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----j _ —......— r~ ---- ■' j — ■¹— * ~ .w —&— j — ■ ■ —......~ j ~ ■¹ ~ ■ — ■^w

present indicative tense, then adding the opposite endings. These are, for -AR verbs, -e / es / e / emos / eis / en and for -ER / -IR verbs, -a / as / a / amos / ais / an. Irregulars are IR / VAYA, HABER / HAYA, SER / SEA, and SABER / SĘPA.

The past or imperfect subjunctive is formed by removing the letters -RON frmo the ellos form of the preterit tense, then adding the following endings (they are the same regardless of verb ending): -ra / ras / ra / ramos / rais / ran or -se / ses / se / semos / seis / sen. (The alternate -se endings will only appear on the extra credit section of the test.)

Estrategia: For each question, consider the tense of the first (already conjugated) verb. If it is in the present tense, you know that you should choose a present tense verb for the second (sometimes, a past tense verb may also make sense, but you will always be safe choosing the present tense); if it is in the past tense, choose a past tense verb. Then, consider whether the first verb implies doubt, denial, uncertainty, emotion, or opinion. (Some clues: dudar, recomendar, aconsejar, ser + adjetivo de emoción, ojala, negar, decir [as an order] etc.). If it does, choose the subjunctive. If it implies certainty or knowledge (some clues: ser + verdad / cierto / claro / obvio, no hay / habia duda, saber, creer, pensar, decir [as a statement]), choose the indicative. If there is no que (or other word, such as cuando, that starts a new clause) and only one subject, choose the infinitive.

Ojala: sentences with ojala generally have only one verb - that verb always requires the subjunctive.

You must determine the tense based on the time clause at the end of the sentence.

Adverb clauses: this semester, we practiced extensively with 18 adverb clauses that are sometimes used with the subiunctive. You can download the Dacket about these from the wiki. but in brief. always