2013 03 07, wykład

Pobierz cały dokument
2013 03 07, wykład.docx
Rozmiar 65,6 KB

Lecture 4: Writing

Writing is something we must learn, we can’t acquire it.

Origins of language

  • petroglyphs – cave drawings by ancient humans (20000 year ago), they are portrayals of life at that time and were more artistic expressions than of communication

  • pictograms – “picture writings”, each picture is a direct image of the object it represents. They were used in the past and they are still used today. An example of modern pictographic writing are international signs.

  • ideograms – “idea pictures”/”idea writing” – they are less direct representations. For example the meaning of the picture of sun can be extended to represent ideas such as warmth, light, daytime.

The writing system of Sumerians – the oldest known system of writing

  • Sumerians – people who lived more than 6000 years ago in southern Mesopotamia (Iraq) and left a great number of clay tablets containing business documents (they were commercially oriented people and as their business grew, they needed more elaborate permanent records), prayers, poems, proverbs.

  • the writing system of Sumerians – their pictography evolved into symbols which were wedge – shaped. They were called cuneiform (cuneus = wedge) and were pressed into soft clay tablets that have survived.

  • hieroglyphs

    • Greek hiero = sacred + glyphikos = carvings

    • a similar system to Sumerian pictography used by Egiptians

Evolution of Sumerian pictograms to cuneiform

  • cuneiform script

    • represented words of the language

    • people cope to associate the symbol with the name of what the symbol represented

  • logographic/word writing uses logograms which are the symbols of word-writing system, are ideograms that additionally to the concept represent the word or morpheme

  • syllabic writing

    • because other ancient people, the Babylonians and Persians borrowed cuneiform writing system to represent the sound of the syllables in their own languages and so cuneiform evolved into a syllabic writing system

    • in a syllabic writing each syllable is represented by its own symbol

  • emoticons

    • faces expressing particular emotions, they are a modern pictographic system, used in text messages and e-mails

  • pictographic symbols

    • are graphic signs with no visual relationship to the words they represent. A single sign can be used to represent other words consisting of the same sound. For example used for sun could also be used for son.

  • rebus

    • a representation of words by picture of objects whose names sound like the words

  • alphabetic writing

    • the Phoenicians were aware of hieroglyphs as well as Sumerian writing. They have developed the West Semitic syllabary – a writing system of 22 characters. The characters stood for consonants alone (it was the reader who provided the vowels) For example: (C n y rd ths – can you read this)

    • when the Greeks borrowed the system, they used the leftover consonant symbols to represent vowels. The result was the alphabetic writing (alphabet = alpha + beta i.e. the first two letters of the Greek alphabet) – a system in which both consonants and vowels are symbolized.

  • modern writing systems

    • most alphabetic systems today derive from the Greek system

4 types of writing:

  • logographic – “word writing” – every symbol/character represents a word or morpheme (Chinese)

  • syllabic – each symbol represents a syllable (Japanese)

  • consonantal – each symbol represents a consonant, vowels may be represented by a diacritical marks (Hebrew)

  • alphabetic – each symbol represent a vowel or a consonant (Polish, English)

Pobierz cały dokument
2013 03 07, wykład.docx

Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
2013 03 07
2013 03 14, wykład
Ekonomika ochrony środowiska 04.03.07 r. wykład, Semestr II, Ekonomika ochrony środowiska
2013 03 21, wykład
Podatki w Działalności Gospodarczej wykłady 2013 03 16
NOTATKI WYKLAD2 2013 03 09
NOTATKI WYKLADI 2013 03 09
E Biznes wykład 4 2013 03 02,03
b.27.03.07, Prywatne, Biochemia WYKŁADÓWKA I, Biochemia wykładówka 1, WYKŁADY, wykłady II
FINANSE PUBLICZNE I RYNKI FINANSOWE 09.03.2013, III rok, Wykłady, Finanse publiczne i rynki finansow
WYKŁAD MONOGRAFICZNY II 09.03.2013, III rok, Wykłady, Wykład monograficzny II
E Biznes wyklad 1 2013 03 02,03 id 148885
Higiena mleka, wyklad (1) 03-10-2013, Higiena mleka wykład (1) 03-10-2013
b20.03.07, Prywatne, Biochemia WYKŁADÓWKA I, Biochemia wykładówka 1, WYKŁADY, wykłady II
E Biznes wykład 2 2013 03 02,03
FINANSE PUBLICZNE I RYNKI FINANSOWE 23.03.2013, III rok, Wykłady, Finanse publiczne i rynki finansow
Podatki w Działalności Gospodarczej slajdy wykłady 2013 03 16 (uzupełnione)
E-Biznes - wykład 4, 2013-03-02,03
RYNEK PRACY I POLITYKA ZATRUDNIENIA 23.03.2013, III rok, Wykłady, Rynek pracy i polityka zatrudnieni

więcej podobnych podstron

Kontakt | Polityka prywatności