Literatura zgadnienia literatura

1. What is allegory
Extended metaphor where characters stand for issues, concepts and ideas

Jonathan Smith

“Tale of a Tub” – an old father is dying has three sons. They are named: Peter, Martin and Jack. In his last moments, on the bed the father says: I will give you a coat each. Please keep these coats in the original. Peter doesn’t like it because he thinks it is to simple. He adds some ornaments. Jack does the opposite. He thinks that there are too many ornaments. He reaps off the buttons. Martin preserves the coat in the original coat.

It is about religion. It shows Anglican, Puritan and Catholic. Peter is a catholic religion (Saint Peter, very rich rituals), Martin is a protestant (Martin Luther), Jack (Jack Calvinism – Puritanism). The meaning: the only true religion that is handed down from father to people is Anglicanism.

2. What is the message of Pilgrims Progress?

Hope is the most essential value on the way from the City of destruction (Earth) to the Celestial city (heaven). It's more important than faith. Faith means salvation whereas hope is what motivates us to go forward despite all the problems we have to face during our journey.

3. Justify the popularity of metaphysical fiction in modern/contemporary poetry.

Because modern society needs to be surprised shocked an intrigued to be interested in poetry. People need to be motivated to do something much more these days. Things that shock or surprise us were always the most attractive topics, that’s why modern poetry uses that much of metaphysical fiction as it evokes our interest in it.

4. Why was the 18th century the age that did not produce the great poets?

Facts were more important than poetry these days. Poets tend to get inside our soul to evoke some images or feelings in us. They hardly ever try to talk about facts, they rather try to talk about certain issues or states of one’s heart or mind.

5. De Foe as a man (personality, religion) + Literary forms

Daniel De Foe is called the biggest liar in English literature. His name was originally Foe. His father who was a butcher provided the best education for him. De Foe was a specialist in marketing.
He was a protestant
a satiric poem
Newgate novels
De Foe was the first English journalist
reviews

Daniel Defoe

wrote satires (it grows old very quickly). When the context disappears the authors don’t appreciate it. Satire can be compared to cabaret (it also grows fast). Certain figures and contexts are gone. The same is with jokes about Poland & Euro.

Daniel Defoe wrote “A true born Englishmen” written in 1688 – glorious revolution (Dutch king on the throne). Most Englishmen showed their dissatisfaction due to this fact. In this satire – people shouldn’t be so proud of their Englishness because they are mongrels. It must have taken much courage. The king is the promise of stability. It is personal virtues that make us great. It doesn’t matter where you are from.

Another Defoe’s satire “The shortest way with the dissenters” – religion and politics went hand in hand. Dissenter - those who do not belong to Anglican Church (Catholics, Presbyterians, Puritans). Daniel Defoe wrote this satire and he says that we have so many dissenters and we tried to convert them but they will not listen. We should isolate them and get rid of them. Anglican Bishops liked this idea. The Bishops realized that Defoe was making fun of them. Defoe was arrested after hiding. He was sentenced to pillory. He found himself in prison. Defoe was very much liked. The king appreciated him. His wife forgave him for losing money. Defoe had an excellent education. Defoe was very religious.

6. What is satire? What is pamphlet?

A pamphlet is a short piece of writing, often of an apparently ephemeral nature (though some of the greatest examples have had a lasting literary impact). The most famous pamphlets have tended to be polemical

A satire is a form ridiculing issues, vices etc.

Satire is an attitude of mocking, laughing at something. Pamphlet is more personal, a lot of spite. It is directed against a person than phenomenon. It has an addressee

Swift wrote pamphlets criticizing the British policy in Ireland. The title of pamphlet was “Draper’s letters”. They were anonymous. The most famous of these pamphlets is “Modest proposal” – we have some many children in Ireland. When they are small they eat and eat and they are naught. When they grow up they become criminals. They steal and cause problems. He says that he has a friend who says him that infants meat is a great delicacy. The children should be sold for food. He calls woman breeders. He makes calculations and recipes. Catholic children should not be used for food after fasting because the meat will smell of fish. You can also make clothes out of them. Everyone was shocked.

7. illustrate DeFoe's courage referring to one of his satirical text

He wrote a satire “The shortest way with the Dissenters” (those who divert from politically correct) about them. Dissenters were then Puritans Protestants Catholics. (the ones who are strange and don't belong). Anglican Bishops thought that it was pretty cool. But when they found out that He was making fun of them they sent for him and found him and arrested him and sent him to pillory (a kind of a post where a person has to suffer).

8. illustrate how Swift failed to please his protectors in his satires

Battle of the books – we see books sitting on the shelves, and some new books arrive. The fight starts. Swift compares the ancients to bees, and he compares moderns to spiders. He says bees produces honey out of juices. The located the most tempting flowers but they produce a new product – honey. It is the same with authors. The use elements of the tradition but they change them into a new form.

Milton takes the story of a paradise but he produces a very new product (he would be the ancient).

Spiders are like moderns. No spider web is alike. They produce their webs out of their bodies, not looking for a material from the outside. They don’t relate to tradition. Metaphysical poets for example.

Who is a better?

They are not comparable. Some people go for originality some enjoy well known concept differently presented. What counts is a product.

Temple didn’t like it. Swift lost his job

9. Definition of periodical essay.

Periodical essays – novel as a genre was born in the literary magazines. Magazines were born of newspapers. Newspapers were born from war information. England led Wars of succession. Wifes and daughters in England anxiously waited for the news from the France. It came in forms of letters and later on notices and bulletins and later on some supplements were added.

10. Why are DeFoe's first novels called protonovels?

“Newgate novels” – they are called proto-novels. A novel needs a setting, a place of action, a plot – course of events and characters. Defoe had a setting, plot but there is something wrong with characters. We don’t see their life as a process. They change within a day, their language changes. They are not believable. (some people don’t agree with it).

11. Who is a gentleman?

A christian hero who doesn't kill and doesn't steal and believes in God, additionally he respects women. What is important that a Gentleman avoids violence. Addison was a perfect businessman. They wrote first periodical essay proper was named “The club”. It became popular. The structure was very loose. It was about the club in London. Different people came and talked about their private problems and current issues. There were two friends. One represents aristocrats Sir Roger and Sir Andrew who is a merchant (the middle class). Sir Roger is sweet, Sir Andrew is bright. In this papers they taught the people the right attitude, how to behave.

12. Addison & Steele as first (conscious) English journalists

Steele didn't have a talent for business so he couldn't start a prospering newspaper. “The Tatler” was somewhat successful.

With the help of Addison, Steele started the “Spectator” newspaper. (the name reflects the nature of Joseph Addison – a perfect businessman and could calculate very well).

In “Spectator” they wrote first periodical essays. The first one was called “The club”.

13. The epistolary novel of Richardson

The novel was a huge success. This is the first epistolary novel (written in form of letters) which prepared the ground for psychological novel. (Psychological novels don't give us objective truth and the reader has to make up his or her own mind about the truth. Pamela

14. Fielding as a novelist

Henry Fielding – he was jealous of Richardson. He wrote a parody of Pamela called Shamela. Fielding didn’t want to write novels either. He wrote for the stage, plays. One of his plays became the reason why the theatres were closed for the first time by Walpole. In 1736 – Fielding wrote a play “Historical Register of the year 1736”. He criticized British government especially Walpole. It wasn’t very good play. Walpole closed down the theatres. He forbade Fielding to write for the stage. He had to write novels. The theatres were opened very soon. Walpole introduced censorship (200 years, waved in 1960s). He wrote Shamela to make fun of Richardson. He wrote another parody “Joseph Andrews” – it is a parody of Pamela. We have a young man. He is trying to preserve his virtue running away from Lady B who tries to seduce him. She is Lady Bubby. Joseph lives in London but he thinks that in the country he can hide from Lady Bubby. He is stalked by her. She is everywhere, under his bed. Joseph has a sister whose name is Pamela.

Joseph Andrew is a picaresque novel. It comes from the world picaro – it is not a criminal it is a bluebird (łotrzyk). It present adventures of a picarro. It has a loose structure. There are any episodes loosely connected. Very often, a character is on the run. Running away from someone to somewhere. They were very popular in American culture. Huckellbery Finn, Cather in the Rye – a character running away and having adventures. There are a lot of funny scenes.

Fielding wrote also Tom Jones – picaresque novel. It is his masterpiece. (full title – fondling).

15. Marinistic novel by Tobias Smallett - Tobias Smallet – the 18th through his works we can see that century become tired of verisimilitude. He was a sailor, a ship doctor. HE wrote about seamen and life on the see. His novels are very brutal. Tobias is the first author of the marinistic novels. They are also naturalists novels (belief that man is shaped by circumstances in which he lives). Life on the see is brutal. The survival of the fittest. Sailors have to be violent and aggressive. His first novel is autobiography. He writes about his voyage which turned to be a horror.

Roderick Random – a novel about a sea voyage. He is treated very badly by the crew. They make him an object of sneer. When they are attacked by pirates he is made a target. The language is individualized but brutal. The captains speak the language different than the shiphands.

16. Discuss the difference between two kinds of travelers as it's in Sentimental Journey (Laurence Stern)

Sentimental Journey – people travel through England and France. We last see them in Italy. There is a stenotype. There are two kinds of travelers:

  1. Tourists who travels in chronological time.

  2. Traveller for whom a seemingly unimportant event (in the chronological time) becomes an occasion for a chain of associations which lead him to revaluate the pass experience (I am drinking this tea. The flavor makes me think of a situation five years ago. I recall a situation when (I was given a tea) I quarreled with someone and I regret it. The sense of it is to change your mind. Virginia Wolf – she called it internal monologue (it was invented by Lorence Stern). It is a journey into yourself into the past. It is conversation with your younger self from the perspective of older person.

17. Define internal monologue,

Internal monologue is when you are talking to yourself, in your own mind. It is usually used in literature to show what a character is thinking, even though the character isn't saying it out loud.

18. Present the model of a sentimental novel

Sentimental novel (needs following ingredients: sentiment (the age of reason, too early for feelings, sentiment was acceptable. Sentiment is weaker than feeling. Sentimental people live in the past. Sentimental excludes any drama. It is pleasant melancholy.) Nobody dies or is ill. There are no great tragedies. Travel narrative (very often epistolary novels from the journey). It reveals sentimental feelings, they are travel narratives (people travel and write letters).

19. Present the model of the Gothic narrative, how did Burke legitimise the Gothic?

. Gothic Novel included ghosts. It was difficult to introduce ghosts in the age of the reason. The first attempt to do that was by philosopher Edmund Burke. He was a politician and philosopher. He wrote an essay “ The Beautiful and the Sublime”. It is a difficult essay. The beautiful is something that can be measured and categorized and qualified and called by its name and touched. The sublime is sth that cannot be measured touched or defined. In the world there are beautiful things and sublime. The most important sentence: The strongest human emotion is fear. He says that when people are in fear they do not lie. Fear acts as a catalyst (something that hasten reaction). When we are In fear – we see our life unfolding before them. That is why it is worth writing in literature about characters in fear. When people are scared they realize certain truths that are hidden. Burke justifies the gothic and the supernatural. He says yeas it makes the sense to write about sublime and scared people. It will be interesting for the readers.

20. Explain the difference between the 18th century formal realism and the Victorian psychological realism


Realism (formal) of the 18th century – In the 18th century the authors were obsessed with presenting their novels as a facts. They pretended that they haven’t written their novels. Novels were letters which were given to them. They were someone’s diary. They were the written form of someone’s words. Realism was a part of verisimilitude. 18th century wanted their novels to look like facts.

The authors who represented the early Victorianism: Dickens, Elliot, Bronte sisters. Victorian realism is psychological. It involves an abundance of details (outer description). Psychological believable characters (motivation, thoughts and feelings). It presents the realty of the author and also the reality of the reader. The author writes about things that are familiar to him. The readers should find it easy to follow. It presents current issues.

Late Victorianism

There is a mood of pessimism, disappointment. We have Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad. Hardy started wrote novels and ended up with poems. Hardy had to stop writing because his book Jude the Obscure caused the great criticism from the critics and society. He is labeled as pessimist. The end of the century. Late Victorians do not propose any change they just criticize (unlike Dickens). Pessimism: he doesn’t believe in god. He calls himself churches (he likes ritual, architecture, music). He doesn’t see god. If there is a good he doesn’t see people. He feels burdened with history. People faced with history appears not important. Jude the Obscure – man coming from lower class. He wants to be a priest. He wants to study. He writes a letter to dean. Dean discourage him from doing it. (What for you need to educate. You are poor). Judy the Obscure is unhappy in love. He marries a woman he doesn’t love. He leaves her with children. The suicide are described in a great detail (one child kills the other). Homosexuality, sexuality – great details – naturalism. There was a great scandal. He started poetry.

21. Characteristic themes and narrative devices of modernism and post-modern themes and narrative techniques

Modernism – no objective truth / multiple points of view / multiple narrations / non-chronological narration = flashbacks / foreshadowing (events that signal further events of the plot) / symbolic narrative (the symbol mirrors the reader) / Decay of modern culture and civilization.
Modernists like to present men in mythological perspective.

Post-modernism : inherits some ideas of modernism but invents some new ones. Starts in the 1960's. Still no objective truth / non-chronological narrations/ symbolism / multiple points of view./ decay of modern culture and civilisation BUT they refused to be serious about it. It is supposed to surprise the reader, to amuse and intrigue him.
It is for well read readers.


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