P1200418

H Potlcry

A large numher ot gruvcs has bccn found with Gilndlingen swords assnciutcd włth pot-tery. Most ot thc gruws eona* from Southern C i er many and cspeeially Bnvaria where, sińce thc work ot G. Kossack. thc pottery chronology is relatWely well understood (Kos-sack 1957; 1959).

Two Gilndlingcn swords havc comc from thc ncwly-excavated cemctcry ot Hschbach-Schirndorf. Thcsc two grnvcs arc. as yct. unpublished. and thc author is grutcful for thc cummcnts ot R. Hughes. Institut fur Vor* und FrOhgcschłchte, Munich, which arc sutn-inanscd herc. Grave 202 was a crcmation with a bronie Giindlingcn sword and A4 chapc. A part from thc rich pottery, thc gravc contents inelude threc bronie pins with smali vase-shaped hcads. which speak for a vcry tarty position in thc Hallstatt period.

Cremation gravc 200 is particularly interesting, containing a \vell-prescrvcd iron sword dcfinitely of Gundlingcn typc; thc sword was provided with a chape of A2 type. Concer-ning thc pottery. R Hughes bclicvcs that the pottery from thcsc two gravcs belongs to thc carlicst phasc of thc ccmctery; furthermore. graves 200 and 202 arc certainly carlier than thc threc gruses in thc ccmctery which have iron Mindelheim swords.

An carly datę is also applicablc to the gravc from Muschenhcim tumulus 35 in Hessen (Polem 1975, 234-235, figs 2-3), and thc primary grave at Demmclsdorf. Gdc. Schess-lit/. in Obcrfrankcn (Abcls 1985b). The pottery from Muschenheim includes cups with pointed bases ('Spitzbcchcr'), and a conical-necked vcsscl with an internally-facetted funncl-shuped run and horizontal groovcsaround thc bascof theneck. The Demmclsdorf gravc containcd un A4 chapc (without a sword), and pottery including conical-necked ecsscls with horizontal grooves around the ncck, and a handlcd jug-shaped vcssel with a single linę of 'Kcrbschnitt' below the rim. Conical-necked vesscls with horizontal grooves on thc ncck arc known, for examplc. from thc late Umfield ccmctery of Kcl-heim; they arc also found in graves of the late Umflcld period and the transition to the Hallstatt period at Lin/.-St. Peter in Uppcr Austria (Adler 1965: e.g. gravcs422,446 and 447).

Yesscls w ith pointed bases arc also found in grave 8 from Wehringen, along with largc richly-decorated Knickwandschalen* (Fig. 3). The ‘Knickwandschalen* from Wehringen arc dccoratcd with engraved lozengcs and trianglcs; similar vessels associated with Gftndllngon swords arc known from Klcntnicc gravc 78, with sitnple cngraved hatched trianglcs and garland motivs (ftihovsk\ 1970. 40. fig. 4,b), Bobingcn tumulus of 1888, with cngraved trianglcs and lozengcs filled with Kcrbschnitt (Kossack 1959, pl. 58,7), Wcichering tumulus 2. with cngruvcd garland motifs (ibid. pl. 43,3). and Steinkirchcn tumulus 1. with graphited dccoration (ibid. pl. 132.7; conceming the chronological position of this grave, sec also thc comments of Kossack 1959, 63-64: »Keramik, dic

typologiach der jungumcnfcIderzeitlichcnTonwarc noch sehmahe stcht«). The presence of similar ‘Knickwandschalen* in thc late Umfield cemctcry of Kelheim underlines the very early datę of these gravcs (e.g. Sperber 1987, pl. 86, 88).

Conceming the pottery found with GOndlingen swords outside Southern Germany, it is morę difflcult to rcach conclusions without further research on the local pottery sequen-ces. Howevcr, łn the Jura, the graves from Chavćria and Nermier may yield useful Information. Both Wamscr (1975, 29) and Kimmig(1981. 109; 112)commented on the strong Umfield traditlons of this pottery. Kimming noted in particular the sharp edge bctween the rim and shoulder on thc inside of certain vessels, characteristic of genuine Umfield pottery and, among other graves, found in the GOndlingen sword-graves of Chavćria tumulus 16 and Nermier. Although Kimmig argucd that this demonstrated the conservatism of the potters of the Jura, it could equally speak for an early chronolo-gical position, at thc start of Ha C. The ‘cooking-pit* from Sinzelles-Caramontron (Haute-Loire), with a fragmcntary chape of the Frankfurt-Stadtwald variant, is even morę important for chronology. Accordingto J. Vital (1988,46) sherdsof completc ves-scls were found both in the lower and upper layers of the pit, suggesting that the finds can be regarded as a ‘complexc archćologique homogene’, deriving from a short spell of prehistorie activity. If so, the pottery must surely datę near the transitioń from the Umfield to the Hallstatt period, as for example the richly decorated conicał bo wis and fun-ncl-ncckcd jars demonstrate (Vital 1988, figsS, 1-3; 6,S).

In Bohemia, it is instructive to comparc the pottery from Litomefice and Plaftany grave 5 (compure ZApotocky 1964, 164, fig. 7; 165, fig. 8; with Dvofśk 1938, 54, fig. 50). It was argued above that PlaAany should be one of the latest Gundlingen sword-graves. and the pottery from the grave is in fact of classic By lany type (Ha Cl). The pottery from Litomćfice, a grave with a GOndlingen bronze sword and A4 chape, stands in stark con-trast, retaining the exaggerated flaring rims known from thc Umfield period (compare for example Sperber 1987, pis 36,172; 39,376; 82,65).

Conclusions

Our discussion has drawn attention to a numher of objeets. of Umfield type or rooted in an Umfield tradition, which are associated with Gundlingen but not Mindelheim swords. These include: bronze bits without rein-rings (PfedmćHce, Platćnice, Litomć-Nce, Kissing, Chaveria 16, Lengenfeld); some bronze phalerae (Lengenfeld, Chaveria 16); certain side-picces (Pfedmćfice, Chaveria 16. Lengenfeld); trapezoidal razors (Unterstall, Muschenheim. possibly Basse-Wavre); the PfedmiHce horse-head sceptre: bronze spearheads (Rekem. Baresia-sur-L*Ain); Period V typcs in the Nordic Zonę (StOndar, ROsunda. VAg); pottery (Schimdorf graves 200 and 202, Muschenheim.

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