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278 Suggestions for Further Reading

gathers a large stock of unassimilated information. For a special study of the varying motives which have taken Americans to one part of the world, see Van Wyck Brooks, The Dream of Arcadia: American Writers and Artists in Italy, 1760-1915 (1958). For some of the philosophical and epistemological im-plications of the means of travel in different epochs, see Harold A. Innis’ profound and remarkable brief books, Empire and Communications (1950) and Changing Concepts of Time (1952). I have raised some questions about the relations between travel styles and styles in sight-seeing in “An American Style in Historical Monuments,” in my America and the Image of Europę (1960), pp. 79-96.

The literaturę on the history of tourism is, for the most part, even morę rudimentary. F. W. Ogilvie, The Tourist Movement: An Economic Study (1933) is written mainly from the British point of view, and focuses on statistics and currency effects. A broader view is taken by A. J. Norval, The Tourist Industry (1936), a study originally undertaken under the auspices of the government of the Union of South Africa. Neither of these books, nor any other book I know, explores the many impli-cations of the rise of the package tour, the tour agent, and middle-class touring, for standard of living and social attitudes in generał. An essay on the history of travelers’ checks and credit cards could be quite suggestive. The rise of conventions (commercia!, professional, etc.) in the United States—a subject with wide implications—still needs treatment. An excellent re-gional study showing the many-sided possibilities of the history of tourism for social history in generał is Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (1957).

Government statistics, and reports of committees to promote tourism, are a valuable source. Here again I have found indis-pensable Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (Statistical Abstract Supplement; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; Government Printing Office, 1960), especially the figures on consumer expenditure, transportation, and distribution and services (for example, on ho-tels and motels). Miscellaneous facts can be found in such reports as: League of Nations (Economic Committee), Survey of Tourist Traffic considered as An International Economic Eactor (Geneva, 1936); U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Survey of International Travel (Washington. D.C., 1956) and United States Participalion in International Travel, 1959 Supplement (Washington, D.C., 1959); Clarence B.

Randall, International Travel: Report to the President of the United States (Washington, D.C., April 17,1958).

An oblique approach to the subject is found in the history of the formalities of foreign travel, and especially in the history of the passport. On this topie, however, much of the printed matter now concems either the bare Govemment regulations and formalities, or questions of public administration and political theory, such as how to administer the issuance of passports, whether restrictions on issuance are an infringement of the right of movement or of expatriation, etc. Current passport regulations, and especially the impressive easing and speeding of procedures for securing passports (in 1961, citizens in Chicago were receiv-ing their passports in three days), evidence the changed char-acter of foreign travel. Some historical perspective can be se-cured by a glance at documents from the turn of the century, for example, United States Department of State, Passport Regulations of Foreign Countries (Washington, 1897) and The American Passport (Washington, 1898). See Theodore M. Norton, “The Right to Leave the United States,” unpublished doc-toral dissertation in the Department of Political Science, Uni-versity of Chicago (1960).

The history of particular tour agencies can be approached through John Pudney, The Thomas Cook Story (1953), a vivid and literate essay, showing imagination, a sense of humor, and an even-handed impartiality; and its contrasting counterpart Alden Hatch, American Espress: A Century of Service (1950), a much thinner book, naive in its social history, with all the provincialisms and synthetic enthusiasms of “authorized” company history. On American Express see also: Ralph T. Reed, “American Express: Its Origin and Growth,” in Publications of The Newcomen Society, Vol. 15 (1952); and “Uncle to the Tourists,”Fortune, LXIII (June, 1961), 140-149.

The rise of the modern American hotel is difficult to study, except by personal exp!oration. This rich and colorful subject deserves morę attention from historians. The kind of thing which could be done is illustrated in Doris Elizabeth King, “The First-Class Hotel and the Age of the Common Man,” Journal of Southern History, XXIII (May, 1957), 173-188. A remarkable piece of Americana is Conrad N. Hilton, Be My Guest (1957); for naivete, self-revelation, and unintended confessión of American mores—in business, publicity, celebrity, marriage, and reli-gion—it has few equals in the whole of recent literaturę. The book is madę availab!e to guests in Hilton Hotels. Although it was obviously written with some technical, ghostwriting assist-