S5006667

166 Mactoj Karwowski

The remaining face-beads come from territories out-side that of La Tóne settlement. The only find from a sita situated to tha north of this culture'* areas is the bead from Oomaniowice in Lower Silesia. This artefact comes from a giave linked to the Jastorf culture generally re-lated with a group of Germanie. In this compfax. the face-bead occuned together with the bobbin-bead mentioned a boye.

An interesting concentration of the artefacts under discussion, very simflar to each other stylistically and characteristicaly decorated with ttiree faces. comes from area of Japodic settlement situated on the northem Adria tic in Croatia and comprise four specimens from Kompolge. two from Prozor and one from Oonja Dolina. Mora fece-beads come from the areaof the Geto-Dadan eufture in Romania in this case, two specimens from Zknnicea. three from Bune$ti. and thirdly from the area of Tlwadan culture in Bułgaria (Kotmen). The bead from Kołmen is decorated with three faces simflar to the finds from Croatia

Numerous other fece-beads come from the western and northem coast of the Black Sea, mainly from Greek coionies. The most westeriy finds are beads from Man-gafia (andent CaUatis) in Romania and from Nesebar (Mesambria) in Bułgaria. The next specimens come from Btack Sea areas of Ukrainę — four from Parutmo (Ofe) at the mouth of the Southern Bug (Mykołayrnslca Obłast) and three more from the western Crimea: Sewastopol (Chersonesos), Kuichukskoye and Panskoye. The remaining two face-beads come from the area of the Bosphoran Kingdom: Kerch (Panticapaeon) in eastem Crimea and Fanagoria (Krasnodar). Same of the specimens from Otoia and Panskoye are decorated with three faces.

Despite the fect that fece-beads of the type described represent a fakty flytokafy homogeneous group, i is. in pnndpte. posstoto to distingush two warieties among them siender farms and squat forms (Figs. 6d-f) The former — more frequentty represented — are longer. nanower and seem to be less decorated. Squat beads are shorter. sSghtty baneFshaped and usualy decorated with a iarger number of piastic atemonts. triple-faced spedmens ałso occur. The style of the face in the case of both wanebes of face-beads is, howewer, afcnost iden-kcaL and this isatsotrue for the exampie with threefaces (Fig 9). It is ałso worth nohdng that squat forms are ctoerty more common in the soutoem and eastem zona of faoa-beed occurrence, whfle siender forms are more common in the northem zona. or temtońes that were nfluenced by the La Tanę aktora This <frns*xi of face-beads, ariach has afready been atudad toin the teare-ture (Vendovfr 1974. 1963: 12-14 Wodniak 1996 166-

168). Is. however, exclusively based on publlcations and is vary generał In character. A detalled analysis of those pieces described In the literaturę would undoubtedly help to make the typłogy more precise'.

The chronologlcal occurrence of face-beads covers a relatively long period. Black Sea finds are dated to tha fburth century BC. or possibly to the tum of the fourth and third centuries. Presumably at least some of the beads from the region of the Lower Danube and from Croatia shouid be similarty dated. Spedmens known from La Tknę complexes, on the other hand. are dated to the beginning of the Middle La Tśne period (i.e. about the middle of the 3"* century BC), that is. analogous to bobbin-beads and earty forms of glass bracelets. We are there-fore dealing not only with the stylistic differences mentioned. but also with a chronological break between finds from the south and east and finds from areas influenced by La Tśne culture.

The question of links between bobbin-beads and face-beads shouid be considered in several different aspeets. The most significant of these seems to be the fact that both forms of omaments have twice been found in the same complexes: in graves from Vac and from Domaniewice. This indicates not only their simultaneity. but above alt. sińce we are dealing with grave goods. their simflar function and significance. On the other hand, howewer, both types of beads ctearty differ, not only sty-iisticaUy, but ałso technologicatty. As has already been mentioned. bobbin-beads represent a fairly heteroge-neous group stylistically. Face-beads, meanwhile, re-gardtess of whether two or three faces are portrayed on them. possess distincL common technological-stylistic features. Al of the spedmens are cylindrical and must have been madę on a sandy-dayey coce. which has left iarge, often fakty inegular holes. Aft er applying allofthe decorations and leavmg the glass to cod. the core was remowed. The bobbin-beads. on the other hand. were prababiy fbrmed using the coi technkjue. Traces ofsuch a method of produebon may be seen in the visible threads of glass, nanower and more reguła r holes and marks

⁷ Archaeołogical glass a a partkułarty thanWess materiał to desoibe and flustrate. The shade of oołour. Uansparency and the quafiiy of the glass are features that can onły be pre-dseły dotormined by comparing a senes of artefacts. Techno-logical aspeets are ałso dffiert to Judge and are often sknpły Błi—a In pubfcceMon. In »w abeenoe of a commonły eoceptod typołogy for the artefacts described. their styfistic features can iHfy ordy be dotonnlnod on the basłs of Bustrafions. which is far from safefactoty m the case of very compiex decorations. It shouid afso be ramembered that every artefact (fisaissed hare is a unigue creabon by a głassmaker. and not. for example. cast n a mouU. Moraower. these artefacts did not have a dh reefly uMSartan function. which undoubterfy had an influence on twe generał styflrtic wariety

near these holes that were łeft when the rmished beads were removed from the rod. The body of face-beads, like that of bobbin-beads, is usualty madę of translucent blue glass. In many cases, this glass is intensety ootou-red, and thus very dark, often ghńng the impression of being black and opaque.

The decoratlon of face-beads is basicały composed of two elements: the face with eyes and piastic bosses. The face is madę of opaque glass set into the body, usuai-ty white or yeHow or, only exceptionally, green. A pair of eyes is inset within the face, atways madę of translucent blue glass and opaque white glass. The three-dimen-sional elements are madę of opaque glass and melted on the surface of the glass of the body or face. In the case of the face decoration, there is usually a styiised nose in the form of an eiongated drop, atways madę from the same glass as the face. The remaining elements are melted directly on to the glass of the body in the form of eiongated or oval bosses madę of opaque white glass. or more rarely yellow. The principłe decoratńre element of these beads are the eyes, madę by ałtemateły mett-ing differerrt coloured layers of glass. Mainly during the Hallstatt period, this is a commonly used techraąue in de-corating layered eye-beads, the so-caHed Schichtaugen-perien (Kunter 1995: 53-111). The simpiest and typicaJ Schichtauge is composed of three layers of glass: a blue border. a white ring and a blue ceniie. The eyes of al face-beads are madę in exactfy the same way, reganSess of whether the rest of the face is madę of white, yellow or. exceptiona!ly, green glass. This type of decoration hardly ever occurs on typicaJ La Tene glass. Perhaps the eyes' of the bobbin-beads from the grave in Vac shouid be treated as a very inept imitation of Schkhtaugen. They were presented in the form of piastic bosses formed from the glass of the body and addtoonaly emphasised by opaque white glass borders, in other words. generafly simflar to other bobbin-beads. It is possible. howcver. that the 'eyes' from the Vśc beads were madę by mett-ing bosses on to the ovaI Iayer madę from opaque white glass. The appfication of such a techniąue wotrid mean we were dealing with a farty obwious attempt to make Schichtauge. It is ałso worth nobng that a smal fragment of a bracelet of Group 15 from hfikutdce is decorated with a monochrome piastic eye of yeBow glass, melted on to the glass of the body.

The two mam decoratńe elements of glass brace-lets of Groups 6b and 15, as weR as of bobbin-beads. in other words fakty trreguJar threads arranged n spkafs. usualły accompanied by mouMed bosses. and threads forming figure-of-eight loops (ScMWbmorzńang). are characteristic only of the eastem CeMc regton at the

beglnning of the Middle La Tknę period white they hardly occur in the western La Tknę area in the same period. The elear concentration of these artefacts in a reialwety smali area. their identical chronological position and the common distinct styfistic features ailow us to deduoa that we are deafeng with glass from a locał glassmakeTs workshop. As Vendovś (1990:143)haspreviouslysuggested. such a workshop must have been in operatkm in the earty stage of the Middle La Tknę period — the initial period of devetopment of Cettic glass-working — some-where in the region of the central Danube. probably in south-westem Stovakia.

The queeton of soufo-east European face-beads is very comp*ex. Their prototypes seem to be decorated beads with a fakty rea&stic representafion of the tuman face occumng in large numbers in the Mediterranean region, but also known from the Black Sea. Thradan and Geto-Dadan areas (Haewemek 1977. Seefrted 1979; AJek-seeva 1982:33-45 pL 47; Bazarduc 1963: figs 21:4-5). The form of decoration offacebeads—above aU Scfacft-taugen. which is typcaf of Ras generał dass — is rare n La Tene culture and is certainły not a characteristic ete-ment of the art of gtass^roriang in that culture. Eąusity the core technkjue, an ariach these beads were madę. is foreign to that ctriture. The fact that the maponty ot face-beads known from groups of La Tknę ariach occur ki its border zones is also not to be oweriooked. Face-beads thus seem not to be products of a workshop operatmg within the lerritory of La Tene aritore and shouid rather be Bnked with south-eastem contacts wrih Pontic areas. R is mainfy thek dstnbubon that points to such a way of entering central-eastem Europę. The skes of their finds are fakty regutarty arranged atong the northem and western coast ot the Blade Sea. through tfie Lower Danube. and then tołowiing the dkeetton of frade routes atong toe Danube. the Sava and the Teza. In La Tene compteaes. they appear at the wety begaaang of the Makie La Tene period together with the earfiest iocaiy produced glass braceiets. Bobbin-beads are dated to the same period, on the one hand drawing styfisftcaty on glass braceiets. on the other consUufrng a locaJ kiatafeon of face-beads.

StyfisticaSy alien r La Tene ctriture. face-beads thus seem in fas hght to be knportt. It cannot be eaduded that Ras nagraaon of these omatnents atong the Danube and the Tisza to the eastem temsones of La Tanę o<xupatkxi rirnaii somehow finknrl to the migration nf the idea at Processing (or produdng) Ras new raw ma-toriaL glass. Das ałows us to suggest flrat fcnwriodgo of glass woriung in the eastem Cetec zonę was ad optod from Rie south-east in about ths midtfe of Bre Rard century BC.