NH

2

H C

OC

NH

Ribose- P

H

2

2

C

OC

Ribose- P

NH

H

2

C

NH

Ribose-

P

CHO

N

=

N

N

CH

C

C

H

N

H

2

Ribose- P

N

N

CH

C

C

N

H

2

Ribose- P

OC

HN

N

N

CH

C

C

Ribose- P

C

H N

2

N

N

CH

C

C

N

H

2

Ribose- P

OOC

PURINE METABOLISM

-

-

OOCCHCH

COO

2

N

O

CH O-

2

P

H H H

H

OH OH

OH

O

CH O-

2

P

H H H

H

OH OH

O- P-O-P

O

CH O-

2

P

H H H

H

OH OH

orororO

CH O-

2

P

H H H H

OH OH

NH

COCH NH

2

2

O

N

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

Ribose

Ribose

Ribose-P

Ribose

C

N

H

HN

Ribose-P

N

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

Ribose-P

C

N

H

HN

C

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

C

H

HN

H

NH

2

NH

2

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

N

CH

C

C

N

H

HN

N

N

CH

C

C

C

O

N

N

CH

C

C

Ribose- P

C

N

H

HN

ATP AMP

Glutamate

H O

2

PP

ATP ADP+P

Formyl-

H

4

folate

Gln

ATP

H O

2

ADP

Pi Glu

Aspartate

ATP

ADP

P

i

CO

2

OOCCHCH

COO

2

-

-

-

Fumarate

Formyl-

H4folate

H4folate

C

Glutamine

Glycine

-

NH

2

5-amino-1-(P-ribosyl)-

5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl)

imidazole-4-carboxylate

5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl-)

-4-(N)-[1,2-dicarboxyethyl]-

5-P-Ribosylamine

5-P-ribosyl-

pyrophosphate

(PRPP)

5-P-ribose

-

-

-OOCCHCH

2COO

-

NH

3

+

Aspartate

GTP

GDP

P

i

H N

2

O

ATP

ADP

Pi

Inosine-P

IMP

Adenylosuccinate

ADENINE

ADENOSINE

INOSINE

=

De novo

SYNTHESIS

N

+

N

2.7.6.1

2.4.2.14

2.1.2.2

6.3.4.13

6.3.5.3

6.3.3.1

4.1.1.21

6.3.2.6

4.3.2.2

2.1.2.3

(2SH)

(S-S)

Thioredoxin

NADPH+H

NADP

+

+

1.6.4.5

ADP

GDP

GMP

GDP

GTP

AMP

ADP

ATP

N

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

H

H

H H

H

O

H H

P-O-CH

2

NH

2

H

N

N

C

C

C

N

C

C

C

H

H H H

O

H H

H

OH

OH

2

N

NH

2

N

N

DeoxyGTP

Th

ioredoxin

H

4

folate

NH

NH

CHO

O

O

P-O-P-O-P-OCH2

GUANOSINE

N

C

N

CH

C

C

C

H

H

H H

H

O

H H

OH

P- O-CH

2

N

NH 2

H

N

N

N

N

C

C

C

O

O

N

N

C

C

C

C

N

H

H

HN

C

C

C

N

N

N

CH

C

C

Ribose

C

N

N

N

H

NH

2

HYPOXANTHINE

Deoxy-ATP

N

N

CH

C

C

C

O

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

HN

N

N

CH

C

C

C

O

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

HN

=

O

XANTHOSINE

XANTHINE

H

H

H N

2

C

C

C

N

C

N

CH

C

C

C

N

N

C

N

H

H

H H

H

H

OO

H H

H

OH

OH

P- -P- -P-

O

O

O-CH

2

P- -P- -P-

O

O

O-CH

2

O

H N

2

C

C

O

C

C

HN

C

C

C

N

CH

C

C

HN

C

H

H H

H

H

OO

H

H

H H

H

OH

OH

P- -P- -P-

O

O

O-CH

2

P- -P- -P-

O

O

O-CH

2

H

H

O

Thioredoxin

(2SH)

Thioredoxin

(S-S)

NADPH+H

NADP

+

+

1.17.4.1

1.6.4.5

H N

2

C

C

O

C

C

N

HN

C

C

C

N

C

C

N

HN

C

N

H
H

H H

H

H

OO

H

H

H H

OH

OH

P- -P-

O

O-CH

2

-P-

O

O-CH

2

H

H

O

H N

2

CH

C

C

CH

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

C

N

CH

CH

C

C

N

C

N

N

H

H H

H

H

H

OO

H

H H

OH

OH

-P-

O

O-CH

2

--

O

O-CH

2

HN

P-

GUANINE

P

U

R

IN

E

E

X

C

R

E

T

IO

N

2H O

2

O

2

H O

2

2

CO

2

Marine

Sharks,

amphibia

Teleost (bony) fish

Other Mammals

Primates, birds

reptiles insects

1.7.3.3

1.1.3.22

C

C

C

C=O

C

C

C

N

H

=

C

N

H

H

N

H

O

O

C

C

C

C=O

C

C

C

N

H

=

O

N

H

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

H

O

O

N

C

C

C

C

C

N

H

=

O

H

H

O

H N

2

N

C=O

NH

2

N

H N

2

C

C

C

C

=

O

H N

2

C=O

NH

2

NH

2

NH

2

Glyoxylate

2 Urea

Allantoic acid

Allantoin

Ammonia

URIC ACID

COOH

CHO

3.5.1.5.

3.5.3.4

3.5.3.4

2CO

2

2H

2

O

N

N

CH

C

C

Ribose- P

C

H N

2

O

5-formamido-1-(5-P-ribosyl)-

imidazole-4-carboxamide

H

2

O

DNA

RNA

O

N

CH

C

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

H

H H H

O

H H

H

OH

OH

2

N

NH

2

N

N

O

P-O-P-O-P-OCH2

CH

C

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

H H

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

2

NH

2

NH

2

N

O

P-OCH2

H N

2

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

N

CH

C

C

C

C

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

H

2

N

C

C

C

O

C

C

C

N

H

C

C

C

O

N

CH

C

C

C

C

N

=

O

N

N

CH

C

C

C

O

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

HN

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

N

CH

C

C

C

N

HN

=

O

N

N

C

C

C

O

N

N

C

C

C

HN

N

N

C

C

C

O

O

O

O

O

O

N

N

CH

C

C

C

C

HN

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H2O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

H

2

O

P

i

P

i

P

i

P

i

P

i

PPi

PPi

PRPP

PRPP

Ribose-1-P

P

i

P

i

P

i

Ribose-1-P

Ribose-1-P

Ribose-1-P

NH

4

+

NH

4

+

NH

4

+

NH

4

+

NH

4

+

ATP

ADP

NAD

+

NADH+H

+

NTP

NDP

Fumarate

H2O2

H2O2

O

2

O2

C

ATP

ATP

ATP

ADP

ADP

AMP

PP

i

2.7.4.6

2.7.4.3

1.17.4.1

3.5.4.6

1.1.1.205

2.4.2.1

2.4.2.1

2.4.2.1

2.4.2.1

3.1.3.31

3.1.3.31

3.1.3.31

3.1.3.31

2.7.4.8

3.5.4.4

3.5.4.2

1.1.3.22

1.1.3.22

3.5.4.3

3.5.4.15

2.7.4.6

ATP

ADP

2.7.4.6

2.7.7.6

2.7.7.6

2.7.7.7

2.7.7.7

RNAn+1

RNAn+1

DNAn+1

DNAn+1

DNAn

DNAn

RNAn

RNAn

2.4.2.8

SA

LV

AG

E

S

A

L

V

A

G

E

PPi

PRPP

N

U

C

L

E

O

T

ID

E

T

R

IP

H

O

S

P

H

A

T

E

S

N

U

C

L

E

O

T

ID

E

D

IP

H

O

S

P

H

A

T

E

S

N

U

C

L

E

O

T

ID

E

S

N

U

C

L

E

O

S

ID

E

S

P

U

R

IN

E

B

A

S

E

S

c

2001 IUBMB

d

e

n

o

vo

B

IO

S

Y

N

T

H

E

S

IS

invertebrates

4NH

4

+

4.3.2.2

S

A

L

V

A

G

E

N

N

C

O

HN

N

N

N

CH

N

CH

N

N

CH

C

C

C

C

N

N

N

N

N

C

N

N

N

N

HN

N

H

HN

OHC

N

H

C

C

H

2

O

Glutamine

Glutamate

6.3.4.1

COOH

N1-(5-P-ribosyl)glycinamide

N2-formyl-N1-(5-P-ribosyl)
glycinamide

2-(formamido)-N1-

(5-P-ribosyl)acetamidine

5-amino-1-(5-P-ribosyl)-

imidazole-4-carboxamide

or

3.5.4.10

imidazole

carboxamide

imidazole

PU

R

IN

E

NU

CL

EO

TID

E C

YCLE

TCA

CYCLE

(M

usc

le)

H

H

3.2.2.7 Adenosine nucleosidase
3.5.1.5

Urease

3.5.3.4

Allantoicase

3.2.2.1 Purine nucleosidase

3.2.2.2 Inosine Nucleosidase

3.2.2.4

AMP nucleosidase

3.5.4.2 Adenine deaminase
3.5.4.3 Guanine deaminase
3.5.4.4 Adenosine deaminase
3.5.4.6 AMP deaminase
3.5.4.10 IMP cyclohydrolase
3.5.4.15 Guanosine deaminase

4.1.1.21

ribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase

P-

4.3.2.2 Adenylosuccinate lyase
6.3.2.6

ribosylaminoimidazolesuccino-

P-

carboxamide synthase
6.3.3.1

ribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase

P-

6.3.4.1 GMP synthase
6.3.4.13

ribosylamine-glycine ligase

P-

6.3.5.3

ribosylformylglycinamidine synthase

P-

ENZYMES

.

.

1.1.1.1.205 IMP dehydrogenase
1.1.3.22 Xanthine oxidase

1.17.4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate Reductase

1.6.4.5

Thioredoxin reductase(NADPH)

1.6.6.8 GMP reductase

1.7.3.3

2.1.2.2

ribosylglycinamide formyl-transferase

P-

2.1.2.3

ribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide

P-

formyltransferase
2.4.2.1 Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase

2.4.2.7 Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase

-2.4.2.14 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase

2.7.1.15 Ribokinase

2.7.6.1 Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase

2.7.4.3

Adenylate kinase

2.7.4.8 Guanylate

2.7.4.4 Nucleoside- P kinase

2.7.4.6 Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

3.1.3.5 5í-Nucleotidase

3.1.3.31 Nucleotidase

2.4.2.8 Hy poxanthine P-ribos yltrans feras e

Urate oxidase

1.17 .4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase

2.7.4.11 (Deoxy) adenylate

kinase

kinase

2.7.7.6 DNA-directed RNA polymerase

2.7.7.7 DNA-directed DNA polymerase

GDP

GMP

GTP

XMP

DeoxyGDP

ATP

ADP

H

Deoxy-ADP

AMP