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contrasts.

(b)    Test your hypotheses and give approximate P-values. Summarize your conclusions. Do you think that the use of contrasts in this way gives an adeąuate summary of the results?

(c)    You found that the groups differ significantly in the depression scores. Does this study allow conclusions about causation—for example, that a sedentary lifestyle causes people to be morę depressed? Explain your answer.

12.42    Exercise 12.34 gives data on the weight gains of pregnant women in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Computer software gives the critical value for the Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedurę with a = 0.05 as t** = 2.41. Explain in plain language what a = 0.05 means in the Bonferroni procedurę. Use this procedurę to compare the mean weight gains for the three countries. Summarize your conclusions.

12.43    Exercise 12.35 gives summary statistics for the food intake values for toddlers in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Computer software gives the critical value for the Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedurę with a = 0.05 as t** = 2.41. Explain in plain language what a = 0.05 means in the Bonferroni procedurę. Use this procedurę to compare the toddler food intake means for the three countries. What do you conclude?

12.44    Refer to the physical fitness scores for the four groups in the exercise