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Overview of Musa viruses in sub-Saharan Africa

and they differ serologically, genomically, and biologically (Lockhart and Olszewski 1993; Geering et al. 2000), making diagnosis difficult. It has recently been shown that BSV genomie seąuences are integrated into the genome of Musa and Ensete (LaFleur et al. 1996). While all Musa genotypes tested appear to contain viral seąuences, the naturę of these seąuences is variable. Of two integrated seąuences characterized so far, one appears to be incapable of giving rise to episomal BSV infection. However, there is good evidence that the second integrated seąuence is the source of de novo episomal BSV infection, and that this is associated with in vitro propagation and possibly other stress factors (Ndowora et al. 1999; Harper et al. 1999). This phenomenon has prevented the deployment oftissue cultures of improved banana and plantain hybrids (Frison and Sharrock 1998). There is evidence that additional integrated BSV seąuences can give rise to episomal infections with other BSV strains (Geering et al. unpublished).

As vegetative propagation appears to play a large role in transmission of BSV, the most effective means to control the disease is to ensure source plants used for propagation are virus-free. In view of the activation of some forms of the integrated genome in vitro, propagated plantlets of hybrids should also be tested, even though source plants appeared virus-free. High incidences of mealybugs in plantations should also be reduced.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

CMV, the type member of the genus Cucumovirus (family Bromoviridae), is worldwide in its distribution, has the largest host rangę of any plant virus, infecting morę than 800 species, and is transmitted by morę than 60 aphid species in a nonpersistent manner (Palukaitis et al. 1992). Virus strains can be subdivided into two major subgroups, I and II, by serological and molecular methods (Devergne and Cardin 1973; Piazzolla et al. 1979; Edwards and Gonsalves 1983; Rizos et al. 1992; Singh et al. 1995; Hu et al. 1995), but all yield essentially the same subdivisions of isolates (Rizos et al. 1992). Subgroup I, typified by isolate DTL, occurs predominantly in the tropics and subtropics, while subgroup II, typified by ToRS, is prevalent in temperate regions (Hassę et al. 1989). Both subgroups, however, do occur on bananas (Diekmann and Putter 1996). Strains on banana vary from those not causing any symptoms to those inducing mild to severe symptoms (Diekmann and Putter 1996). The heart-rot strain found in Morocco is particularly severe (Wardlaw 1972).

The virus may cause chlorosis, mosaic, and heart rot, and is the etiological agent of infectious chlorosis disease in this crop (Niblett et al. 1994). In generał, CMV does not have a major impact on banana production, but serious outbreaks have occurred (Bouhida and Lockhart 1990; Li 1995). Bunch weight reductions of between 45% and

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