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Glottis - space between thc vocal cords

•    If the glottis is opcn, produced sounds arc voiceless

•    If the glottis is closed, produces sounds are voiced

Yelum:

•    If the track is closed by the veluni and the tongue. the air escapes through the nose and the consonant is callcd nasal

•    If the track is open. the air escapes through the mouth and the consonant is called orał

3. Places of articulation:

•    Bilabial -both lips

•    Labio-dental - lower lip and upper front teeth

•    Dcntal - tongue tip and upper front teeth

•    Alveolar - tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge

•    Post-alvcolar

•    Retroflex - tongue tip curled back past the alveolar ridge

•    Palato-alveolar - blade of the tongue rising towards the alveolar ridge and the front of the hard palate

•    Palatal - front of the tongue and thc hard palate

•    Velar - back of the tongue and the velum

•    Uvular

•    Glottal - vocal folds

4. The manner of articulation:

•    Stops - the articulators come together and cut off the flow of the air, then they separate abruptly

•    Trill - serics of rapid intcrmittent closures madę by flexiblc organ on a firmer surfacc

•    Tap - a single act of hitting a firmer surface by a flexible organ

•    Latcral (approximant) - the air escapes through the space on the sidcs of thc tongue

•    Fricative - the articulators are very close together leaving only a very narrow channel through which the air escapes, producing turbulences

•    Latcral fricative - combination of latcral and fricative

•    Approximant - the articulators are near each other but large enough for the air to escape without causing turbulence