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Subcategorization. features supply further vmformation about lexical items. eg. for nouns: [+/- common], [+/- małe), [+/- animate], [+/- human], {+/- abstract], eg. for verbs: [+/- transitivej, [+/- progressive] etc.

(coniext free & context sensitive) subcategorization rules pp. 80-1.

Subcategorization rules govem the proper choice of subjects and objects for verbs, co-ocurrence of nouns and determiners (eg. * John is pregnant, * The house breathed) etc.

1.6. A Notę on Giammatical Relations Traditionalgrammars: subjects, objects, predicates;

In a sentence something is predicated about the subject. eg. The horse Jdcked the man Even if we passivize the sentence [The man was hdcked by the horse),

the horse will remain the logical subject (the doer) [consider Deep and Surface Structures] cf. Case Grammar

T h e m e s o r T o p i c s, which correspond to the most important, or n e w , elements of the sentence, cf. The Prague School: Functional Sentence Perspective;

1.7.Transformations and Standard Theory.

Generative grammar isa system of rules which specify precisely and explicitly the relations between the meaning of a sentence and its physical (phonetic) realisation.

There are three components of such grammnr

SYNTAX: BASE (PS-Rules + Lericon) and TRANSFORMATIONAL COMPONENT (Quest. T., Neg. T., Pass. T.)

PHONOLOGY

SEMANTICS

Deep Structure PS): the underlying PS marker (generated by the BASE component

and forming the input for transformations).

Surface Structure (SS): the finał version of a sentence (after applying all transformations).

Transformations: obUgatory (eg. reflexivization, afibc), optional {interrogative, negati.ve, wh-)

Transformations: ordering of transformations Example: Wash yourself.

DS: You j wash j/ouj .

[Reflexivization T. ] >

You wash yourself.

[Imperative T. Equi. NP-del.] >

SS:_Wash yourself.

Chomsky's Standard Theory (Aspects ofthe Theory ofSyntax, 1965);How components are interrelated:

S YNTACTIC C OMPON ENT

BASE ====> DEEP STRUCTURES============> SURFACE STRUCTURES

1. Lexlcon | |

2. PS-Rules | Trasformations |

1 SEMANTIC COMPONENT . PHONOLOGICAL COMPONENT [MEANING] [SOUNDJ

1.8 E x t e n d e d Standard Theory

There are two types of categories at the BASE: (1) Lexical: N, V, Adj... and (2) Phrasal: NP, VP, PP...

X - B a r : Jackendojf and SeUark pointed out that there exist some intermediate categories larger than (1) and smaller than (2); therefore they divided a system of rules called X-BAR (Xj SYNTAX to deal with this problem; hence:

(a) the fuli phrase: NP, VP, (b) intermediate categoiy (N’, V') (c) lexical categories (N, V)

Consider: a big black dog Similarly X-bar convention has also been adopted for

representing sentences (S¹) and clauses (embedded sentences)

Det

jT-

/ \

/ \ Adj N /

Adj

/

\

S’

I / \

Pron. contp. S I think that I am fed up with syntarr. Thus: S*—> COMP + S

MOVE ALPHA (a) where alpha is interpreted as the phrase undergoing movement (eg. WH-MOVEMENT) GOYERNMENT AND B1NDING THEORY (GB) (cf. core vs. periphery)

a big black dog

1.9 Goals of Linguistic Theory and Uniyersal Grammar