Historical Grammar8

2016-01-13

French influences-vocabulary

•    Two phases ofthe influence:

•    before 1250 - 900 in number

•    baron, noble, damę, servant, messenger, feast, minstrel, juggler, largess

•    pray, baptize, sermon, parson, friar, Cardinal

•    chancellor, council

•    after 1250

•    the French upper classes carried over into English new borrowings

•    borrowings from Anglo-Norman and Parisian French

French borrowings

Government and administration

govern revenue administer majesty noble crown nobility State court prince princess empire council duke duchess realm parliament count reign assembly rule statute baron royal treaty authority tax treaty office marshal Religion

theology prayer sermon saint homily miracle faith sacrament religion baptism temptation savior communion salvation trinity confession penance mercy passion adore sacrifice Church and administration

clergy Cardinal chaplain pastor vicar savior faith devotion temptation Law

justice jury prison judgment evidence jail judge proof accuse advocate verdict condemn attorney sentence imprison petition fine punishment condemn banish arrest Army navy

army siege navy defence peace soldier enemy spy arms defend battle besiege combat navy guard captain lieutenant sergeant

French borrowings

Fashion

jewel emerald pearl crystal ruby sapphire turquoise coral ornament dress cloak coat collar garment robę button lace fur boots embellish adorn luxury Food and meals

beef veal mutton pork venison bacon sausage poultry pigeon salmon sole mackerel sardine oysterolives raisin fruit orange lemon peach toast tart biscuit cream sugarjelly mustard piąte dinner supper appetite Medicine learning

physician surgeon pain leper plague stornach poison remedy poison Entertainment

dance chess checkers tournament Art architecture literaturę

painting sculpture musie colour figurę cathedral chamber towerchimney poet prose romance volume pen poet rhyme story chapter paper

French borrowings

Adjectives

able actual calm elear eager easy frank gay gentle large nice poor

pure safe surę sober secret single

Verbs

advise allow carry change close count cover ery enjoy join marry move pass pay prefer please remember refuse save travel wait waste murmur Expressions

to take leave    to come to a    head    to do justice

make-believe    on the point of    accordingto

subjeetto    at large    by heart

invain    withoutfail    hand in hand

•    10 000 words borrowed, 70/75% still in use in modern English

Latin borrowings

•    Alchemy - dissolve, distillation, elixir, essence

•    Astronomy - comet, equator, intercept

•    Biology-asp, cicade, locust, pine, łupin

•    Education - abacus, desk, et cetera, formal, major, minor

•    Language - allegory, clause, index, neuter, simile

•    Law - Client, executor, gratis, proviso

•    Medicine - diaphragm, digit, dislocate, ligament, saliva

•    Religion -collect, diocese, lector, psalm, redemptor

Borrowings from Dutch and Flemish

•    poll, boor, booze, bounce, dote, kit, bouy, deck, dock, freight, hoist, skipper, buoy

•    dollar, gain, easel, etching, landscape, piekle

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