic hypertonia with mild improvement of paresthesias. Six months later, vitamin B12 plasma levels and hematological analysis were normal. One year later, spastic paraplegia was still present and the patient was unable to walk despite improvement on magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Irreversible subacute sclerotic combined degeneration of the spinal cord is a rare but possible effect of a strict vegetarian diet.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: MT, methods

Middle Aged

*Neurodegenerative Diseases: DI, diagnosis

Neurodegenerative Diseases: DT, drug therapy

Neurodegenerative Diseases: ET, etiology

*Spinal Cord: PA, pathology

*Spinal Cord Diseases: DI, diagnosis

Spinal Cord Diseases: DT, drug therapy

Spinal Cord Diseases: ET, etiology

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: CO, complications

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DT, drug therapy

Vitamin B Complex: TU, therapeutic use

Registry Numbers

12001-76-2 (Vitamin B Complex)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

13. Haldar, S.; Rowland, I. R.; Barnett, Y. A.; Bradbury, I.; Robson, P. J.; Powell, J.; Fletcher, J. Influence of habitual diet on antioxidant status: a study in a population of vegetarians and omnivores. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007), 61(8), 1011-1022.

Abstract

Background: Antioxidant status can be used as a biomarker to assess chronic disease risk and diet can modulate antioxidant defense. Objective: To examine effects of vegetarian diet and variations in the habitual intakes of foods and nutrients on blood antioxidants. Subjects and Setting: Thirty-one vegetarians (including six vegans) and 58 omnivores, non-smokers, in Northern Ireland. Design: A diet history method was used to assess habitual diet. Antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, uric acid, zinc- and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in fasting plasma and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in erythrocytes. Results: Vegetarians had approx. 15% higher levels of plasma carotenoids compared with omnivores, including lutein (P  .05), -cryptoxanthin (P  0.05), lycopene (NS), -carotene (NS) and -carotene (NS). The levels/activities of all other antioxidants measured were similar between vegetarians and omnivores. Total intake of fruits, vegetables and fruit juices was pos. assocd. with plasma levels of several carotenoids and vitamin C. Intake of vegetables was pos. assocd. with plasma lutein, -cryptoxanthin, -carotene and -carotene, whereas intake of fruits was pos. assocd. with plasma -cryptoxanthin. Intake of tea and wine was pos. assocd. with FRAP value, whereas intake of herbal tea assocd. pos. with plasma vitamin C. Intakes of meat and fish were pos. assocd. with plasma uric acid and FRAP value. Conclusions: The overall antioxidant status was similar between vegetarians and omnivores. Good correlations were found between intakes of carotenoids and their resp. status in blood.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Tea products

(beverages, herbal teas; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Chocolate

Tea products

(beverages; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Beverages

(chocolate drinks; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Allium

Antioxidants

Bean

Berry

Brassicaceae

Breakfast cereal

Capsicum

Cereal (grain)

Citrus

Cream

Diet

Dietary energy

Dietary fiber

Egg, poultry

Fish

Fruit

Fruit and vegetable juices

Human

Lens culinaris

Lentil

Lycopersicon esculentum

Meat

Milk

Mushroom

Nut (seed)

Nutrition, animal

Pea

Phaseolus vulgaris

Pisum sativum

Potato

Seed

Solanum tuberosum

Spices

Tomato

Wine

(intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Carbohydrates, biological studies

Carotenes, biological studies

Fats and Glyceridic oils, biological studies

Mineral elements, biological studies

Proteins

Vitamins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Vegetable

(leafy green; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Meat

(poultry; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Vegetable

(root; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Root

(vegetable; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Diet

(vegetarian; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Milk preparations

(yogurt; intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

50-81-7, Vitamin C, biological studies

54-28-4, γ-Tocopherol

59-02-9, -Tocopherol

68-26-8, Retinol

69-93-2, Uric acid, biological studies

70-18-8, Reduced glutathione, biological studies

127-40-2, Lutein

432-70-2, -Carotene

472-70-8, -Cryptoxanthin

502-65-8, Lycopene

1406-18-4, Vitamin E

7235-40-7, -Carotene

7439-89-6, Iron, biological studies

7439-95-4, Magnesium, biological studies

7439-96-5, Manganese, biological studies

7440-50-8, Copper, biological studies

7440-66-6, Zinc, biological studies

7440-70-2, Calcium, biological studies

7782-49-2, Selenium, biological studies

9013-66-5, Glutathione peroxidase

9054-89-1, Superoxide dismutase

24480-38-4, -Cryptoxanthin

50812-37-8, Glutathione S-transferase

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

190208-44-7, Quorn

Role: FFD (Food or feed use); BIOL (Biological study); USES (Uses)

(intake of fruits, vegetables, nutrients and other foods were differentially correlated with antioxidant status which was similar between vegetarian and omnivore)

Supplementary Terms

antioxidant food nutrient vegetarian diet

14. Klein, Catherine B.; King, Audrey A. Genistein genotoxicity: Critical considerations of in vitro exposure dose. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (2007), 224(1), 1-11.

Abstract

A review. The potential health benefits of soy-derived phytoestrogens include their reported utility as anticarcinogens, cardioprotectants and as hormone replacement alternatives in menopause. Although there is increasing popularity of dietary phytoestrogen supplementation and of vegetarian and vegan diets among adolescents and adults, concerns about potential detrimental or other genotoxic effects persist. While a variety of genotoxic effects of phytoestrogens have been reported in vitro, the concns. at which such effects occurred were often much higher than the physiol. relevant doses achievable by dietary or pharmacol. intake of soy foods or supplements. This review focuses on in vitro studies of the most abundant soy phytoestrogen, genistein, critically examg. dose as a crucial determinant of cellular effects. In consideration of levels of dietary genistein uptake and bioavailability we have defined in vitro concns. of genistein > 5 μM as non-physiol., and thus "high" doses, in contrast to much of the previous literature. In doing so, many of the often-cited genotoxic effects of genistein, including apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, topoisomerase inhibition and others become less obvious. Recent cellular, epigenetic and microarray studies are beginning to decipher genistein effects that occur at dietarily relevant low concns. In toxicol., the well accepted principle of "the dose defines the poison" applies to many toxicants and can be invoked, as herein, to distinguish genotoxic vs. potentially beneficial in vitro effects of natural dietary products such as genistein.

Indexing -- Section 1-0 (Pharmacology)

Section cross-reference(s): 3

Genetics

(epigenetics; genistein genotoxicity and crit. considerations of in vitro exposure dose)

Antioxidants

Antitumor agents

Apoptosis

DNA microarray technology

Drug bioavailability

Gene expression profiles, animal

Genotoxicity

Glycine max

Mutagens

Oxidative stress, biological

Prophylaxis

Soybean

(genistein genotoxicity and crit. considerations of in vitro exposure dose)

Phytoestrogens

Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity); DMA (Drug mechanism of action); PAC (Pharmacological activity); PKT (Pharmacokinetics); THU (Therapeutic use); BIOL (Biological study); USES (Uses)

(genistein genotoxicity and crit. considerations of in vitro exposure dose)

Carcinogens

(genotoxic; genistein genotoxicity and crit. considerations of in vitro exposure dose)

446-72-0, Genistein

Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity); DMA (Drug mechanism of action); PAC (Pharmacological activity); PKT (Pharmacokinetics); THU (Therapeutic use); BIOL (Biological study); USES (Uses)

(genistein genotoxicity and crit. considerations of in vitro exposure dose)

Supplementary Terms

review genistein phytoestrogen genotoxicity antitumor mutagen carcinogen

Citations

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Ju, Y; J Nutr 2001, 131, 2957

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Klein, C; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.033 2007

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McIntyre, B; Cell Prolif 1998, 31, 35

Messina, M; Nutr Cancer 2006, 55, 1

Moore, J; Carcinogenesis 2006, 27, 1627

Morris, S; Mutat Res 1998, 405, 41

Mulligan, A; Eur J Clin Nutr 2007, 61, 248

Murata, M; Biochem J 2004, 43, 2569

Mure, K; Environ Mol Mutagen 2006, 47, 134

Okura, A; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988, 157, 183

Padilla-Banks, E; Endocrinology 2006, 147, 4871

Polkowski, K; Cancer Lett 2004, 203, 59

Ramos, S; J Nutr Biochem 2007, 18, 427

Rowland, I; Nutr Cancer 2000, 36, 27

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Safford, B; Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003, 38, 196

Sarkar, F; Mini Rev Med Chem 2006, 6, 401

Setchell, K; Lancet 1997, 350, 23

Setchell, K; Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76, 447

Shen, J; Mol Carcinog 2000, 29, 92

Singletary, K; Anticancer Res 2006, 26, 1039

Snyder, R; Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41, 1291

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Stopper, H; Mutat Res 2005, 574, 139

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Suzuki, K; Int J Cancer 2002, 99, 846

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15. Anonymous Evidence-based dietetics: what has to be kept in mind for the prescription of infant formulae and follow-on formulae in 2007th?. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie (2007), 14(4), 370-5.

Abstract

All infant and follow-on formulae available on the market are of high quality. Nevertheless, they are not identical. Several formulae recently launched are characterized by innovations that may have interesting functional effects in some infants. The rising number of formulae and the uncertainty on the validity of the claims presented to justify these innovations make more and more difficult the prescription of a formula that has to be individually tailored for each child. A rational prescription should only be approached on the principle of evidence-based dietetics. Infant formulae satisfy by themselves the nutritional needs of infants up to 6 months of age whereas follow-on formulae should only be used after 6 months when complementary feeding has been introduced into the diet. None of these formulae can claim any nutritional superiority, in particular over breast feeding, which is the reference mode of feeding during the first 6 months of life. The nature of the protein source is the main criteria for choosing an infant formula. In the absence of breast feeding, cow's milk protein infant and follow-on formulae represent the first choice, with the exception of infants at risk for allergy, who should be exclusively fed a hypoallergenic formula during the first 6 months of life. The main interest of soy protein infant and follow-on formulae is feeding infants in vegan families. A functional benefit has only been shown for anti regurgitation formulae as well as for formulae that have the potential to soften stools. Except for the prevention of allergic disease in at-risk families with the use of hypoallergenic infant (and not follow-on) formulae, there is no convincing evidence supporting the prescription of specific formulae in a preventive approach.

Controlled Terms

Animals

Cattle

*Evidence-Based Medicine

Humans

Infant

Infant Food: ST, standards

*Infant Formula: ST, standards

Milk Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

*Nutritional Requirements

*Nutritive Value

Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

Reference Values

Soybean Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Chemical Names

0 (Milk Proteins)

0 (Soybean Proteins)

16. Baroni L; Cenci L; Tettamanti M; Berati M Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems. European journal of clinical nutrition (2007), 61(2), 279-86.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies support the hypothesis that plant-based diets are environmentally better than meat-based diets. This study aims to further explore this topic and to compare different environmental impacts resulting from different dietary patterns (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and methods of production (conventional farming and organic agriculture). DESIGN: Three weekly balanced diets, equivalent to one another for energetic and nutrient content, have been planned: an omnivorous one, a vegetarian one and a vegan one. For each one, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method has been applied in order to calculate the environmental impact, expressed in 'points'. INTERVENTIONS: The software we selected to carry out the Inventory Analysis and the Impact Assessment is SimaPro5. The Assessment phase has been conducted using Ecoindicator 99, a damage-oriented method, which analyses the impact according to three large damage categories, each of them subsuming various impact categories.

Controlled Terms

*Agriculture: MT, methods

Animals

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Carbohydrates: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Fats: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Fiber: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

*Environment

Environmental Monitoring

Food Habits

Humans

Meat

Models, Biological

Software

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

17. Seltz, Megan. Efficacy of a low-fat vegan diet for the reduction of asthma symptoms: A controlled trial. (2007), 142 pp.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Asthma

Diet

Human

(efficacy of low-fat vegan diet for redn. of asthma symptoms: controlled trial)

Fats and Glyceridic oils, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(efficacy of low-fat vegan diet for redn. of asthma symptoms: controlled trial)

Supplementary Terms

efficacy low fat vegan diet redn asthma symptoms control

18. Brunori, Giuliano; Viola, Battista F.; Parrinello, Giovanni; De Biase, Vincenzo; Como, Giovanna; Franco, Vincenzo; Garibotto, Giacomo; Zubani, Roberto; Cancarini, Giovanni C. Efficacy and safety of a very-low-protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: a prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases (2007), 49(5), 569-580.

Abstract

Background: A supplemented very-low-protein diet (sVLPD) seems to be safe when postponing dialysis therapy. Study Design: Prospective multicenter randomized controlled study designed to assess the noninferiority of diet vs. dialysis in 1-yr mortality assessed by using intention-to-treat and per-protocol anal. Setting & Participants: Italian uremic patients without diabetes older than 70 years with glomerular filtration rate of 5 to 7 mL/min (0.08 to 0.12 mL/s). Intervention: Randomization to an sVLPD (diet group) or dialysis. The sVLPD is a vegan diet (35 kcal; proteins, 0.3 g/kg body wt. daily) supplemented with keto-analogs, amino acids, and vitamins. Patients following an sVLPD started dialysis therapy in the case of malnutrition, intractable fluid overload, hyperkalemia, or appearance of uremic symptoms. Outcomes & Measurements: Mortality, hospitalization, and metabolic markers. Results: 56 patients were randomly assigned to each group, median follow-up was 26.5 mo (interquartile range, 40), and patients in the diet group spent a median of 10.7 mo (interquartile range, 11) following an sVLPD. Forty patients in the diet group started dialysis treatment because of either fluid overload or hyperkalemia. There were 31 deaths (55%) in the dialysis group and 28 deaths (50%) in the diet group. One-year obsd. survival rates at intention to treat were 83.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.5 to 94.0) in the dialysis group vs. 87.3% (95% CI, 78.9 to 96.5) in the diet group (log-rank test for noninferiority, P < 0.001; for superiority, P = 0.6): the difference in survival was -3.6% (95% CI, -17 to +10; P = 0.002). The hazard ratio for hospitalization was 1.50 for the dialysis group (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.01; P < 0.01). Limitations: The unblinded nature of the study, exclusion of patients with diabetes, and incomplete enrollment. Conclusion: An sVLPD was effective and safe when postponing dialysis treatment in elderly patients without diabetes.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 14

Kidney, disease

(chronic; supplemented very low protein diet was effective and safe in postponing dialysis treatment in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Aging, animal

(elderly; supplemented very low protein diet was effective and safe in postponing dialysis treatment in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Albumins, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(serum; supplemented very low protein diet did not affect albumin in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Hemoglobins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(supplemented very low protein diet did not affect Hb in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Adipose tissue

(supplemented very low protein diet did not affect body mass index in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Protein metabolism

(supplemented very low protein diet did not affect normalized protein catabolic rate in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Death

Diabetes mellitus

Dialysis

Human

Nutrition, animal

(supplemented very low protein diet was effective and safe in postponing dialysis treatment in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Amino acids, biological studies

Proteins

Vitamins

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(supplemented very low protein diet was effective and safe in postponing dialysis treatment in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(supplemented very low protein diet decreased cholesterol in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

71-52-3, Bicarbonate, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(supplemented very low protein diet did not affect serum bicarbonate in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

7440-09-7, Potassium, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(supplemented very low protein diet did not affect serum potassium in elderly patient with chronic kidney disease and without diabetes mellitus)

Supplementary Terms

protein supplement dialysis CKD

Citations

1) National Kidney Foundation; Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 30(suppl 2), S70

2) Churchill, D; J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10(suppl 13), S287

3) European Best Practice Guidelines Expert Group on Hemodialysis European Renal Association; Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17(suppl 7), S7

4) Krediet, R; Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005, 20(suppl 9), Six3

5) Jansen, M; J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12, 157

6) Obrador, G; Kidney Int 1999, 56, 2227

7) Rayner, H; Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19, 108

8) Giovannetti, S; Minerva Med 1980, 71, 2415

9) Aparicio, M; J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11, 708

10) Levey, A; J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10, 2426

11) Teschan, P; Clin Nephrol 1998, 50, 273

12) Klahr, S; N Engl J Med 1994, 330, 877

13) Maiorca, R; J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9, 154A

14) Maiorca, R; J Nephrol 2000, 13, 267

15) Maroni, B; Kidney Int 1985, 27, 58

16) Daugirdas, J; J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 4, 1205

17) Watson, P; Am J Clin Nutr 1980, 33, 27

18) National Kidney Foundation; Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(suppl 1), S65

19) National Kidney Foundation; Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(suppl 1), S7

20) Blackwelder, W; Control Clin Trials 1982, 3, 345

21) Com-Nougue, C; Stat Med 1993, 12, 1353

22) Kaplan, E; J Am Stat Assoc 1958, 53, 457

23) Cox, D; J Royal Stat Soc B 1972, 34, 197

24) Therneau, T; Modeling Survival Data Extending the Cox Model 2000

25) Klein, J; Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data (ed 2) 2003

26) Traynor, J; J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13, 2125

27) Churchill, D; J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7, 198

28) Maiorca, R; Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10, 2295

29) Korevaar, J; Lancet 2001, 358, 1046

30) Beddhu, S; J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14, 2305

31) Kazmi, W; Am J Kidney Dis 2005, 46, 887

32) Fink, J; Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34, 694

33) Kausz, A; J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11, 2351

34) Aparicio, M; Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(suppl 2), S71

35) Walser, M; J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10, 110

36) Gersch, M; J Vasc Access 2004, 5, 99

37) Jafar, T; N Engl J Med 2006, 354, 995

38) Barsoum, R; N Engl J Med 2006, 354, 997

39) The National Service Framework for Renal Services; Part 2: Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute Renal Failure and End of Life Care, http://www.dh.gov.uk 2006

40) Smith, C; Nephron Clin Pract 2003, 95, c40

41) Murtagh, F; Br J Nurs 2006, 15, 8

19. Theobald Hannah E Eating for pregnancy and breast-feeding. The journal of family health care (2007), 17(2), 45-9.

Abstract

Good nutrition is essential to help support a successful pregnancy and breast-feeding. Women planning a pregnancy should follow a balanced nutrient-rich diet and consume a daily folic acid supplement up until the end of the first trimester. Many pregnancies, especially amongst teenagers, are unplanned, and educating women of childbearing age about the need to take folic acid to prevent neural tube defects is important. Maintaining a healthy body weight and weight gain is also important: if the mother is underweight, overweight or obese this can harm the health of both mother and fetus. Care should be taken to monitor the nutritional status of vulnerable groups (e.g. teenagers, vegans, women who are underweight, and those at risk of too little vitamin D) to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. During breast-feeding the mother needs to eat a sufficient and nutrient-rich diet to provide enough energy and nutrients to support milk production.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

*Breast Feeding

Food Habits

Humans

Maternal Nutrition Physiology

Nursing Assessment

Nutrition Assessment

Nutritional Requirements

*Nutritional Sciences: ED, education

Nutritional Status

*Patient Education: OG, organization & administration

*Postnatal Care: OG, organization & administration

*Preconception Care: OG, organization & administration

Pregnancy

*Prenatal Care: OG, organization & administration

20. Bourre, Jean-Marie. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids for women. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (2007), 61(2-3), 105-112.

Abstract

This review details the specific needs of women for omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha linoleic acid (ALA) and the very long chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acid (dietary or in capsules) ensures that a woman's adipose tissue contains a reserve of these fatty acids for the developing fetus and the breast-fed newborn infant. This ensures the optimal cerebral and cognitive development of the infant. The presence of large quantities of EPA and DHA in the diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and improves its quality. Human milk contains both ALA and DHA, unlike that of other mammals. Conditions such as diabetes can alter the fatty acid profile of mother's milk, while certain diets, like those of vegetarians, vegans, or even macrobiotic diets, can have the same effect, if they do not include seafood. ALA, DHA and EPA, are important for preventing ischemic cardiovascular disease in women of all ages. Omega-3 fatty acids can help to prevent the development of certain cancers, particularly those of the breast and colon, and possibly of the uterus and the skin, and are likely to reduce the risk of postpartum depression, manic-depressive psychosis, dementias (Alzheimer's disease and others), hypertension, toxemia, diabetes and, to a certain extend, age-related macular degeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids could play a pos. role in the prevention of menstrual syndrome and postmenopausal hot flushes. The normal western diet contains little ALA (less than 50% of the RDA). The only adequate sources are rapeseed oil (canola), walnuts and so-called "omega-3" eggs (similar to wild-type or Cretan eggs). The amts. of EPA and DHA in the diet vary greatly from person to person. The only good sources are fish and seafood, together with "omega-3" eggs.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 13, 14

Retinal disease

(age-related macular degeneration; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration in woman)

Cardiovascular system, disease

(alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids prevented ischemic cardiovascular disease in woman)

Mental and behavioral disorders

(bipolar disorder; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of manic-depressive psychosis in woman)

Feeding techniques

(breast; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ensured optimal cerebral and cognitive development of breast-fed newborn infant)

Intestine, neoplasm

(colon; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids prevented development of colon cancer)

Mental and behavioral disorders

(dementia; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of dementias in woman)

Mental and behavioral disorders

(depression; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of postpartum depression in woman)

Menstrual disorder

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids could play role in prevention of menstrual syndrome in woman)

Dysmenorrhea

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids could play role in prevention of menstrual syndrome particularly dysmenorrhea in woman)

Newborn

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ensured optimal cerebral and cognitive development of breast-fed newborn infant)

Brain

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ensured optimal cerebral development of breast-fed newborn infant)

Cognition

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ensured optimal cognitive development of breast-fed newborn infant)

Alzheimer's disease

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in woman)

Hypertension

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of hypertension in woman)

Preeclampsia

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of toxemia in woman)

Mammary gland, neoplasm

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids prevented development of breast cancer)

Skin, neoplasm

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids prevented development of skin cancer)

Uterus, neoplasm

(dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids prevented development of uterus cancer)

Pregnancy

(dietary omega-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids slightly lengthened and improved pregnancy quality in woman)

Menopause

(hot flash; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids could play role in prevention of postmenopausal hot flashes in woman)

Milk

(human; omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of cancer in woman)

Development, mammalian postnatal

(infant; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids ensured optimal cerebral and cognitive development of breast-fed newborn infant)

Diabetes mellitus

(non-insulin-dependent; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids likely reduced risk of diabetes in woman)

Fish

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from fish prevented menstrual syndrome, postmenopausal hot flushes and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancers in woman)

Canola oil

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study)

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil prevented menstrual syndrome, postmenopausal hot flushes and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancer in woman)

Diet

Human

Neoplasm

Nutrition, animal

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of cancer in woman)

Seafood

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from seafoods prevented menstrual syndrome, postmenopausal hot flushes and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancers in woman)

Juglans regia

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from walnuts prevented menstrual syndrome, postmenopausal hot flushes and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancers in woman)

Egg, poultry

(omega-3; omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of cancer in woman)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); PAC (Pharmacological activity); BIOL (Biological study)

(polyunsatd., omega-3; omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of cancer in woman)

Menopause

(postmenopause; dietary omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids could play role in prevention of postmenopausal hot flashes in woman)

60-33-3, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (9Z,12Z)-, biological studies

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); PAC (Pharmacological activity); BIOL (Biological study)

(omega-3 alpha linoleic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of cancer in woman)

32839-18-2, Docosahexaenoic acid

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); PAC (Pharmacological activity); BIOL (Biological study)

(omega-3 docosahexaenoic acids from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish diet prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancers in woman)

32839-30-8, Eicosapentaenoic acid

Role: BSU (Biological study, unclassified); PAC (Pharmacological activity); BIOL (Biological study)

(omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from rapeseed oil, walnuts, omega-3 eggs and fish diet prevented menstrual syndrome and ischemic cardiovascular disease, development of breast, colon, uterus and skin cancers in woman)

Supplementary Terms

review n3 fatty acid pregnancy disease cancer women diet

Citations

1) Tapiero, H; Biomed Pharmacother 2002, 56, 215

2) Simopoulos, A; Biomed Pharmacother 2002, 56, 365

3) Holman, R; J Am Coll Nutr 1986, 5, 183

4) Bjerve, K; J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988, 12, 521

5) Olsen, S; Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991, 64, 1203

6) Smuts, C; Obstet Gynecol 2003, 101, 469

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21. Appleby P; Roddam A; Allen N; Key T Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. European journal of clinical nutrition (2007), 61(12), 1400-6.

Abstract

Objective:To compare fracture rates in four diet groups (meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans) in the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford).Design:Prospective cohort study of self-reported fracture risk at follow-up.Setting:The United Kingdom.Subjects:A total of 7947 men and 26 749 women aged 20-89 years, including 19 249 meat eaters, 4901 fish eaters, 9420 vegetarians and 1126 vegans, recruited by postal methods and through general practice surgeries.Methods:Cox regression.Results:Over an average of 5.2 years of follow-up, 343 men and 1555 women reported one or more fractures. Compared with meat eaters, fracture incidence rate ratios in men and women combined adjusted for sex, age and non-dietary factors were 1.01 (95% CI 0.88-1.17) for fish eaters, 1.00 (0.89-1.13) for vegetarians and 1.30 (1.02-1.66) for vegans. After further adjustment for dietary energy and calcium intake the incidence rate ratio among vegans compared with meat eaters was 1.15 (0.89-1.49). Among subjects consuming at least 525 mg/day calcium the corresponding incidence rate ratios were 1.05 (0.90-1.21) for fish eaters, 1.02 (0.90-1.15) for vegetarians and 1.00 (0.69-1.44) for vegans.Conclusions:In this population, fracture risk was similar for meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians. The higher fracture risk in the vegans appeared to be a consequence of their considerably lower mean calcium intake. An adequate calcium intake is essential for bone health, irrespective of dietary preferences.Sponsorship:The EPIC-Oxford study is supported by The Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 1400-1406; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659; published online 7 February 2007.

22. Kammerer Gabriele Comment on the article: " Vegan nutrition is unethical". Kinderkrankenschwester : Organ der Sektion Kinderkrankenpflege / Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Sozialpadiatrie und Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde (2007), 26(6), 253.

Controlled Terms

Child, Preschool

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Ethics, Nursing

Germany

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

Nutritive Value

*Protein-Energy Malnutrition: NU, nursing

23. Schmutz, Ulrich; Rayns, Francis; Firth, Chris. Balancing fertility management and economics in organic field vegetable rotations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2007), 87(15), 2791-2793.

Abstract

Background: Org. field-scale vegetables are among the most profitable enterprises in org. farming systems. They are also some of the most nutrient-demanding crops, and many org. arable systems with field-scale vegetables are stockless. Without livestock manure inputs, nutrient supply depends on fertility-building crops, which generate only costs and no income. Different strategies of fertility management were compared on a central England research farm. Fertility management treatments consisted of different lengths of fertility building with green waste compost addns. Outputs and inputs in terms of nutrients and economics were monitored for 31 rotations during 1996-2002. Results: N, P and K rotational nutrient balances, as well as C inputs, showed a neg. relationship with rotational gross margins. Variable and allocated fixed costs of fertility building were low, between 2 and 5% of variable costs (.pnd.0.5-2 ha-1 for 1 kg N ha-1 supplied to the rotation). The intensity of vegetable cropping in these rotations was moderate (25-40% vegetable crops in the rotation) and balancing of fertility management and economics was possible at this intensity without livestock manure or other permitted fertiliser addns. Conclusion: Completely stockless systems (in analogy may be called vegan) are possible in org. vegetable prodn. without compromising on fertility or economics. However, for a higher vegetable-cropping intensity (up to 90%) a more sophisticated mix of short-term fertility-building and N-trapping crops will be needed and such rotations may require further external addn. of green waste or livestock manure.

24. Ramalakshmi S; Baben Bjoe; Ashok Ben S; Jayanthi V; Leslie Nancy; Abraham Georgi Association of carnitine deficiency in Indian continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with anemia, erythropoietin use, residual renal function, and diabetes mellitus. Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (2007), 27 Suppl 2 S235-8.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to determine levels of free carnitine in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients in India and to correlate carnitine deficiency with various clinical parameters. METHODS: Patients on HD and PD at two tertiary care centers were selected for the study. Baseline data were obtained, and a free carnitine analysis was performed. Carnitine deficiency was defined as a free carnitine level of less than 40 micromol/L. RESULTS: The total number of study patients was 96 (77 on HD, 19 on PD). In the PD group, the mean age was 56 years, with 26.3% of the patients being vegan, 47.4% having diabetes, and 57.9% having a daily urine output of <500 mL. The mean carnitine level in that group was 38.9 micromol/L, and 68.4% of the patients had a carnitine deficiency. A Pearson correlation test failed to show any association of carnitine level with parameters such as anemia, use of erythropoietin, non-vegetarian diet, diabetes, and hypertension. In the HD group, the mean age was 45 years, with 22% of the patients being vegan, 23% having diabetes, and 45.5% having a daily urine output of <500 mL. The mean carnitine level in the group was 38.2 micromol/L, and 64.3% of the patients had a carnitine deficiency. Residual renal function and duration of dialysis were different in HD patients with and without carnitine deficiency. Carnitine levels in the HD group correlated positively and statistically significantly with the presence of diabetes and hypertension. CONCLUSION: This study is the first demonstration that Indian dialysis patients have carnitine deficiency.

25. Turner-McGrievy Gabrielle M; Barnard Neal D; Scialli Anthony R A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) (2007), 15(9), 2276-81.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effect of a low-fat, vegan diet compared with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) diet on weight loss maintenance at 1 and 2 years. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-four overweight, postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a vegan or NCEP diet for 14 weeks, and 62 women began the study. The study was done in two replications. Participants in the first replication (N = 28) received no follow-up support after the 14 weeks, and those in the second replication (N = 34) were offered group support meetings for 1 year. Weight and diet adherence were measured at 1 and 2 years for all participants. Weight loss is reported as median (interquartile range) and is the difference from baseline weight at years 1 and 2. RESULTS: Individuals in the vegan group lost more weight than those in the NCEP group at 1 year [-4.9 (-0.5, -8.0) kg vs. -1.8 (0.8, -4.3); p < 0.05] and at 2 years [-3.1 (0.0, -6.0) kg vs. -0.8 (3.1, -4.2) kg; p < 0.05]. Those participants offered group support lost more weight at 1 year (p < 0.01) and 2 years (p < 0.05) than those without support. Attendance at meetings was associated with improved weight loss at 1 year (p < 0.001) and 2 years (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: A vegan diet was associated with significantly greater weight loss than the NCEP diet at 1 and 2 years. Both group support and meeting attendance were associated with significant weight loss at follow-up.

26. Penney Debra S; Miller Kathleen G Nutritional counseling for vegetarians during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of midwifery & women's health (2008), 53(1), 37-44.

Abstract

A woman's nutritional status directly affects pregnancy outcome and the quality of breast milk after birth. Clinicians who provide prenatal care have an important role in assessing the nutritional status of women and directing them to appropriate resources while respecting their choices. Vegetarian and vegan diets may present with unique nutrient deficiencies that can be addressed during prenatal nutritional counseling.

27. Agostoni Carlo; Decsi Tamas; Fewtrell Mary; Goulet Olivier; Kolacek Sanja; Koletzko Berthold; Michaelsen Kim Fleischer; Moreno Luis; Puntis John; Rigo Jacques; Shamir Raanan; Szajewska Hania; Turck Dominique; van Goudoever Johannes Complementary feeding: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2008), 46(1), 99-110.

Abstract

This position paper on complementary feeding summarizes evidence for health effects of complementary foods. It focuses on healthy infants in Europe. After reviewing current knowledge and practices, we have formulated these conclusions: Exclusive or full breast-feeding for about 6 months is a desirable goal. Complementary feeding (ie, solid foods and liquids other than breast milk or infant formula and follow-on formula) should not be introduced before 17 weeks and not later than 26 weeks. There is no convincing scientific evidence that avoidance or delayed introduction of potentially allergenic foods, such as fish and eggs, reduces allergies, either in infants considered at increased risk for the development of allergy or in those not considered to be at increased risk. During the complementary feeding period, >90% of the iron requirements of a breast-fed infant must be met by complementary foods, which should provide sufficient bioavailable iron. Cow's milk is a poor source of iron and should not be used as the main drink before 12 months, although small volumes may be added to complementary foods. It is prudent to avoid both early (<4 months) and late (>or=7 months) introduction of gluten, and to introduce gluten gradually while the infant is still breast-fed, inasmuch as this may reduce the risk of celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and wheat allergy. Infants and young children receiving a vegetarian diet should receive a sufficient amount ( approximately 500 mL) of breast milk or formula and dairy products. Infants and young children should not be fed a vegan diet.

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