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13. What are main differences between direct and indirect test items? Give examoles.

O Indirect- items which try to measure a students know edge and ability by getting at what iies beneath there receptive and productive skills

O Direct- a test item, which asks candidates to perform the communicative skill which is being tested

EG.

Indirect test item types:

O Multiple choice - where considered to be ideał test instruments for measuring students' knowiedge of grammar and vocabulary

O Close procedures- seems to offer us the ideał indirect but integrative testing item

O Transformation and paraphrase- test items ask candidates to rewrite sentences in a slightly different form, retaingthe exact meaning of the original

O Sentence re-ordering- getting students to put words in the right order to make appropriate sentences tells us quite a lot abouttheir underlying knowiedge ig syntax and lexico-grammatical elements

Direct test item types:

O Create a 'level playing field'- receptive skill testing needs to avoid making excessive demands on the student's generał of specialist knowiedge

O Replicate real- life interaction- modern test writers now include tasks which attempt to replicate features of real life

14. What is the difference between norm- referenced and criterion- referenced assessment? Give examoles.

A norm-referenced test is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respectto the trait being measured. This estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and possibly other relevant data from a sample drawn from the population. That is, this type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other test takers, but not whether the test taker knows either morę or less materiał than is necessary for a given purpose.

A criterion-referenced test is one that provides for translating test scores into a statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score or their relationship to a specified subject matter. Most tests and quizzes written by school teachers are criterion-referenced tests. The objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the materiał.