Obraz15 (5)

Kok mohiho cyflHTb no <{>0AbKA0pHbtM AAHHbiM, hasbahhc «pbr6»iH ay6» no»AHce pacnpocTpamtAOCb ha bcc bmam kocth:

«*..CtOHT nOABOpOTCHKa AOpOT pbTÓlIH By6...» ³⁸

rioAbiil por, ne ynoTpo6AHBniHitcn b npeAMAyiuyio snoxy, no cbohctbam óahbok K cnAotmtoMy, npeBOcxoAH ero no ynpyrocTH. B ropjmcft boac oh

CTAHOBHTCH MAPKHM H ntÓKHM H ACrKO pCJKCTCH HOHCOM.

B MHCAO nOAOpOTHX >KHBOrHblX ApeBHCH PyCH KAAO OTMeTHTb Typa, HAH syópa, pora Koroporo AOcmrAAH 6oamuhx paaMepoB. CyAH no nncbMCHHbiM

HCTOMHHKAM ⁴⁰ H apXeOAOTHMeCKHM AAHHblM, ⁴¹ Typbl B ApCBHCH PyCH BOAHAHCb i«e DCiOAy. a TOAbKO b K>HiHbix, aanaAHhix h ceBepo-3anaAHbix pauoHax. TypbH pora CAymHAH m&tcphaaom aah HaroTOBACHHji napaAHbix nHTbeBhix cocyAOB, noAABaBUinxcji ha khjdkcckhx mipax.⁴

PaaHOoCpaaHc ncnoAbayeMoro b pyccKHX KHJixcecTBAX KOCTcpesworo matc-pn&AA npH MaccoBbix paaMcpax caMoro npoHSBOACTBa TpeóoBaAO hc TOAbKO 6OA0e COBepIUCKHblX OpyAHH, HO II npHCMOB o6pa6oTKH. B MaCTHOCTM, npHMHTMB-Hbiit npHCM oóeaHOipHBaHHii kocth npcAbiAytuero nepHOAA npn noMoigH npo-croro MCrtainmecKoro yAAAemin cycraBOB Tenepb, npu pacui upomni pa.MOK KOCTGpeSHOrO np0H3B0ACTBA, 6blA HeAOCTaTOHCK.

X»IMH4CCKOrO otfcaNCliptluailłlfl CO CAOHCHOH AnriapATy pOH, KAK B COBpeMCH-HOM npOHSBOACTBe, ⁴³ KOHCHHO, He ÓhlAO. BhAHMO, HCllOAbaOBAACSI ÓOACe lipo-ctoh cnocoó, noAo6HbiH cnocoóy xoAMoropcKiix peamiKOB-KycTapeH n HeaaAe-

KOM npOUIAOM,-KHnflWHHC KOCTH B 1JJCAOKC. ⁴⁴ IlpHCM paaÓHBAHHH KOCTH Ha

OTACAbHbie KycKH npOAOAYKAA npHMCHRTbcii ii b paccMATpHBaeMbiH nepnoA.^4ł Ho npu pasACAKe kocth renepb wanje noAbsosaAHCb iihaoh; saroroBAHA Ma-TfpHAA AAA UIIAHHApHAeCKHX npCAMCTOB, KOCTb ntlAllAH HA l&HAIIHApHKH. ⁴⁰ Ecah b kocth ocraBaAacb ryÓHaraA TKAHb, ee yAAAAAH He6oAbuiiiM c yaiCHM Ae?BlieM HOHCOM, nOAOÓHblM HAHACHHOMy B GrapOH pAaaHH. ⁴⁷ ^AA nOAyneHHA nAOCKHX aarOTOBOK KOCTb pacnHAHBAAH BAOAb TAK1IM 0Ópa30M, MTo6bl HA nAA-

CTIIHKAX HC OCTABAAOCb ryÓHATOft TKAHH (pHC. 2-/) (npH pacnłlAIIBaHHlf KOCTH

OTnaAAAA HAAOÓHOCTb B CC pA3MArHeHHH). ⁴⁸

o nHAaX KAK H HCTpyMCHTC nilCbMCHHblC HCTOHHHKH COOÓlgaiOT MAAO. ynOMHHAHHC O RHAC B HHX CBASblBACTCA C TAarOAOM «TepeTb», a HO nHAHTb. ⁴⁹ n»iAbi HeoAHOKpaTiio nonaAAAHCb npH pacKonicax b KOMnAeKcax IX—XIII b®.,⁵⁰ npimeM ha TeppHTOpHH, npeiKAe sahatok AbsiKOBigaMH, ohh BcrpenaioTCA hc* CKOAbKo nosAHee IX—X bb.

B COBpCMCHHOM K0CTCpC3H0M npOH3BOACTRC UiepOXOBaTaA I10BepxilOCTb CKO-AOTbIX KyCKOB KOCTH BbipailHHB&eTCfl pailinHACM H H&JIHAbHHKOM. HmH HCe CHH-MaeTCA AHUIHHM CAOH KOCTH AAA npHAAHHA H3ACAHK) OnpOACAOHiHOH $OpMbI. ⁵¹

^M A Map K O li. SblTOBblC OMCpKH pVCCKHX 6bIAHH, M., 1904, CTp. 17— 18,

^M T. II. Por a h ob, ykaa, com., CTp. 13.

⁴⁴ AaaptHTbfBCKaJi ACTOimcb, 1872, CTp. 24.

⁴¹ H. rl. PeriNMKOB. Packohkh 1909 r. a Cr. Aaaore. C6, HośropaacKoro o6-sa aio(5. ApesM., Bbin. 4, HomropoA, 1911, CTp. 12.

⁴⁸    B. lipo i o p o b. MaTepjtaAbi no hctoomh pyccKHX oacmca, t. III, CTp. 11. (Mhhh-anopa XIII b. mb «?Rmthji SopRca m rAe6a»).

^a r. M. MmIIAIBN¹!. 06eBBtilpHB&HHe KOCTH, M., 1933.

⁴⁴ B. M. 3y6akhh. yxaa. com., ctp. 21.

** Koaa. THM. Ct. PasaHb. PacKonKH B. A. TopoAUOBa; HosropoA. Packorkh A. B. ApuMsoBCRoro.

⁴⁴ Koaa. THM. Bwmropofl, Ct. PjtaaHb.

^4ł Koaa. THM. Packorkh B. A TopoABOBt, 1926.

⁴⁴ Koaa. TMM. BbiuiropoA, Ct. PjiiAHb. PacKORKii A. A. MoHr&HTa Na 44, 94, 114 N Ap.

⁴⁹    H. CpeiH(BCK mh, t. II, crp. 931.

⁹⁰ B Grapoil AtAore (B. W. Pibaon mkic, Crapaii AaAora. KCMMMK, bwii. XI, CTp. 39, pMC. 25) M HA KhAMCC# rppe (B. B. TapHOUCKHH. KaTIAOT MAAOpOCCllHCKMX

ApBBMOCTeA, KmCB, 1898, CTp. 28. M 1532),

⁴¹ AaHHhie cKyAbirropa C. A EaaHryAOBa, ak>6csho coo6igeHHbie ab Topy ctatam.

npKMCHUACSI AH HAllHAbllHK AAH OÓpaÓOTKH KOCTH B ApCBHeH PyCH? OxOHMa-TeAbHaK aanOAHpOBKa nOB€pXHOCTH ÓOAblUHHCTBa H3ACAHH b npoyecce HX HcnoAbsoBaHHH crAaAHAa CACAbi oópaóaTbiBaioigero hx opyftHH, h Tenepb Tpya-HO CK&BATb, 6blA AH BTHM OpyAHCM HanHAbHHK HAH HOłK. Ho B COÓpaHHHX rHM HMeiOTCH npCAMCTbly AAn HSrOTOBAeHHfl KOTOpbIX HanHAbHHK ÓblA HO-

oóxoahm. ■ TaKODbi rpeÓHH (pac. 2—2) h paaAHHHoro poaa noacAKH c yaop-HbiMH BbieMKaMH. 3aTaⁱiHBaHHe h OKpyrAeHne ayóbeB y rpeÓHH motao npona-BOAHTbCH TOAbKO HanHAbHHKOM. CyiUCCTBOBaHHC HX B ApCBHeH PyCH B AOMOHrOAbCKHH ncpHOA HO BbiablUBCT COMH6HHH, nOCKOAbKy OHH ÓblAH HtaHACHbl b pBAC mcct. ⁵² HcnoAbaoaaHHe nnA h Hannabhhkob eige 6oAee coKpaTHAO poAb ckoóachhb h uiAHcpoBKH, TorAa kak noAHpoBKa Bce euje npOAOAHCaAa npHMe-HKTbCB u Aa>xe npHoópeAa 6oAbixiee 3Haaemie. Ha HeKOTOpbix kocthtn>ix H3ac-ahhx BToro nepnoAa BCTpenaioTCfl npocBepAeHHbie OTBepCTHH, oahh Ha koto* pbIX CA€AaHbI KaMCHHbIM CBCpAOM, HCnOAb30BBBIUHMCH eige AbHKOBJjaMH, ⁵³

Apyrne (h HX ÓOAbUIHHCTBo) -MeTaAAHHeCKHM CB-CpAOM C HapC3K0H (pHC. 2-

2a). ApxeoAorn b AOMOHTOAbCKHX caohx ropoAOB hbiiiah noAOÓHbie HceAe3Hbie CBepAa C BHHTOBOH HapC31K0H. ⁶¹

Bce ocHOBHbie npneMbi oópaóoTKH npoctom kocth CBOHCTBeHHbi h oópaóoT-ko cnAOiinioro pora. Ero TaK*Ke fihahah, cuepAHAH, ckoóahah, aarAajKHBaAH

HanHAbHHKaMH, IIOAHpOBaAH (pHC. 2-2(1, 6, fi). OAHOpOAHOCTb CTpOeHHH

poro BOH TK3HH 1703 BOA H AA HCn0Ab30BaTb por H ĄAfl TOKapHbIX paiÓOT. ToMeHbIC

poroBbie HaAeAHH naBOCTHibi b MepHnroBe,⁵⁵ KweBe,⁵⁶ HoBropoAe⁵⁷ (puc. 2— 3) h Grapoii Pasami. CaMbre pa»HHe H3 hhx nepiiiiroBCKiie. MaTepHajvw CTa-

pOH FH3aHH FIO3B0AHIOT yTBftpaKA&Tb; MTO TOKapHblH CTAHOK B AOMOHrOAbCKHH irepHOA ho hmca aaecb TaKoro óoAbiuoro pacnpocTpaHeHHH, kak b HoBropOAe h KneBe, tac, KpoMe kocth, Ha HeM tohhah h AepeBO.⁵⁹ Hto KacaeTcn ycTpoit-CTBa TOKapHOro CTAHKa, TO o HeM TpyAHO CyAHTb H3-3a OTCyTCTBHH COOTBeT-CTByiOIgHX AaHHbIX. EAHHCTBeHHOH BeigblO, MOryiyeM ÓbITb npHHaAAe«HOCTbIO TOKapn, HBAHeTCH naHACHnaa G. H. CepreesbiM b rH£3AOBCKOM KypraHe CTa-mccka c pacuiHpeHHbiM h HaorHyTbiM paóoMHM kohijom. ⁶⁰ B KHHre «0 maxMa* tax» TpCBep h OpóeAH ⁶¹ npHBOAHT HcnaHCKyio MHHHariopy XIII b., Haoópa-nsaioigyio npoyecc HaroTOBAeHiiH maxMaT Ha TOKapHOM CT&iace. IlocAeAKHH OTAHHaeTCH, eyAH no pHCyHKy, ÓOAblUOH npHMHTHBHOCTbIO yCTpOHCTBa: MeHfAy AByMH BepTHKaAbHbiMH cTOHKaMH 3aKpenACHa oÓTaHHBaeMan Benjb; saatHMbi, npHAepHCHBaioigHe ee, hotoh npHBOAOTca b ABHHceHHe npn riOMOujH MaxooHKa h ncAaAH. PeacyujUH HHCTpyMeHT — CTaMecKy — Macrep acpjkht b pyxax. HaAo noAaraTb, hto ApcBHepyccKHe peanniCH no kocth paóoTaAH Ha TOKapHOM cTaH-Ke, TexHHHecKii eABa ah óoAee coBepiueHHOM, hcm oriHcaHHbiH.

OcOÓeHHOCTH CTpOeHHH nOAOTO pora TpeóOBBAH npeABapHTeAbHOH oópaóoTKH, noaTOMy ero cthah npHMeHHTb ropaaao no3AHee, hcm cnAOiziHOH. HaAO ÓbiAO >AaAHTb BHyTpeHHHH KOCTHbiH cTepaceHb, npHKpenAeHHbiH k pory TOHKOH npOCAOHKOH COeAHHHTeAbHOH TK3HH, yASAHH KOTOpyK) MOHfHO ÓbIAO CHHTb pO-roByio nacTb. B npOH3BOACTBe poroBbix rpeÓHCH b XIX b. por npeABapHTeAbHo

⁶⁸ Koaa. IT1M. BbiniropoA HoeropoA. Packoiikh 1947 r. MaTepnaA AioóeaHo npeAo-ct&bagh aśTopy cTaTbH A. B. ApuHxoacKHM. Ha Khjimch Fope. PacKonKH H. BeAJimeBCKoro. 1891 r. K HeBCKaR CTapHHa, 1892, JNfe 1, ctp. 95.

⁵³ Koaa. THM. Ct. PasaHb, BbiiuropoA h ap*

⁸⁴ B. H. X a h e h k o* 2lP^eBH0CTH npHAHenpoBbH, r. V, 1908, ctp. 39, t&6a. 5. Phc. 86. HoBropoA. PacKonKH A. B. Apg^oBOKoro 1947 r.

⁶⁵ Koaa. rHM (III ApxeoA. otacaX

⁸⁶    TaM me.

⁸⁷    Betgpt pacKonoK A. B. ApyHxoacKoro b 1947 r.

⁸⁸    Oahh TOHeHbiH npeAMCT cpeAH ApyrHX, cACAaHHbix kojkom.

⁸⁸ HoeropoA. Packorkh A. B. Apqhxobckoto b 1947/48 rr.

⁶⁰ A. CnuubiH. rHCMAOBCKHe KypraHhi b pacKonxax C. H. Cepreeaa. HAK, Bbin. 15. 016., 1905, cTpu 43.

⁸¹ K. B. Tpeaep h H. A. OpóeAH. UlaTpaHr, A., 1936, crp. 92—93.

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