w01

the mounds because of the weight. Several castles appeared with no motte or keep, relying on a strong stone curtain wali.

rear. For this reason it is rather hard to believe the idea put forward in one i4th-century chronicie that the surcoat kept the armour clean and dry. It may well have proved of some use during the crusades to fend off the heat of the sun from the metal links. It is just as likely, however, that its origins lay in a desire to emulate the long flowing garments worn by the Saracens. Most surcoats were tied at the waist with a girdle or belt which was separate from that securing the sword. Early surcoats were often white or self-coloured and perhaps had a contrasting lining. Some were soon used for decorative display, although this was not necessarily heraldic. Heraldry was a very new science with rules of usage. One man ought to have one coat of arms only, which passed to his eldest son on his death. Rules also governed the use of colour on colour. Surcoats were not greatly used for heraldic display until the i4th century.

Scalę hauberks continued in use. Wace refers to another garment, the curie, which, as its name implies, was probably of leather. Unfortunately no i2th-century representation seems to exist but i3th-century sources suggest it was a waist-length garment put on over the head and tied or buckled at the sides. It may even have been reinforced with iron. Some are

During the I2th century some palisades on the motte were replaced by stone walls to form a shell keep, though only a few stone towers were built on worn by knights over mail but under surcoats, others without other armour by infantrymen.

The conical helmet with nasal remained through-out the i2th century but variations appeared early. Many now had the apex tilted forward whilst some were drawn down at the rear to form a neck-guard. During the second half of the century hemispherical forms and, from about 1180, cylindrical types appeared, with or without nasals. Also at this time a few German illustrations show a bar appearing on the end of the nasal to protect the mouth. By the end of the century this had developed into a fuli face guard, provided with two slits for the eyes and pierced with ventilation holes or slots to assist breathing. The cylindrical form was a popular type for this new development. Used in conjunction with a neck-guard, this new helmet foreshadows the great hełm of the i3th century. That of Richard I has a tali fan crest, presumably of metal, on which a lion passant guardant is painted, echoing those on his shield.

17