[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
]Korzeniewicz [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998
]Łukasz[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 01:09:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998
]Korzeniewicz Łukasz [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:59:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 01:09:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:50:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
]1998-03-27 [Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:25:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:25:00 2000
]IMAb[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
ĆWICZENIA LABOR[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:53:00 1998
]L[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:53:00 1998
]ATORYJNE Z CHEMI NIEORGANICZNEJ.
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
]Temat: DYSOCJACJA ELEKTROLIT [Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:25:00 2000
]YCZNA.[Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:25:00 2000
]
W drugiej połowie XIX[Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998
] w[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]w[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:05:00 1998
]. szwe[Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]d[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:03:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]zki [Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]chemik S. A. Arrhenius doświadczalnie udowodnił, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:06:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]że substancje chemiczne można podzielić na dwie grupy[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:07:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]. Do grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->I [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
]można zaliczyć takie, których roztwory wodne przewodzą prąd elektryczny[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:08:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], a do grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->II[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
]--> [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
]te, które w tych samych w[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]runkach praktycznie nie przewodzą prądu[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:10:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]. Substancje grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->I[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
] nazwał [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:12:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]elektrolitami[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], grupy [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->II[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
]--> [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
]-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:18:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]nieelektrolit[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]mi.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:14:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Teorię tą można ująć ogólnie w postaci czter[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]ech podstawowych, opartych na doświadczeniu założeń.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:20:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
Elektrolity, a więc k[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:22:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]wasy, zasady i sole podczas rozpuszczania w wodzie rozpadają się na elementy naładowane elektrycznie, czyli ulegają tzw. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:22:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]dysocj[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]cji elektrolitycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:25:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]Elementy te nazwano [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]jonami.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]Jony naładowane doda[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]t[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]nio nazywają się [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:26:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]kationami, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:27:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]a ujemne[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:27:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]anionami.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]Suma ładunków elektrycznych kationów i anionów, powstałych na skutek dysocjacji elektrolitycznej [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:28:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]elektrolitów, jest [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:31:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]zawsze [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]równa [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:31:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]zeru.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]Nieelektrolity[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:32:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ], tzn. substancje, które w roztworach i w stanie stopionym nie p[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:33:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]rzewodzą prądu elektrycznego, nie ulegają dysocjacji [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]elektrolitycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:36:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]Własności [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:37:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]chemiczne jonów różnią się zupełnie od własności obojętnych atomów lub cząsteczek. Z [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:38:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]tego względu obecność jonów w roztworach nadaje im ch[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]rakterystyczne [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:39:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]cechy chemiczne i fizyczne.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:41:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998 ][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:19:00 1998 ]
Kwasami [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]s[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:59:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]ą [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]to [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:59:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]związki chemiczne[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], które podcza[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]s rozpuszczania w wodzie dysocjują ca[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]ł[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]kowicie lub częściowo na kationy wodorowe i aniony reszt kwasowych.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:43:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:00:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
Zasady [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:01:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]są to związki chemiczne, które [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:02:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]podczas rozpuszczania w wodzie dysocjują całkow[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]i[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]cie lub częściowo [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:03:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]na aniony wodorotlenowe OH[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:05:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:06:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] i kationy metali.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Sole [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:07:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]są produktami reakcji kwasów z zasadami. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:07:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]Związki [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:08:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]te w temperaturze pokojowej występują na ogół w stanie stałym, krystalicznym i mają budowę jonową, czyli składają się z kationów [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]metali lub kationu [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:12:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]amonowego [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]i anionów[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] reszt kwasowych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
].[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:09:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:13:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
Do porównywania mocy elektrolitów wprowadzono pojęcie stopnia i stałej dysocjacji ele[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]k[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]trolitycznej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:14:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
Stopień dysocjacji [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:17:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]określa [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:17:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]się[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:18:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] stosunkiem liczby moli cząsteczek zdysocjowanych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:20:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] na jony do liczby moli cząsteczek substancji rozpuszczonej:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:21:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:23:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
gdzie[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:30:00 1998
]--> [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:25:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998
]-->α[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998
] stopień dysocjacji[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->, X[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]- liczba moli czą[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:26:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]steczek zdysocjowanych na jony, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-->n[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:29:00 1998
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]- [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]liczba moli cząsteczek substancji rozpuszczonej.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:30:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] Stopień dysocjacji jest odwrotnie [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:36:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
proporcjonalny do[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:34:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]stę[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]ż[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:34:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]enia i [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:33:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]w rozcieńczeniu nieskończenie wielkim zbliża się do 100%[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:35:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]. Jest [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:36:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]on również zależny od temperatury i rośnie wraz z jej wzrostem. [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:37:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]Dysocjacja elektrolityczna jest procesem odwracalnym, więc w roztworze elektrolitów istnieje równowaga[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
],[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:45:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] dla kt[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]órej można napisać wyrażenie na stałą równowagi [K[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:45:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]c[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:46:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]]:[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:46:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:47:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], jeże[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:51:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]li [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:51:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]t=const[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
], [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
gdzie [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
](A[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]+[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:52:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]),(B[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]-[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
])[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]- rzeczywiste[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:53:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] stężenie jonów w stanie równowagi, [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
](AB)[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] - rzeczywiste stężenie cząsteczek niezdysocjowanych[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
] [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:56:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]w [Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]stanie równowagi.[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:56:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Teoria kwasów i zasad według Br[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 20:55:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]önsteda mówi, że cząsteczka kwasu po oddaniu protonu staje się cząsteczką lub jonem zasady i odwrotnie tzn. że cząsteczka zasady po przejęciu protonu staje się cząstką kwasu. Według [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:42:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]tej teori[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:45:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]i, kwas może wyk[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]a[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]zywać swoje właściwości kwasowe tylko wobec zasad[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:46:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]y, która przyjmuje proton i o[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]d[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]wrotnie zasada może nią być tylko w obecności kwasu, który oddaje proton.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:47:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:49:00 1998
][Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:24:00 2000
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Arkadiusz Kasprzyk IMCa[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
Temat: Dysocjacja elektrolityczna.[Author ID2: at Mon Apr 10 19:26:00 2000 ]
Doświadczenie 1.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
]Dysocjacja chlorku miedziowego w obecności [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:51:00 1998
]H[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998
]2[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998
]O.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:52:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:54:00 1998
]
Przebieg reakcji zależy od stałej dielektrycznej rozpuszczal[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:37:00 1998 ]nika [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:37:00 1998 ]-->ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]-->.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ] Gdy [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ]-->ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:38:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]--><10[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:39:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ] dysocjacja nie zachodzi. Gdy [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]10<[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ]<[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:40:00 1998 ]40[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ] dysocjacja zachodzi częściowo, gdy[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]ε[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]<40[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ] dysocjacja zachodzi całkowicie. Następuje tu zmiana barwy z żółtej na niebieską. Natomiast [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:43:00 1998 ]dysocjacja [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:44:00 1998 ]-->CuCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]-->2[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]--> [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:41:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:45:00 1998 ]w obecności acetonu, [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:46:00 1998 ]zachodzi częściowo. Na [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:47:00 1998 ]dnie znajdują się niebieskie jony [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ]Cu[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ]2+[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:48:00 1998 ], a u góry żółte niezdysocjowane [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]CuCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:49:00 1998 ]. Oznacza to, że w obecności acetonu dysocjacja zachodzi częściowo.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:50:00 1998 ]
Doświadczenie 2.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:15:00 1998 ]
Dysocjacja chlorku kobaltowego w obecności [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:16:00 1998 ]H[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ]O.[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:17:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Stała równowagi dla tej reakcj[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]i:[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
].[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:28:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:35:00 1998
]
Dodatek wspólnego jonu chlorkowego [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]Cl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]-[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ] cofnął dysocjacje. Roztwór zmienił barwę z różowej na niebieską. Nadmiar jonu chlorkowego przesuwa równowagę w stronę zdysocjowanego [Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]CoCl[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:36:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:07:00 1998 ]Doświadczenie 3.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 21:06:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
Do probówki zawierającej trzy krople (siarczanu żelaza III) [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:45:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ](SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:46:00 1998 ] dol[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]aliśmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:50:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]([Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]ti[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]cyjani[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ]a[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]nu[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:47:00 1998 ] potasowego[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:48:00 1998 ]) [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]KSCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ], otrzymany roztwór zabarwiony był na czerw[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]no. Po [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:49:00 1998 ]dodaniu wody destylowanej nastąpiła dysocjacja elektrolityczna, w wyniku kt[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]ó[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]rej [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:51:00 1998 ]roztwór odbarwił się na pomarańczowo.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:52:00 1998 ]
Dysoc[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:58:00 1998 ]jacja roztworu [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:58:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:59:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:58:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]
-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]-->
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 22:54:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]-->.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998
]
Do zdysocjowanowego rodanku w pierwszym przypadku dodaliśmy [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:00:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ](SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:02:00 1998 ] co spowodowało [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:03:00 1998 ]to zabarwienie roztworu na kolor krwist[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:05:00 1998 ]o[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:06:00 1998 ] czerwoną[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:05:00 1998 ]. Obecność wspólnego jonu [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:08:00 1998 ]Fe[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:09:00 1998 ]3+[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:10:00 1998 ] cofnęła dysocjację na stronę [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:10:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]. W [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]drugim przypadku [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]dodaliśmy [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:12:00 1998 ]KSCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:13:00 1998 ], miało to taki sam [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:13:00 1998 ]wynik jak w pierwszym przypadku. [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:14:00 1998 ]Wspólnym jonem [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:11:00 1998 ]w tym przypadku był [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:15:00 1998 ]SCN[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ]-[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ]. Również tutaj obecność cofnęła[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:16:00 1998 ] dysocjację[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:18:00 1998 ]w stronę [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ]Fe(SCN)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:17:00 1998 ][Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
Do trzech probówek wprowadziliśmy następujące związ[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:19:00 1998 ]ki: [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:19:00 1998 ]Pb(NO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:20:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ],[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ] (CH[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:21:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]COO)[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]Pb[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ] oraz [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:22:00 1998 ]PbCl[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]. Następnie kolejno do każdej z nich nala[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:23:00 1998 ]liśmy kwasu siarkowego (po dwie krople). W [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:24:00 1998 ]pierwszej probówce [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]roztwór [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:27:00 1998 ]zmienił konsystencję i w[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]y[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]dzielił się z nieg[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:25:00 1998 ]o osad. W [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:27:00 1998 ]drugiej także wydzielił się osad[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:28:00 1998 ], to samo, ale z mniejszą i[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:29:00 1998 ]n[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:29:00 1998 ]tensywnością, zaszło w trzeciej probówce.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:29:00 1998 ]
-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:31:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:37:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:45:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]
W drugiej [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:52:00 1998 ]części doświadczenia do kolejnych trzech probówek wl[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]aliśmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]kolejno [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:53:00 1998 ]Na[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]K[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ], [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:54:00 1998 ](NH[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]SO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:55:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]. Do każdej z nich doda[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]liśmy[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ] po[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ] dwie [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]krople [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]Pb(NO[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ],[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:57:00 1998 ]co spowodowało wytrącenie się osadu w każdej probówce.[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:58:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:00:00 1998 ]
Doświadczenie 5.[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:15:00 1998 ]
Do dwóch[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:17:00 1998 ] probówek zawierających (kwas octowy) [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:18:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ] dodaliśmy oranż metylowy[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:19:00 1998 ]. Otrzymany [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:22:00 1998 ]roztwór miał barwę pomarańczową. Do jednej probówki dodaliśmy [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:23:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]COONa[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ] przez co roztwór zmienił barwę na lekko żółtą. Obecność [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:24:00 1998 ]wspólnego jonu[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:25:00 1998 ] [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]COO[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]-[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] cofnęła dysocjację[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:25:00 1998 ] w stronę [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ] CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:26:00 1998 ].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:27:00 1998 ]
Dysocjacja kwasu octowego[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ] (CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]COOH)[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:30:00 1998
].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
Stała dys[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:32:00 1998 ]ocjacji[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:32:00 1998 ] kwasu octowego [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]([Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]CH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]3[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]COOH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ])[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:34:00 1998
].[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899
]
W drugiej części [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:37:00 1998 ]doświadczenia do dwóch probówek wprowadziliśmy [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:38:00 1998 ]NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]OH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ], który zabarwiliśmy fenoloftaleiną (kolor malinowy). Dodanie [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]do jednej z dwóch probówek [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:41:00 1998 ]NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]Cl[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]2[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ] spowodowało całkowite odbarwieni[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ]e roztworu.[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:42:00 1998 ] Również [Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:43:00 1998 ]tu obecność wspólnego jonu cofnęła dysocjację.[Author ID0: at Thu Nov 30 00:00:00 1899 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:44:00 1998 ]Dysocjacja wodorotlenku amonowego[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ] (NH[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]4[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]OH)[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:49:00 1998 ]:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:45:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:33:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:39:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:28:00 1998
].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:47:00 1998
]
Stała dysocjacji tej zasady wynosi:[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:48:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998
].[Author ID1: at Sat Apr 4 00:51:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:51:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Apr 3 23:56:00 1998 ]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:18:00 1998
]-->[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:01:00 1998
][Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 23:14:00 1998
]
[Author ID1: at Tue Mar 31 22:45:00 1998 ]-->[Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 22:52:00 1998 ][Author ID1: at Fri Mar 27 23:54:00 1998 ]
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