Silberman

528 PSYCHOLOGY OE RELIGION AND APPLIED AREAS

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Religious VioIence, Terrorism, and Peace

A Meaning-System Analysis

ISRAELA SlLBERMAN

Morę wars have been waged, morę people killed, and morę evil perperuared in the name of religion than by any other institutional force in human history. ... At the center of authentic religions one always finds the promise of peace, both an inner peace for the adherent and the reqnirement to seek peaceful coexistence with the rest of crcation.

—KIMBALI. {2002, p. 156)

The invoivemenr of religion in nationai and International relations has been dr.ion-strated in numerous historical and contemporary acts of violence and wars across the world (Hoffman, 1998; Jtiergensmeyer, 2003; Kimball, 2002; Silherman, 2002, 2003b) such as the Crusades and the Inąnisition; the ongoing conflicts berwecn Jews and Mus-lims in the Middle East, Hindus and Muslims in India, Catholics and Protestants in Ireland, and Christians and Muslims in the former Yugoslavia, East Timor, Lebanon, Russia, and many countries in Africa, such as Nigeria; and the kil ling of physicians. and nurses by Christian antiabortion groups (Appleby, 2000; Carroll, 2001; Fox, 2001; Huntington, 2003; Silbennan, 2005a). Special artention has been given in recent years to many acts of religious terrorism, whićh involve self-sacrifice and/or murder in the name of God. Some examples of such religious terrorism include the 1995 nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway by Japanese followers of Shoko Asahara in the Aum Shinrikyo sect who were trying to hasten a new millennium, the September llth, 2001, attacks on the United States in which thousands of civilians were killed by members of the Ąl-Qaeda or-ganization, and a wave of bombings of civilian buses and public gathering places in Israel by the Islamie Hamas terrorists (Bergen, 2002; Hoffman, 1998; Silberman, 2003a; Silberman, Higgins, &c Dweck, 2005).

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