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an equilibrium of power has been attained between a multiplicity of States, the emphasis has lain upon the protection and reservation of maritime resources, and conseąuently upon the assertion of local authority over the sea438.

Par conseąuent, les Etats-Unis trouvent que la navigation de la marinę ainsi que le survol des aeronefs, sont indispensables pour leur prosperitę economique et leurs interets strategiques. Dans ce sens, le president des Etats-Unis a l’epoque de 1’elaboration de la CNUDM, Ronald Regean, a prononcć dans un dicours que :«The Unites States will not acquiesce in unilateral acts of other States designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of the intemational community in navigation and overflight and other related High seas uses»439.

Selon la position des Etats-Unis, si le passage du Nord-Ouest ne repond pas au critere fonctionnel, cela ne signifie pas que le Canada interdira definitivement le droit de passage inoffensif car ce droit n’est passible que d’une suspension en cas d’une menace contrę la securite environnementale, et c’est dans ce cas que la LPPEA sera misę en    par

Canada, il est devenu de plus en plus complique pour les navires battant pavillon ćtranger de traverser le passage du Nord-Ouest sans prendre en consideration les dispositions de la legislation maritime canadienne en mati&re de navigation dans les eaux glacees. Selon la CNUDM, le Canada peut exercer son contróle sur les eaux territoriales glacees, adopter des reglements pour proteger l’environnement et maintenir la securite.

Au finał, si force est d’admettre que le passage du Nord-Ouest repond dans une large mesure au critere geographique mentionne dans 1’affaire du Detroit de Corfou, il ne repond pas suffisamment, selon nous et selon le Canada, au critćre fonctionnel.

438    Ibid k ia pl.

439    M.N.Leich, «Contemporary practice of the United States relating to intemational law» (1983) 77 Am. J Int’l L, a la p 620.



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