m231D

Inside the upper story of one of the towers of the Chateau de Val. These cramped spaces formed a vital part of the castle ’s defences. (Author’s photograph)

hauberk also includes mittens, and is worn beneath a partially padded surcoat, while his legs are fully protected by mail chausses. The caparison of De Montfort’s destrier includes a protective ąuilted head piece. (Main sources: wali paintings, late i2th-early i3th cent. in situ Templar Church, Cressac; stained-glass Windows, late i2th early i3th cents. in situ Cathedral, Chartres)

D2: Brabanęon knight being armed, c.1225 Here we can see the ąuilted gambeson worn beneath a mail hauberk and the linen coif which includes a padded ring to support an early type of ‘great hełm’; over his knees the knight also wears ąuilted cuisses. (Main sources: lost funerary slab of Nicola III de Rumigny, late i2th-early I3th cent. after Van Dun Berg & Roland; aąuamanile in form of a knight, French or German 1200-50, Bargello Mus. Florence; Chest of Abbe Nantelme, 1225, Treasury, Abbey of St. Maurice, Switzerland)

Dy: French sąuire

The only military eąuipment worn by this non-combatant sąuire would be a close-fitting iron cervel-liere helmet and a dagger in a tooled leather sheath tied to his belt. (Main sources: Maciejowski Bibie, French c.1250, Pierpont Morgan Lib. New York;

Roman de Toute Chevalerie, French 13A cent. Ms. Fr. 23464, Bib. Nat. Paris)

E:    The last Albigensian rising, mid-ijth

cen tury:

Ei: Southern French sergeant from County of Foix

This soldier wears an iron helmet with a strengthen-ing ridge down the centre. Scalę cuirasses appear in various i3th century French sources and one such armour survives in neighbouring Spain. Otherwise he has an old-fashioned kite-shaped shield now only used by foot soldiers. (Main sources: Maciejowski Bibie, French c.1250, Pierpont Morgan Lib. New York; carved reliefs & capitals, early i3th cent. in situ Church of St. Trophime, Arles)

E2: French royal knight

In hot climates Western knights often wore the chapel-de-fer helmets normally associated with ser-geants. This man’s shield is now much smaller, while a buckled sword-belt has replaced the knotted type. On his right shoulder is a single thin wooden ailette showing the arms adopted by the Cures de Neuilly-sur-Marne after the Fourth Crusade. (Main sources: tomb slab of Georges de Niverlee, c.1262, in situ church, Niverlee; Album of Fillard de Honnecourt,

44