m231E

Laane castle, ńrst erected in the I2th century as an outer protection for the city ofGent but cxtensively rebuilt in the

ijth century. Lilce most fortihcations in the Iow-lying west ofFlanders, Laane has a water-filled moat. (Author’sphotograph)

French mid-i3th cent. Ms. Fr. 19.093, Bib. Nat. Paris)

Ej:    Southern French crossbowman from

Bigorre

Quilted soft-armours were often worn by infantry-men without mail hauberks. This crossbowman, with his typical i3th century ‘stirrup’ crossbow, and doubled spanning hook hung from his belt, also has an early form of basilard dagger. (Main sources: Maciejowski Bibie, French c.1250, Pierpont Morgan Lib. New York; relief carvings, i3th cent. in situ west front of Cathedral, Amiens)

the hauberk which may, however, have been a separate colliere. Also notę the close-fitting cerreliere helmet, the rigid knee poleyns attached to the leather cuisses, and the long-bladed guisarme axe. (Main sources: ‘The Betrayal’ statuę group, north French 1275-1300, Met. Mus. New York; Chasse de Sainte-Gertrude, c.1272, Treasury of Church of St. Gertrudę, Nivelles; Romance of Lancelot, south French late i3th cent. Deulofeu Coli. Puigcerda)

F: The French invasion of Aragon, late ijth century:

Fi: French infantry sergeant from Toulouse Fully armoured foot soldiers probably remained a minority, but this man has a fuli mail hauberk over a padded gambeson apparently fastened to the neck of

F2: French military engineer The helmet worn by this man is of one-piece construction with a very narrow brim. Yet it might still be called a chapel-de-fer. In addition he has a hauberk beneath his supertunic and carries a fine Spanish sword. (Main sources: effigy of Jean

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