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gress of rescurch. Howcver, the reeent Siudy of British swords by C. Burgess and I. Col-quhoun (1988) has providcd a wclcome incrcasc of data whlch elarifies u number of typological problem*. They distinguished the fol Iow i ng typcs: I. Purc Ewart Park (‘steps 1-3*); 2. Ewart Park w ith Gundlingen cłcmcnts ('step 4* - cquivalcnt to the Tha- \ mes typc); 3. Holmc Pierrepoint (swords \\ ith a mlxed Ewart Park/GOndllngcn charac-ler»; 4. Pure Gundlingen. While no-onc doubts the chronological position of purc Ewart Park and GOndlingen swords (lale l rnfield and early Hallstatt rcspcctWely), the datlng of the swords w ith mi\cd churaeteristics (Thames and Holmc Pierrepoint) to Ha C by Burgess and C'olquhoun is not supported by the prcsence of swords in dateuble closcd li mis In faet Ewart Park swords found on the continent suggest a lute VJ rnfield datę for the wholc senes - including the most devcloped examples ('step 4* or Thames typc)*. Wlthin the typologie a I dcvelopmcnt from Ewart Park to Gundlingen swords, the trans-ition from the l^ł rnfield to the I lallstatt period is better cquatcd with the swords of mixed character. I.c. the so-callcd Holmc Pierrepoint typc. Examples from the continent inelude: Bad I ricdrichshull-h.ochcndorf. the 'Rhincland*. Chavćriu tumulus4, Velden/ Yiehltofcn. Ilarchiesund l ungsjdn (Sehauer 1971, cal. nos 666.608.67 l;Vuaillat 1977, fig 16, Hoppc 1986. pl. 95. 12; Marten 1975. 20. fig. 3; Sprockhoff 1931. pl. 22,9). The contcxts ol the swords inelude a river deposition. a bog deposition and threc graves. Al- I tliough the associated finds ure not nbundant. it is worth noting tliat the chapes from Veldcn and C'huvćria seem relatcd to the 'bag-shaped* late U rnfield typc. and the pot-tery associated with the Chavćria sword has close parallels in the Swiss late U rnfield cemetery of l.e Boiron. Cunton Yaud (comparc Vuaillat 1977, fig. 18; Bccching 1977,42, fig. 11104; 48. fig. BI20; 113. fig. 19. 3375S; 114-6, figs 20-22) und from Mórigen (Ber-nat/ky-Goct/c 1987. c.g. pis 8, 9; 44. 1.8 etc. i. The sword from Langsjon. which is best defined as a Northern Yariant of the Holme Pierrepoint typc. was not dcfinitely associated with the 'antenna sword* and spearhead illustratcd by Sprockhoff⁹.

Wliereas the Holme Pierrepoint swords can be given a late Urnfield or transitional Ha lt( datę. the Gundlingen type alrcady bclongs to the Hallstatt period. But owing to their cvtdcnt devclopvncnt from the Holmc Pierrepoint swords, the GOndlingen type ccrtainly dates from the vcry beginning of the Hallstatt period.

2 Chapes

Gundlingen swords are linkcd to late U rnfield traditions not only accordlng to typolog!* cal considerations but also. in a fcw cases, by their chupcs. Figurę 7 shows the combina tions of chapes with Hallstatt swords. The labie shows 81 certnin and four qnestinnahl< associations betwcen chapes and swords compiled, with additions und umendments

from Cowen (1967), Schaucr (1971), Novdk (1975), (icrdscn (19H6) und Burgess and Colquhoun (1988)¹⁰.

Not surprisingly, the iron swords havc been most difficult to dcal with: only 10 swords could bc uMsłgned to the GOndlingen or Mindclhcim types, comparcd to 15 which werc cither too poorly prcservcd or insufficicntly published for any typological deflnltloh.

But notc the four iron swords whłch wcre associated with A chapes (flg. 7). C iunching was inarkcd 'ąucstionalbe' owing to the sword. whłch moy not ccrtainly bc ussigncd to the GOndlingen type (Rcinccke 1911. pl. 55. 999; TorbrOgge 1979. pis 66. 1-2; 67, 12).

In the casc of Viala-du-Pas-de-Jaux, the cltupe is atypical. with the wings curled slightly upwards rather than downwards. The sword from Viala-du-Pns-de-J aux is badly pre-scrvcd, and not very well published, but could bc similar to the GOndlingen typc (Balsan 1948.406, fig. 2; Louis and Taffanel 1960,84. flg. 69). The unpublished iron sword from Schłmdorf grave 200 is ccrtainly of GOndlingen type, whcrcas the poor presewatłon of the example from Dolany, associated with an A3 chape, precludes a typological defin-ition ($aldovń 1968, 353, flg. 27,4). It is quitc possible, therefoic, th.it the four iron swords associated with A chapes could nil have conformed to the GOndlingen typc,

The chapes eonie in a widc varłcty of forms, which havc been studłed by Kossuck (1959, 13-15) and Schauer (1971, 217-225). Th esc two authors have divided the chapes into a number of types; Al (PrOllsbirkig type), A2 (BOchenbach typc and Frankfurter Stadt-wald variant). AS (Dottingen type), A4 (Ncuhaus type) and the B chapes (Bcratzhau-sen. Oberwaldbehrungen and Freihausen types)¹¹.

Apart from these, there arc the earlicr 'bag-shaped* chapes which havc been collected by Jockenhóvel. who recognised them as an integra! part of the 'Carp’s Tongue* com* plex or Ha B3 (Jockcnhóvel 1980,120; pl. S2B). Finally, there is a smali group of ‘boat-shaped' chapes, which belongs to the Hallstatt period (from Court-Saint-Ftienne, St. Aoustrille and ‘Fricdbcrg in Hcsscn'). Ali three of the 'boat-shaped* chapes camc from gravc contexts. The examples from St. Aoustrille. Dtp. Indre (Dćchelette 1913, 722, flg. 276,3; 723. flg. 277,1) and 'Fricdbcrg in Hessen’ (Schauer 1971, pis 105,652; 126, 47; Llndenschmłt 1881, Hcft VI, pl. 2,2; Lindenschmit 1889, pl. 47,7), werc cach usso-cioted with a bronzc sword, but otherwise lack associated flnds. The examplc from Court-Saint-Etienne (Murien 1975,26, flg. 7,7) was an isolated flnd from carly cxcava-tions in the ccmctery; the ccmctery has only produccd Hallstatt swords. and one suspects that it may havc bclonged to one of the isolated flnds of fragmentary GOndlingen swords.

Numcrous authors have notłced that the various chape types werc not uscd uniformly on GOndlingen and Mindclhcim swords (cspccially: kossuck 1959, 13-15; Gcrdscn 1986,48-50). The table on Fig. 7 shows clearly that the vurious A types of chapes (A 1-4) havc not been found associated with Mindclhcim swords which wcre. insteud. only uscd

7