lingwistyka 7

1.9 Goals of Linguistic Theory and Unirersal Grammar Competence: complete, perfect knowledge of a Ianguage, intuitive łcnowledge of acceptability

which is part of the mcntal eąuipment of anative speaker (idealised native speaker] Performance: a native speaker's actual use of Ianguage Uniuersal Grammar: conditions that must be met by all human Ianguage s.

Universal Grammar is part of human biological endowment.

Creatiyity (opemiess/productivity): noveI utterances. idealised natiye speaker [no memory ŁLmitations]

1.10 Alternative Approaches:

Tagmemics (Pikę): assumes that Ianguage is one of the forms of human behaviour (verbal behaviour) and the primary function i3 the communicative one. Tagmeme (the smallest unit) is a syntactic counterpart of a phoneme in phonology.

Stratificational Grammar (Lamb): treats Ianguage as madę up of 4 strata and every sentence exists in all strata at the same tiine: sememic, lexemic, morphemic, phonemic.

Case Grammar (FiUmore & Gruber): assumes that base rules expand the sentence into:

(a) modality (tense, aspect, negations, ąuestions) and (b) proposition (case relationships)

[Agent/John + hit Goal/Bill + Instrument/with a hammer)

Relational Grammar (Perłmutter, Postał, Johnson): grammatical relations

Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (Gazdar, Klein): GPSG rejects DS, transfomiations, psychological considerations; deals with dependencies; assigns to each syntactic description a translation into so called intensional logie.

Montague Grammar (R. Montague): treats syn.tax, semantics and pragmatics of natural languages as branches of mathematics; natural languages are to be studied like the structures of formal languages in logie (also: truth conditLonal interpretation). _

COMBTITPENTS (WORD GROUP3) AMD COMBTROCTION8 (RELATIONSHIPS) I Modification

(M) (H)    (H) (M)    (H)    (M)

old man runs slowly    he left because he was tired

Predlcation (99-100)

John sang

/ \

Subject Predicate The old man[S] cultivated bis garden (PJ. The man [S] who [S] came [P]left early [P]

Complementatłon

Peter [SJ łdssed [V] Mary [C=0].

John [S] is [V] dever [C],

John [S] is (V| a student [C].

I (S] want [V] to go [CJ.

Sub or dinatio n

She cried when [Sub] ahe fell down [D].

Coordinatlon (102)

Jack [I] and (Co) John [I] [coordinatior and independent unit]

Jack sings [I] but [Co] Mary dances [1]

Sentence Patterhs(see Quirk: S70CA)

Expanslons and Transformations

JA

'boy was [there]

/_V

mother left falm »> the little boy was wkere his mother left him Pattems: eg. Dogs chase cats.

(A£Bxm.)(Neg.)(Pass.)(Neg.Pass.)(Request)(Neg.-Req.)(Pass.-Req.)(Neg.-Pass.-Req.)(Quest.)(Neg.-Quest.)(Pass._Quest.)(Neg.-Pass-Quest.)___

7 . Genbrative-Tran3FORMatiqnal Grammar The boy ran to the park. =*■==*=*>

S

NP    VP

D N Vi PP

Prep NP D N

Generative Grammarb: Sentence Basis. Generativeness. Types of Rules.

Phrase Structure Rule3: S->NP *- VP; NP~>D+N; PP---> Prep+NP; VP->Vi +(PP); VP~>Vt + NP; VP-> be+Adj

Deep and Surface Structures. Transformations. Rłcursion The old housefell down. [the housejthe house was old]fell down]

Deep Stracture> Relative T.> Be-deletion T.>Adjective movement T. >Surface Structure 8. Englibh Sentence Transformations & Phrase Structure Rules

Negative, Question, Tag, and Emphasis Transformations ( T neg., T quest., T tag., T emph.) Wh-Transformation (T wh), Passive transformation (T pass.) Reflexive Transformation (T refl.)

Imperatlve Transformation (T imper.) Relative Transformation (T rei.)

Be-Deletion and Adjective Movement Transformation (T be-del. and T Adj Movt.)_