P1190371

29* Ewa Bugaj

ceived by the mhabtUuits of Podere Tartuchino in cxchangc for food was impasto portery. Iirgc storage pots. iron nails, some stonc raw materiał from the deposit located ! 5 km a»ay from it. as well as amphorac and othcr thin-walled ware from the local producuon centres. such as Satumia or Donganclla (Perkins, Attolini 1992: 129). Thcreforc »c may suppose that most of the local exchange in Etruria conststed in rcdistrtbution of goods similar to the one. which is known on the basis of ethnographic sources from \ arious tribal cnmmunities wherc chiefdoms fiinctioned. The local commumty provided its ruler first of all with food. but also with othcr goods. and perfomned towards the ruler certuin dutics. The local ruler ined a part of those goods to maintam his seat and pro\ idc for the people working thcrc. mcłudtng ctaflsmen. and the rest of the goods was rcdistributed among the gMpir tan Ałt commumty and among othcr communitics - less dependent or nB$g£bot*ting ones (so-callcd: system of clicntship), delivering ut the same time te aopha of produced goods in a form of gi fis. F urthermore. he organised feasts or \anous fcstn-als. etc. (Barker. Rasmussen 2000: 79-80. 211). lt was all on the lcvcl of eachange referred to as barter. That principle was binding in Etruria in the Wbmmb period and later remained dominant for a long time, because even with a stew ntroduction of coins into circulation - what was caused by various rcasons and is dated from 5* cent (Tripp 1986: 202-214; Borrelli, Targia 2004: 102-103) - tr sysami of cxchanging goods based on social and ritual commitments bet* Ha yriooa hiBBS elan groups was the most popular (Turfa 1986: 70). How-ever. rescarchers mention the existence of some othcr forms of exchange in Etruria. HM bet may be supported for cxample by discovering various bars of metal ore ia Mataments and in paiticular graves at cemeteries, as well as in hoards. Initially twe wen bars of bronye (oes rude), but with time also bars of iron ore, so-called naw tut appeared They circulatcd among population from 6^lh cent. and are Cah^en5d'-a fiu of conunodity money (Barkcr. Rasmussen 2000: 211). It may ialegtdal hcaides the exchange of goods resulting from social or ritual commit-aanat, One was in Etmria some incipient system of a market exchangc and that gNri»«*aieaecamuiated. what may be proved by hoards. Apart from that typc of OtWCMOR. cnaductcd by members of higher and influential social classes. in HHpgOjMtllMf existed a system, which was recognizcd for Aegean and Hfca£afl0taaiaad włuch Halstead calls “social storage of goods" - basically food f/gśktez. Raamussen 2000: 211 -212). It took place in some distance from centres of audmrity. and consisra among others - in the fact that in the rura) areas OAlfaaWi ftoap* supported one another with goods in the periods which auatcncc and crcated another network of mutual obliga-mm (Hatotead. O Shea 1982:92 Ł).

OiaBllewi of eKchangc 1 regional - is confirmed in Etruria by numerous which there are many objects serving practical and farm ^jOMMK aofuired. aa for examplc usable pottery and othcr objects,

I commcrcial exchangc carried on with production mtgraiing craftsmen. However. many luxurious and pic-

4M0U.H goods produced in specialised workshops - as for examplc vases madę SSably in Vulci by so-called Micali Painter (cf. Brcndcl 1995: 195-201 and Figs 129-132; Bnrker. Rasmussen 2000: 213 and Fig. 76) - were sprcad most likcly mainly through a gift exchange bctween leading clans. which was connectcd for Mlunplc with marriages or entering into political or military allianccs. The in-scriptions discovered on them may prove that a great number of those prestigious objects in Etruria werc gifls (Barkcr, Rasmussen 2000: 212-213).

I A highly dcveloped nctwork of long-distance connections between Italy and other regions of contemporary world is documcntcd by both numerous imports discovercd in Etruria and many Etruscan products spread on the other territorics. That cxchange was carricd on by sea routes (cf. Fig. 3). It is emphasised that the primary factor determining dcvclopment of an intensc exchange or even trade with Etruria was unusual abundance of minerał deposits in that region, but on the other hand, the finds of imported goods in Etruria were frequently madę outside the deposit exploitation area. Among the imports discovered in Etruscan regions Greek products dominate and most of them are rccorded within the southem cen-tres ol the coastal zonę. Rescarchers indicate that the mentioned excliange was in I ^ant* ^^lh centuries probably administered directly from the places like Ccrvetcri. Tarquinia and Vulci, and later by the ports in those cities. Not only exotic products were imported, but also oils, perfumes and winę (Turfa 1986: 70-71; Barker. Rasmussen 2000: 213-214).

Then among the traces of a long-distance exchange carricd on by Etruscans thcrc are first of all bucchero pottery, bronze products and amphorae. Outside Italy, the bucchero pottery was found in Spain, southem France, on Corsica. Sar-dinia, in Greccc, Turkey. on the coast of the Black Sea. Cyprus and in Syria, as well as on the northem coast of Africa - i.e. in Egypt. Libya. Tunisia (Fig 4). Etruscan amphorae (Fig. 5) are sprcad in Spain. southem France, on Sieily and in Greece. Numerous Etmscan bronze products are found in the vast area spreading as far as from the Mcditerranean Basin to the regions situated deep into Central Europę (Gras 1998: 90-93; von Hase 1989: 327 f.; 1998: 285 f. Barker. Rasmussen 2000: 214). Most of the goods. as it was noted before, were transported by sea (cf. Fig. 3). It is believcd. however. that Etruscan sea trade was vety complex. and also such were mutual relationships between Etruscans. Phoenicians and Greeks, who dominated that trade. The best confirmation of that are shipwrecks with load — as for example the one which sank about in 600 BC near Gigilo Island in the archipelago of Tuscan coast, or another which sank in about 580 otT the coast of France, near Cap d'Antibcs (Gras 1998: 9| 93). Their load consisted first of all of Etmscan products - bucchero. amphorae and bronzes but also. as in the case of the shipwrcck from Giglio (which is sometimes called an archaeological cvidence picturing complexity of trade interactions expcrienced by Etmscans) numerous other goods (Spivey 1997: 17) That merchant ship was probably headtng from Greece. preciscly front Asia Minor, towards Marseille. and sank after stop-_{pj in Etrur}ia. lis load contained about 130 amphorae and other Etruscan storage