3416400935

3416400935



immediately blocked up and protected by means of 130 retaining walls of dry masonry and 79 carth tcrraces; sińce this time no further damage has been caused. The avalanches in the region of the Southern tunnel entrance, where the station of Goppenstein is situated, are morę considerablc and also morę dangerous. This station is the meeting point of 6 large avalanches, with breakaways at altitudes up to 1400 m above the railway lcvel. Already in 1907, i.e. shortly after the tunnel was begun (1906) it bccame obvious that adcąuate blocking constructions in the breakaway region of the avalanches were essential to protect the railroad. The necessary measures were not taken immediately so that in February 1908 a great dis-aster took place. A powder snów avalanche slid down and the air pressure completely destroyed the hotel which had been erected for the Staff employed in the construction of the tunnel. After this catastrophe accurate winter observations, and protective works were started immediately. Thorough examination of the reason for the formation of the dreaded avalanche revealed that the same had been set in motion by the breaking-off of a cornice from the 2600 m high Stritten Ridge. It was therefore particularly necessary to prevent the formation of snowdrifts by taking adeąuate measures. For this purpose high free-standing walls were erected on this ridge in order to confine the snów in the interspacc bctwccn the wali and the ridge and thus avoid the formation of larger cornices.

In the course of the years the area with protective works was gradually extended to include also the breakaway regions of the other avalanches. Up to datę morę than 400 dry masonry walls against snowdrifts and avalanches with heights of 2-12 metres and lengths of 30-100 metres have been built. Today as a result of the measures described above, Goppenstein Station is protected over a Iength of 443 m. The expenses up to datę amount to 650,000 Swiss francs. But the main-tenance of the walls and the extension of the re-forestation reąuire considerable expenditure every year and each summer a large group of workmen is employed in repairing damage. It has not been possible to prevent the sliding-down of ava-lanches in all places. Such places had to be avoided by the construction of tunnels or protected by galleries.

Even after the opening of the railway it became necessary to build on the Southern side of the tunnel, betwccn Goppenstein and Brig, a further 7 galleries with a total Iength of 608 m. In the Mahnkinngraben, the catchment area cannot be protected on account of its large size, and the local conditions within the area of the railway linę are such that the construction of a gallery would be disproportionately expensive. Here an electric alarm system was installed; with the severing of a signal wire, stretched across at the narrowest point of the gorge, approximatively one kilometre above the railway, colour-light signals automatically switch to the danger position and thus hołd up the traffic along the endangered section of the linę. This installation has proved to be fully satisfactory and has never failed to signal the approach of an avalanche. After leaving the southem portal of the main Loetschberg-tunnel at Goppenstein (1220 m above sea level) the railway linę follows the eastern slope of the extremely romantic and decp valley of Lonza and, through the Hohtenn-tunnel, then turns towards the northern slope of the Valais. It follows this slope over a distance of about 20 km, steadily descending with a constant gradient (2.4%) towards its terminus at Brig (681 m above sea lcvel). Over about half of this section, the railway linę had to be excavated out of the rock which consists of crystalline schists, gneiss, sericite and chloritc schists as en chantier et, en fevrier 1908 une catastrophe se produisit. Une avalanche de neige poudrcuse descendit en direction des batiments de 1’entreprise et le deplacement d’air detruisit entierement 1’hótel qui avait ete edifie pour loger le personnel occupe a la construction du tunnel.

A la suitę de ce desastre, on proceda a des observations d’hiver et Ton mit immediatement en chantier les travaux de defense. Un examen approfondi dc la cause du decrochcmcnt de l’ava-lanche revela qu’clle avait etc provoquec par la rupture d’une comiche au Strittengrat, a une altitude de 2600 m environ. II s’imposait donc, en particulier, d’empecher la formation de corniches, par des ouvrages appropries. On construisit des murs eleves et isoles, afin que la neige put se deposer entrc les murs et la crete, sans qu’il se produisit de grandes corniches.

Au cours des annees suivantes, le perimetre des travaux de defense s’etendit toujours davantage et engloba les zones de rupture des autres avalanches. On a erige ainsi jusqu’& ce jour un total de 400 murs cmpechant la formation de corniches et murs d’avalanche en maęonnerie sechc de 2-12 m de hauteur et de 30 a 100 m de longueur.

Les ouvrages de defense decrits plus haut protegent aujourd’hui la gare de Goppenstein sur une longueur de 443 m. Leur cout s’ćlevc a cc jour a plus dc 650000 francs. L’cntretien des murs et l’extension des reboisements absorbent toutefois annuelle-ment encore de grosses sommes et chaque ete une assez forte equipe prcnd soin de 1’entretien des ouvragcs cxistants.

Les travaux de defense et de reboisement n’ont pas partout suffi a empecher la formation et le decrochement d’avalanches et il a fallu proteger les endroits ou le danger d’avalanchc subsistait par des tunnels ou des galeries.

Chaque annee, et a plusieurs reprises, les avalanches emprun-tent les nombreux fosses et ravines creuses le long de la ligne du Loetschberg. Tous ces points, a I’exception du Mahnkinngraben, sont proteges par des tunnels ou des galeries. Nean-moins, apres 1’inauguration de la ligne, il fallut encore etablir sur le versant sud, entre Goppenstein et Brigue, 7 galeries d’une longueur totale de 608 m. Dans le Mahnkinngraben, dont le bassin de reception ne peut etre consolide vu son eten-due, sa configuration, et la proximite de la ligne, la construction d’une galerie cntrainant des frais disproportionnes, on a amenage une installation ćlectrique de signalisation. Lorsque le cable de signalisation qui est tendu au point le plus etroit du couloir, a 1 km au-dessus de la ligne, vient a se rompre sous la pression de l’avalanche, il declenche des signaux lumineux qui interdisent le passage et ainsi banrent le tronęon menace. Cette installation a fait scs preuves; clle a bicn fonctionne chaquc fois qu’unc avalanche s’est decrochee.

Apres cette halte le train longe a mi-flanc la vallee profonde, romantiquc et sauvagc de la Lonza puis s’engagc dans le tunnel de Hohtenn et debouche dans le Valais, sur le flanc nord de la vallee du Rhóne. Sur un parcours de 20 km la voie ferree descend en pente reguliere (24 pour mille) jusqu’a la station terminus de Brigue (681 m s. m.). Plus de la moitie de ce tronęon a ete creuse dans des schistes cristallins et du calcaire jurassique, ce qui a necessite la construction a flanc de coteau d’un grand nombre de tranchees, de nombreux tunnels et murs de soutenement.

Glissements rocheux

Ce flanc dont les couches rocheuses sont approximative-ment paralleles au versant et en meme temps a la ligne,

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