31

* Uniwersytet

ĝOąVNLDQGU]HMBNDVSHUHN#ZSSO

678',$+80$1,67<&=1($*+

7RP‡

http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.3.31

$QGU]HM.DVSHUHN

2&=<6=&=$-Ą&'5=:,3(5&(3&-,
6=.,&2,'(,,0$*,1$&-,:520$17<=0,(
.2175.8/785=(,1(:$*(

-HĞOLGU]ZLSHUFHSFML]RVWDQąRF]\V]F]RQHNDĪGD
U]HF] XNDĪH VLĊ F]áRZLHNRZL WDND MDND MHVW ±
QLHVNRĔF]RQD

William Blake

*áyZQąWH]ąNWyUąSU]HGVWDZLDPZVZRLPDUW\NXOHMHVWWZLHUG]HQLHRZ\MąWNRZHMUROLLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZUR]ZRMX
URPDQW\F]QHMGXFKRZRĞFLNWyUHMNRQW\QXDFMĊVWDQRZLGXFKRZRĞüNRQWUNXOWXU\RUD]1HZ$JHRLVWQLHQLX]ZLą]-
NyZPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPL1HZ$JHSLVDOLPLĊG]\LQQ\PL+DQV6HEDOG3DXO+HHODVF]\:RXWHU+DQHJUDDII
1D]QDF]HQLHLGHLLPDJLQDFMLGODURPDQW\]PX]ZUDFDáV]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊ5HQp:HOOHN7UDNWXMĊURPDQW\]P
MDNRRNUHVZNWyU\PGRNRQDáDVLĊGDOHNRLGąFDUHLQWHUSUHWDFMD]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHMZW\PWDNĪH
LGHLLPDJLQDFMLNWyUą$QWRLQH)DLYUH]DOLF]DGRFHQWUDOQ\FKLGHL]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHM:DUW\NXOH
SRGGDMĊNUyWNLHMFKDUDNWHU\VW\FHURPDQW\F]QHUR]XPLHQLHLPDJLQDFMLJáyZQLHRGZRáXMąFVLĊGRWZyUF]RĞFL
:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶D6]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊ]ZUDFDPQD]QDF]HQLH%ODNH¶DGODNRQWUNXOWXU\RUD]1HZ$JH1DMHJR
WZyUF]RĞüSRZRá\ZDOLVLĊÄSURURF\´NRQWUNXOWXU\$OGRXV+X[OH\F]\7KHRGRUH5RV]DNDQD]ZDWDNZDĪQHJR
GODNRQWUNXOWXU\]HVSRáXPX]\F]QHJRÄ7KH'RRUV´]DF]HUSQLĊWD]RVWDáD]XWZRUX+X[OH\D'U]ZLSHUFHSFML.
ĝOHG]ąFORV\LGHLLPDJLQDFMLZNRQWUNXOWXU]HRUD]1HZ$JH]ZUDFDP]DUD]HPXZDJĊQDSURFHVEDQDOL]DFML
NWyUHPX]RVWDáDSRGGDQDWDLGHDZSURZDG]RQDZREV]DUSRSNXOWXU\

6áRZDNOXF]RZHLPDJLQDFMD:LOOLDP%ODNHURPDQW\]PNRQWUNXOWXUD1HZ$JH

:,//,$0%/$.(&=</,:.5Ï/(67:,(857+21<

0RWWRQLQLHMV]HJRDUW\NXáXVá\QQ\SDVVXV]=DĞOXELQ1LHEDL3LHNáDWilliama Blake’a,

QDOHĪ\EH]ZąWSLHQLDGRQDMEDUG]LHMZSá\ZRZ\FKF\WDWyZNWyUH]RVWDá\QDSLVDQHZHSRFH
QRZRĪ\WQHM-HJR]QDF]HQLDQLHVSRVyESU]HFHQLüWDNGODG]LHMyZOLWHUDWXU\WDNĪHWHMRKHU-
metycznym (ezoterycznym) charakterze, jak i dwudziestowiecznej popkultury. Co ciekawe
DXWRUWHJRSDVVXVXZG]LHZLĊWQDVW\PZLHNXSR]RVWDZDáDUW\VWąQLH]UR]XPLDQ\PLQLH]E\W
SRSXODUQ\PQLHNWyU]\]EDGDF]\MHJRWZyUF]RĞFLQS.DWKOHHQ5DLQHF]\'yUD-DQ]HU&VL-
NyVWZLHUG]ąZUĊF]ĪHPRĪOLZRĞüZáDĞFLZHMLQWHUSUHWDFMLWZyUF]RĞFL:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶DSR-
MDZLáD VLĊ GRSLHUR ZUD] ] RGNU\FLHP SU]H] &DUOD *XVWDYD -XQJD LVWQLHQLD DUFKHW\SyZ

32

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

NXOWXURZ\FK7HQZąWHNSR]RVWDZLDPMHGQDNSR]D]DNUHVHPPRMHJR]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD7R
FRVWDQRZLWU]RQSRQLĪV]\FKUR]ZDĪDĔWRWH]DĪHNOXF]GRLQWHUSUHWDFMLWZyUF]RĞFL:LOOLDPD
%ODNH¶DNWyUHMQLHVSRVyE]UR]XPLHüEH]XPLHV]F]HQLDMHMZNRQWHNĞFLH]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FML
H]RWHU\F]QHMVWDQRZLLGHDLPDJLQDFML6WDQRZLVNRWRMHVW]ELHĪQH]W\PNWyUH]DMąá5HQp
:HOOHNZVSRU]H]$UWKXUHP2/RYHMR\HPRGH¿QLFMĊURPDQW\]PX2LOHWHQGUXJLEDUG]R
NU\W\F]QLHRGQRVLáVLĊGRPRĪOLZRĞFL]GH¿QLRZDQLDVDPHJRURPDQW\]PXSLV]ąFZVWXGLXP
2QWKH'LVFULPLQDWLRQRI5RPDQWLFLVPV, RSXEOLNRZDQ\PSRUD]SLHUZV]\ZURNXĪH
skoro przymiotnik „romantyczny” znaczy tak wiele, to tym samym nie znaczy nic, a zatem
SU]HVWDMH SHáQLü IXQNFMĊ ]QDNX ZHUEDOQHJR /RYHMR\   R W\OH SLHUZV]\ Z DUW\-
kule 7KH &RQFHSW RI 5RPDQWLFLVP LQ /LWHUDU\ +LVWRU\ RSXEOLNRZDQ\P SR UD] SLHUZV]\
ZURNXSROHPL]RZDá]QRPLQDOLVW\F]Q\PVWDQRZLVNLHP/RYHMR\DZURPDQW\]PLH
GRVWU]HJDMąFVSyMQąFDáRĞü(NVSRQRZDá]QDF]HQLHWU]HFKLGHLLPDJLQDFMLQDWXU\V\PEROL
LPLWyZNWyUHZHGáXJQLHJRRNUHĞODá\FKDUDNWHUURPDQW\]PXDQJLHOVNLHJRIUDQFXVNLHJR
LQLHPLHFNLHJR:HOOHNSU]\F]\P]DXZDĪDáMHGQRF]HĞQLHĪHNRQFHSFMDLPD-
JLQDFMLLPSOLNXMHURPDQW\F]QąWHRULĊU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPNRQFHSFMĊQDWXU\
(Wellek 1974: 196).

3RGHMPXMąFNZHVWLĊLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZUR]ZRMXURPDQW\]PXZ(XURSLH:HOOHNHNVSR-

QXMH]QDF]HQLHWHMLGHLGODWZyUF]RĞFL6DPXHOD7D\ORUD&ROHULGJH¶DSLV]HZUĊF]RFHQWUDOQHM
UROLNWRUąLGHDLPDJLQDFML]DMPRZDáDZMHJRWZyUF]RĞFL]ZUDFDMąF]DUD]HPXZDJĊQDWR
ĪHSU]HMąáMą]WUDG\FMLQLHPLHFNLHM1DWXUSKLORVRSKLH]ZáDV]F]DRG6FKHOOLQJD

1

. W 'HIHQF\

RI3RHWU\3HUF\%\VVKH6KHOOH\X]QDáLPDJLQDFMĊ]DÄ]DVDGĊV\QWH]\´GRVWU]HJDMąFZQLHM
LQVWUXPHQWZLHG]\RU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL:WDNLFKHSLVWHPRORJLF]Q\FKDQLHZ\áąF]QLHHVWHW\F]-
Q\FKNDWHJRULDFKLGHĊLPDJLQDFMLWUDNWRZDáUyZQLHĪ-RKQ.HDWVNLHG\]DXZDĪDáĪHÄWRFR
LPDJLQDFMD XMPXMH MDNR SLĊNQH PXVL E\ü SUDZG]LZH´ :HOOHN   2F]\V]F]HQLH
GU]ZLSHUFHSFMLNWyUHSRVWXOXMH%ODNHQDOHĪ\XPLHĞFLüZWDNLHMZáDĞQLHHSLVWHPRORJLF]QHM
SHUVSHNW\ZLH:NUyWNLPDF]Eá\VNRWOLZ\PVWXGLXPWZyUF]RĞFL%ODNH¶D7DGHXV]6áDZHN
SLV]HZUĊF]RUHZROXFMLSR]QDZF]HMNWyUDZWZyUF]RĞFLDQJLHOVNLHJRDUW\VW\SU]\MĊáDÄSR-
VWDüZH]ZDQLDGR©RF]\V]F]HQLDZUyWSRVWU]HJDQLDª´6áDZHN=DUD]HPMHGQDN
6áDZHNZVZRMHMLQWHUSUHWDFMLVá\QQHJRSDVVXVX%ODNH¶DLG]LHMHV]F]HGDOHM2F]\V]F]HQLH
GU]ZLSHUFHSFMLPRĪHVLĊGRNRQDüSRUR]SR]QDQLXÄGZXWRURZHJRFKDUDNWHUXQDV]HMSHUFHSFML
]P\VáRZHM´3RSLHUZV]HQDOHĪ\RGU]XFLüUHGXNFMĊSR]QDZF]ąSROHJDMąFąQDSU]\SLV\ZDQLX
OXG]NLP]P\VáRPZ\áąF]QLHLQVWUXPHQWDOQR¿]MRORJLF]QHMQDWXU\SRGUXJLHQDOHĪ\X]QDü
Z\REUDĨQLĊQLHW\ONR]DĞURGHNSR]QDZF]\OHF]]DLVWRWĊÄRQWRORJLF]QHMVWUXNWXU\F]áRZLH-
ND´±Ä©&]áRZLHNMHVWFDá\:\REUDĨQLąª©:\REUDĨQLDF]\OL&]áRZLHF]H:LHNXLVWH&LDáR
Z.DĪG\P]1DVª´6áDZHN

.RQVHNZHQFMąSU]\MĊFLDWDNLHMNRQFHSFMLLPDJLQDFMLE\áRRGU]XFHQLHWHRULLSR]QDQLDRSLH-

UDMąFHMVLĊQDSR]QDQLX]P\VáRZ\P±WRWXWDMPLDáDVZRMHĨUyGáDQLHFKĊü%ODNH¶DGRSRJOąGyZ

1

&ROHULGJHZ\UyĪQLDáGZDW\S\LPDJLQDFMLSLHUZRWQąSULPDU\) LZWyUQąVHFRQGDU\3U]H]SLHUZRWQąUR]X-
PLDáÄĪ\ZąVLáĊLSLHUZV]RU]ĊGQ\F]\QQLNOXG]NLHMSHUFHSFMLD]DUD]HPSRZWyU]HQLHZVNRĔF]RQ\PXP\ĞOH
ZLHF]QHJRDNWXWZRU]HQLDZQLHVNRĔF]RQ\P-HVWHP´ZWyUQąQDWRPLDVWGH¿QLRZDáMDNRRGELFLHLPDJLQDFML
SLHUZRWQHMW\SLPDJLQDFMLZVSyáLVWQLHMąFHM]HĞZLDGRPąZROąWRĪVDP\]SLHUZRWQąLPDJLQDFMąMHĞOLZ]Ląü
SRGXZDJĊURG]DMVSUDZVWZDDUyĪQLąF\VLĊRGQLHMSRGZ]JOĊGHPVWRSQLDLZVSRVRELHG]LDáDQLD:WyUQD
LPDJLQDFMDUR]SUDV]DE\RGWZDU]Dü&ROHULGJH

33

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

Bacona czy Locke’a. Autor 5R]ZDĪDĔGRW\F]ąF\FKUR]XPXOXG]NLHJRZ\SURZDG]DáERZLHP
FDáąZLHG]ĊJURPDG]RQąSU]H]F]áRZLHND]LQIRUPDFMLNWyUHMGRVWDUF]DMąPX]P\Vá\W\P
VDP\P/RFNH]DRF]\ZLVW\X]QDZDáSRJOąGĪHQD]HZQąWU]F]áRZLHNDLVWQLHMHĞZLDWXMĊW\
ZNDWHJRULDFKF]DVRZRSU]HVWU]HQQ\FKNWyU\F]áRZLHNSUyEXMHSR]QDZDüZ\NRU]\VWXMąF
VZRMH]P\Vá\%ODNHQDWRPLDVWWUDNWRZDáHSLVWHPRORJLĊ%DFRQDF]\/RFNH¶DZNDWHJRULDFK
SODWRĔVNLHJRPLWXRMDVNLQL.RQW\QXXMąFP\ĞORGU]ZLDFKSHUFHSFML%ODNHSLVDáSU]HFLHĪ
w =DĞOXELQDFK 1LHED L 3LHNáD R F]áRZLHNX Ä*G\Ī MHVW RQ ]DPNQLĊW\ Z VRELH L SRVWU]HJD
ZV]\VWNRSU]H]ZąVNLHV]SDU\MDVNLQL´WáXP0LFKDá)RVWRZLF]

2

%ODNHQDOHĪDáWDNĪHSR-

GREQLHMDNZLĊNV]RĞüURPDQW\F]Q\FKSRHWyZ]Z\MąWNLHP:LOOLDPD:RUGVZRUWKDGRJURQD
]DJRU]Dá\FKNU\W\NyZQHZWRQRZVNLHMNRQFHSFMLU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL-DNSLVDá5HQp:HOOHNFKRü
URPDQW\F\UyĪQLOLVLĊZVZRLFKZ\REUDĪHQLDFKQDWHPDWNRQFHSFMLQDWXU\WR]DUD]HP]JRGQLH
RGU]XFDOLNRQFHSFMĊPHFKDQLVW\F]QHJRXQLZHUVXPNWyUąVZRLPDXWRU\WHWHPOHJLW\PL]RZDá
ZáDĞQLH,]DDN1HZWRQ:HOOHN:W\PSXQNFLH]SRJOąGDPL:HOOHND]JDG]DVLĊ
WDNĪH/RYHMR\NWyU\ZSyĨQLHMV]\PVWXGLXPZREHFVZRMHJRNU\W\F]QHJR2QWKH'LVFULPL
QDWLRQRI5RPDQWLFLVPV]DXZDĪDĪHURPDQW\]PFKDUDNWHU\]XMąWU]\LGHHRUJDQLF\]POXE
KROL]PZROXQWDU\]POXEG\QDPL]P]UyĪQLFRZDQLH/RYHMR\=QDF]HQLH
RUJDQLF\]PX Z WZyUF]RĞFL URPDQW\NyZ SRGQRVL WDNĪH 0RUVH 3HFNKDP NWyU\ Z DUW\NXOH
RSXEOLNRZDQ\PZURNXSUyERZDáSRJRG]LüVWDQRZLVND]DSUH]HQWRZDQHSU]H]/RYHMR\D
L:HOOHND-DNSLVDáREXDXWRUyZáąF]\ZVSyOQDPHWDIRUDNWyUąRNUHĞOLáPLDQHPG\QDPLF]QHJR
RUJDQLF\]PX3HFNKDP=DXZDĪ\á]DUD]HPĪHEH]Z]JOĊGXQDWRF]\FKRG]LáR
R¿OR]R¿ĊWHRORJLĊF]\HVWHW\NĊURPDQW\]PFKDUDNWHU\]RZDáRRGHMĞFLHRGPHFKDQLVW\F]QHM
VWDW\NLZGXFKX1HZWRQRZVNLPQDU]HF]P\ĞOHQLDZNDWHJRULDFKG\QDPLF]QHJRRUJDQLF\]PX
ZNWyU\P]QDF]HQLDQDELHUDá\NDWHJRULH]PLDQ\Z]URVWXUyĪQRURGQRĞFLWZyUF]HMZ\REUDĨQL
QLHĞZLDGRPRĞFL3HFNKDP

7DNĪH:RXWHU-+DQHJUDDIIZVWXGLXPZNWyU\PĞOHG]L]ZLą]NLPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHP

LWUDG\FMąH]RWHU\F]Qą

3

, uznaje idee imaginacji oraz organicyzmu za centralne dla romantyzmu

(Hanegraaff 1998a: 256)

4

+ROHQGHUVNLKLVWRU\N]DFKRGQLHJRH]RWHU\]PXSRZRáXMąFVLĊQD

WZyUF]RĞü$QWRLQH¶D)DLYUH¶DSRGNUHĞODMHGQRF]HĞQLHH]RWHU\F]Q\Z\PLDULGHLLPDJLQDFML
LRUJDQLF\]PX)DLYUH]DFHQWUDOQHGODH]RWHU\]PXX]QDMHQDVWĊSXMąFHLGHHNRUHVSRQGHQFML
PLNURNRVPRV RG]ZLHUFLHGOD PDNURNRVPRV Ī\MąFHM QDWXU\ LPDJLQDFML L SRĞUHGQLF]HQLD
PHGLDFMLGRĞZLDGF]HQLDSU]HPLDQ\SUDNW\NL]JRGQRĞFLSKLORVRSKLDSHUHQQLV), transmisji
DXWHQW\F]QHMZLHG]\)DLYUH;;,í;;,9,GHHWHPRĪQD]áDWZRĞFLąRGQDOHĨüZWZyU-
F]RĞFLURPDQW\NyZZW\PWDNĪHDUDF]HMSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPX%ODNH¶D-DN]DXZDĪD.DWK-
OHHQ5DLQH%ODNHUR]ZLQąáQDSU]\NáDGNRQFHSFMĊNRUHVSRQGHQFML(PDQXHOD6ZHGHQERUJD

2

.DWKOHHQ5DLQH]QDNRPLWDEDGDF]NDWZyUF]RĞFL%ODNH¶D]ZUDFDXZDJĊQDWRĪHDXWRU0LOWRQDSRVWU]HJDá
PDWHULDOL]PZNDWHJRULDFKSODWRĔVNLHMMDVNLQL5DLQH:URJyZLPDJLQDFML%DFRQD1HZWRQD/RFNH¶D
9ROWDLUH¶DWUDNWRZDáMDNRÄDJHQWyZ8UL]HQD´ZWZyUF]RĞFL%ODNH¶D8UL]HQMHVWSHUVRQL¿NDFMąEH]GXV]QHJR
rozumu, Urizen – \RXUUHDVRQNWyUHPXSU]HFLZVWDZLD8UWKRQĊSHUVRQL¿NDFMĊLPDJLQDFML

3

Ä.ODV\F]Qą´SUDFąQDWHPDW]ZLą]NyZPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPLWUDG\FMąH]RWHU\F]QąMHVWVWXGLXP$XJXVWH¶D
Viatte’a (1928).

4

'RW\FKGZyFKLGHL+DQHJUDDIIGRGDMHMHV]F]HMHGQąLGHĊWHPSRUDOL]PX7ĊWULDGĊLGHLZ\UyĪQLá+DQHJUDDII
RSLHUDMąFVLĊQDWZyUF]RĞFLEDGDF]\URPDQW\]PX$UWKXUD2/RYHMR\D5HQp:HOOHND0RUVH¶D3HFNKDPD
0H\HUD+$EUDPVDL(UQHVWD/HH7XYHVRQD

34

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

NRUHVSRQGHQFMLPLĊG]\ZL]MąDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLą5DLQH

5

. Odkrycie korespondencji

PLĊG]\ĞZLDWHPQDWXU\LĞZLDWHPGXFKRZ\PVWDMHVLĊPRĪOLZHSRXSU]HGQLPÄRF]\V]F]H-
QLXGU]ZLSHUFHSFML´FRXPRĪOLZLDLPDJLQDFMDRUD]PHGLDFMD7DGHXV]6áDZHNNRPHQWXMąF
IUDJPHQWUR]ZDĪDĔ6ZHGHQERUJDSRĞZLĊFRQ\LGHLNRUHVSRQGHQFMLZNWyUHMVWZLHUG]DáĪH
Ä©>Z@V]\VWNLHU]HF]\Z\VWĊSXMąFHZQDWXU]HRGQDMZLĊNV]\FKGRQDMPQLHMV]\FKVąNRUH-
VSRQGHQFMDPLFRZ\ZRG]LVLĊ]IDNWXLĪĞZLDWQDWXU\Z\áDQLDVLĊLXWU]\PXMHSU]\Ī\FLX
G]LĊNLĞZLDWXGXFKRZHPX>@ª´SLV]HÄ>@%ODNHVSRU]ąG]DyZUHMHVWUE\WyZQDWXU\SR
WRE\ZVND]DüQDRQWRORJLF]Q\IXQGDPHQWF]áRZLHNDNWyU\PMHVWUHODFMD]'UXJLPDWDN-
ĪH QD RERZLą]HN XPLHMĊWQRĞFL ©RGF]\W\ZDQLDª ĞZLDWD 5]HF]\ZLVWRĞü W\ONR ZWHG\ PRĪH
VWDüVLĊGRPHQą'UXJLHJRNLHG\PDZDORUSLVPDWHNVWX]QDNX&]áRZLHN%ODNH¶DPLOF]\
LSR]ZDODPyZLüĞZLDWX´6áDZHN6áDZHN]ZUDFDGHIDFWRXZDJĊQDWĊIXQNFMĊ
LPDJLQDFMLNWyUD±MDNSLV]H$QWRLQH)DLYUH±SROHJDQDRGV]\IURZ\ZDQLXKLHURJOLIyZĞZLD-
WD7HKLHURJOLI\NWyU\PLPRJąE\üU\WXDá\REUD]\QDNDUWDFKWDURWDF]\PDQGDOHVWDMąVLĊ
ÄSRĞUHGQLNDPL´PHGLDFMDPLĊG]\W\PFRZLG]LDOQHLQLHZLG]LDOQHXUXFKDPLDMąF\PLSUDFĊ
LPDJLQDFML)DLYUH;;,,,=NROHLGąĪHQLHGRVWZRU]HQLDÄ¿OR]R¿LZLHF]\VWHM´GDMHVLĊ
]DREVHUZRZDüZ%ODNH¶DNRQFHSFMLMHGQHMUHOLJLL:XWZRU]H:V]\VWNLHUHOLJLHVą-HGQRĞFLą
%ODNH SLVDá Ä-DN ZV]\VF\ OXG]LH Vą SRGREQL Z VZHM QLHVNRĔF]RQHM UyĪQRURGQRĞFL WDN
ZV]\VWNLH5HOLJLHMDNLZV]\VWNLHSRGRELHĔVWZDPDMąMHGQRĨUyGáR3UDZG]LZ\&]áRZLHNMHVW
W\PĨUyGáHPLVWQLHMąF\MDNR3RHW\FNL*HQLXV]´WáXP0LFKDá)RVWRZLF]%ODNH

7ZyUF]RĞü:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶DMHVWSUDNW\F]QLHQLH]UR]XPLDáDMHĞOLSRPLQLĊWRE\MHM]D-

NRU]HQLHQLHZWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHM]ZáDV]F]DZ]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHM%ODNH
GREU]H]QDáWZyUF]RĞü3DUDFHOVXVD-DNXED%RHKPH(PDQXHOD6ZHGHQERUJD

6

Z\PLHQLDá

LFKMDNRVZRLFKQDXF]\FLHOL-DNSLV]H.DWKOHHQ5DLQHSUDZGRSRGREQLHF]\WDá'H2FFXOWD
3KLORVRSKLD&RUQHOLXVD$JU\SS\G]LHáD7KRPDVD9DXJKDQDLLQQ\FKDOFKHPLNyZSRQDGWR
]QDá FKU]HĞFLMDĔVNą NDEDáĊ ]D SRĞUHGQLFWZHP 5REHUWD )OXGGD&RUSXV +HUPHWLFXP E\ü
PRĪH]QDáUyZQLHĪSUDFHSODWRQLNyZ]&DPEULGJHRUD]JQRVW\NyZ-HVWWDNĪHEDUG]RSUDZ-
GRSRGREQH ĪH SU]HF]\WDá SLHUZV]\ DQJLHOVNL SU]HNáDG %KDJDYDG *LWD (Raine 1979: 15)

7

.

.RQFHSFMĊLPDJLQDFML%ODNH¶DWDNĪHQDOHĪ\RGF]\W\ZDüZSHUVSHNW\ZLH]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FML
H]RWHU\F]QHM:WUDG\FMLWHMLPDJLQDFMĊWUDNWRZDQRMDNRRUJDQGXV]\XPRĪOLZLDMąF\GRVWĊS
GRUyĪQ\FKSR]LRPyZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL&KRG]LRWDNLHUR]XPLHQLHLGHLLPDJLQDFML±RF]\PMXĪ
ZF]HĞQLHMSLVDáHP±ZNWyU\PSU]H]V\PEROHLREUD]\UR]ZLMDüPRĪQDZLHG]ĊRGV]\IURZXMąFą
ÄKLHURJOLI\´QDWXU\D]DUD]HPRQDU]ĊG]LHG]LĊNLNWyUHPXPRĪQDSUyERZDüUR]XPLHüSURFHV

5

-HGQą]QDMVá\QQLHMV]\FKPDQLIHVWDFMLLGHLNRUHVSRQGHQFMLZWZyUF]RĞFL%ODNH¶DVWDQRZLEH]ZąWSLHQLDIUDJPHQW
:\URF]QL1LHZLQQRĞFL($XJXULHVRI,QQRFHQFH:



 ÄĝZLDW]REDF]\üZ=LDUHQNX3LDVNX



 1LHERZ']LNLHM5RĞOLQLH



 1LHVNRĔF]RQRĞüXFKZ\FLüZUĊNX



 $:LHF]QRĞüZJRG]LQLH´WáXP=\JPXQW.UXNRZVNL

6

%ODNHE\áF]áRQNLHP.RĞFLRáD6ZHGHQERUJLDQV\PSDW\]RZDá]VHNWą0XJJOHWRQLDQ.HPS

7

1LHFRLQQHVWDQRZLVNRGRW\F]ąFH]QDMRPRĞFLWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHMSU]H]%ODNH¶DD]DUD]HPZSá\ZXQDMHJR
G]LHáRSUH]HQWXMH'DUHQ.HPS&KRü±MDNSLV]H±ZWZyUF]RĞFL:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶DSRZV]HFKQLHGRVWU]HJD
VLĊ ZSá\Z\ WUDG\FML H]RWHU\F]QHM WR ]DUD]HP LVWQLHMą X]DVDGQLRQH ZąWSOLZRĞFL F]\ H]RWHU\F]QH LQNOLQDFMH
%ODNH¶D Z\Sá\ZDá\ ] OHNWXU\ SLVP H]RWHU\F]Q\FK F]\ UDF]HM VWDQRZLá\ RGELFLH SRSXODUQ\FK Z W\P F]DVLH
ZąWNyZREHFQ\FKQDSR]LRPLHNXOWXU\SRSXODUQHM.HPS

35

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

LQWHUDNFMLPLĊG]\F]áRZLHNLHP%RJLHPLZV]HFKĞZLDWHP)DLYUHí)XQNFMą
NWyUąSU]\SLVDQRLPDJLQDFMLE\áRWUDQVFHQGRZDQLHGXDOL]PXGXFKíPDWHULD

%ODNH WUDNWRZDá LPDJLQDFMĊ MDNR URG]DM ERVNLHM ZL]ML ]D NWyUą VNU\ZD VLĊ Ä3RHW\FNL

*HQLXV]´&KRüDXWRU0LOWRQDĨUyGáDLPDJLQDFMLSRV]XNLZDáZSRH]MLWRMHJRUR]XPLHQLH
LPDJLQDFMLQLHPDQLFZVSyOQHJR]IDQWD]MRZDQLHPZ\REUDĪDQLHPF]HJRĞQLHLVWQLHMąFHJR
ĞZLDWHP LOX]ML VWZRU]RQ\P SU]H] DUW\VWĊ ,PDJLQDFMD ± WR XPLHMĊWQRĞü ZLG]HQLD QDWXU\
U]HF]\QLHRGV\áDRQDGRLQQHJRĞZLDWDOHF]GRWHJRĞZLDWDW\OHĪHZLG]LDQHJRLQDF]HMQLĪ
FKFąWHJRPDWHULDOLĞFL5DLQH,PDJLQDFMDRGNU\ZDĞZLDWGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLĪ\FLD
SU]HFLZVWDZLRQ\DEVWUDNFMLZ1HZWRQRZVNLPZ\GDQLX±VWąGEUDáDVLĊQLHFKĊü%ODNH¶DGR
¿OR]R¿L%DFRQD/RFNH¶DL1HZWRQDRSDUW\FKQDLPSHUDW\ZLHSRPLDUXNWyUHDXWRU=DĞOX
ELQ1LHEDL3LHNáDX]QDZDá]DZURJLHGRĞZLDGF]HQLXĪ\FLRZHPXĪ\FLDQLHGDVLĊPLHU]\ü
5DLQH:\UDĨQLH]DLQVSLURZDQ\¿OR]R¿ą*HRUJH¶D%HUNHOH\DRGU]XFDáNRQFHSFMĊ
ĞZLDWDLVWQLHMąFHJRSR]DSRVWU]HJDMąF\PXP\VáHPSR]DHJ]\VWHQFMąMHĞOLERZLHPZV]\VWNR
FRZLG]LP\LVWQLHMHZOXG]NLHMLPDJLQDFML]DWHPQDWXUDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLQLHOHĪ\ZF]DVLH
LSU]HVWU]HQLDOHZĪ\FLX5DLQH5]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLąMHVWWRF]HJRGRĞZLDGF]DP\
DQLHLVWQLHMąFHSR]DXP\VáHPRELHNW\XMĊWHZF]DVRZRSU]HVWU]HQQHIRUP\1LHQDOHĪ\MHGQDN
LQWHUSUHWRZDü%ODNH¶DNRQFHSFMLWZyUF]HMLPDJLQDFMLMDNRPDQLIHVWDFMLVROLSV\]PX:Nie
PD1DWXUDOQHM5HOLJLLSLVDáGRELWQLHÄ.WRZLG]L1LHVNRĔF]RQRĞüZHZV]\VWNLFKU]HF]DFK
RJOąGD%RJD.WRZLG]LMHG\QLH5HODFMHZLG]LVDPVLHELH'ODWHJR%yJVWDMHVLĊWDNLMDNP\
JG\ĪP\PRĪHP\E\üWDF\MDNLMHVWRQ´WáXP0LFKDá)RVWRZLF]%ODNH

.2175.8/785$$Ä3275=(%$520$17<&=1$´

'RĞü SRZV]HFKQH MHVW G]LVLDM SU]HNRQDQLH EDGDF]\ R LVWQLHQLX ZLHOX DQDORJLL PLĊG]\

URPDQW\]PHPLNRQWUNXOWXUąODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKLVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKGZXG]LHVWHJRZLHNX
+DQV6HEDOGQDSU]\NáDGGH¿QLXMąFURPDQW\F]Q\ĞZLDWRSRJOąGZNDWHJRULDFKUHDNFMLZREHF
URVQąFHJR]QDF]HQLDLQGXVWULDOL]DFMLLQDXNLPHFKDQL]DFMLLUDFMRQDOL]DFMLĪ\FLDVSRáHF]QH-
JR]DNROHMQąID]ĊWDNLHMURPDQW\F]QHMNRQWHVWDFMLX]QDMHGZXG]LHVWRZLHF]QąNRQWUNXOWXUĊ
PáRG]LHĪRZą 6HEDOG  í 6WDZLD ]DUD]HP WH]Ċ ĪH URPDQW\]P GDá SRF]ąWHN
antywojennej kontrkulturze

8

:LHOXÄSURURNyZ´NRQWUNXOWXU\SRZRá\ZDáRVLĊQDWZyUF]RĞü

URPDQW\NyZ]ZáDV]F]D:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶D]ZUDFDáRVLĊZVWURQĊV]WXNLNRQWHVWRZDáRáDG
VSRáHF]Q\OHJLW\PL]RZDQ\SU]H]QDMZDĪQLHMV]HLQVW\WXFMHVSRáHF]QH

&LHNDZą NRQFHSFMĊ ]ZLą]NyZ PLĊG]\ URPDQW\]PHP L NRQWUNXOWXUą SURSRQXMH 3HWHU

Meyer w swojej +LVWRULLV]WXNLHXURSHMVNLHMSLV]ąFRLVWQLHQLXÄSRWU]HE\URPDQW\F]QHM´0DULD
-DQLRQL0DULDĩPLJURG]NDWĊSURSR]\FMĊ0H\HUDRNUHĞODMąZUĊF]MDNRÄVRFMRORJLĊSRVWDZ\
URPDQW\F]QHM´-DQLRQLĩPLJURG]ND6DPRLVWQLHQLHÄSRWU]HE\URPDQW\F]QHM´
PDFKDUDNWHUXQLZHUVDOQ\MHGQDNĪHPDQLIHVWXMHVLĊRQDNDĪGRUD]RZRZRGPLHQQHMV]DFLH
KLVWRU\F]QHM Ä3UąG URPDQW\F]Q\ MHVW ]DZV]H UXFKHP NWyU\ VLĊ SU]HFLZVWDZLD SDQXMąFHM

8

-DN]DXZDĪDMHGQDN7KHRGRUH5RV]DNPáRG]LHĪRZ\EXQWSU]HFLZNRVSRáHF]HĔVWZXWHFKQRNUDW\F]QHPXE\á
UDF]HMIHQRPHQHPNXOWXURZ\PQLĪUXFKHPSROLW\F]Q\PWUDQVIRUPDFMąMDĨQLUDF]HMQLĪPDQLIHVWHPUHZROX-
F\MQ\P5RV]DN7RVDPRPRĪQD]UHV]WąSRZLHG]LHüRLGHRORJLL1HZ$JH

36

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

©QRZRF]HVQRĞFLª6NRURW\ONRZ\WZRU]\VLĊJG]LHĞZ\VRNDNXOWXUDPLHMVNDOXEGZRUVND
PRĪQDWDPGRVWU]HFUXFK\URPDQW\F]QHUHSUH]HQWRZDQHQLHSU]H]MDNąĞUHZROXF\MQąSDUWLĊ
RSR]\F\MQą DOH SU]H] VDP\FK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL WHM Z\VRNLHM NXOWXU\ 2]QDF]D RQD ERZLHP
]DZV]HVSHFMDOL]DFMĊZRNUHĞORQ\PNLHUXQNXLRGVXQLĊFLHRGWHJRFRSRGVWDZRZHLOXG]NLH
7D ZáDĞQLH VWUDWD Z ]DNUHVLH VNDOL UR]OHJáRĞFL SU]HĪ\ü PD E\ü Z\UyZQDQD SU]\QDMPQLHM
V\PEROLF]QLHSU]H]URPDQW\F]QHZ\REUDĪHQLD&]áRQNRZLHSU]RGXMąFHMZDUVWZ\VSRáHF]QHM
RGF]XZDMąF]DVDPLVZHZ\VRFHZ\VW\OL]RZDQHĪ\FLHMDNRFLĊĪDULWĊVNQLą]DW\PFRSURVWH
niewymuszone i naturalne” (Meyer 1973: 223).

=PLDQ\ZNXOWXU]H]PLDQ\VW\OyZLJXVWyZZ\QLNDMą]LVWQLHQLDNOXF]RZHJRZJ0H\HUD

QDSLĊFLDPLĊG]\NXOWXUąZ\VRNąNWyUDSU]\MPXMH]E\WZ\VSHFMDOL]RZDQąDW\PVDPąV]WXF]-
QąLRGGDORQąRGOXG]NLHJRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLĪ\FLDIRUPĊDWHQGHQFMDPLSU]HFLZVWDZQ\PL
ZNWyU\FKURPDQW\F\V]XNDMąXFLHF]NLSU]HGF\ZLOL]DFMąÄ&]áRZLHNQDVWURMRQ\URPDQW\F]-
QLH XFLHND RG ]ELRURZRĞFL V]XND VDPRWQRĞFL WHJR FR RVRELVWH URG]LPH L OXGRZH V]XND
EH]NV]WDáWQRĞFLLGRZROQRĞFL±MDNRSU]HFLZLHĔVWZDSU]\PXVX]DZRGRZHJRLVSRáHF]QHJR
SURVWRW\JUDQLF]ąFHM]SU\PLW\ZL]PHP±MDNRSU]HFLZLHĔVWZDVNRPSOLNRZDQLDV]XNDEH]-
SUREOHPRZHJRĪ\FLD>@´0H\HU:VSRPQLDQHSU]H]0H\HUDÄEH]SUREOHPRZH
Ī\FLH´WRSU]HFLZLHĔVWZRQRZRF]HVQRĞFLNWyUD±MDNSLV]H±Z\WZRU]RQD]RVWDMH]WHJRFR
jeszcze nie istnieje, a zarazem przeciwstawiona temu, co istnieje, czyli naturze i historii.
2GU]XFHQLHQRZRF]HVQRĞFLUR]XPLDQHMSU]H]0H\HUDZVSHF\¿F]Q\SRQDGF]DVRZ\VSRVyE
±VNRURNDĪGDHSRNDPDVZRMąQRZRF]HVQRĞü±VNXWNRZDüPLDáDE\]ZURWHPZVWURQĊPD-
U]\FLHOVWZDLSU]HV]áRĞFL&KRFLDĪZNRQFHSFMLSRQDGF]DVRZHJRURPDQW\]PX0H\HUDVSRUR
XSURV]F]HĔDVDPRZ\REUDĪHQLHURPDQW\F]QHJRDUW\VW\WUąFLZUĊF]QDLZQąVWHUHRW\SL]DFMą
VSRG]QDNXV]NROQ\FKSRGUĊF]QLNyZZDUWDUR]ZLQLĊFLDMHVWWH]D]JRGQLH]NWyUąÄSRWU]HEĊ
URPDQW\F]Qą´QDOHĪ\WUDNWRZDüMDNRMHGQą]QDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKVLáNXOWXU\ÄDW\ONRVSRVyEMHM
]DVSRNDMDQLDMHVW]PLHQQ\LGRZROQ\´0H\HU3RPLPRWHJRĪHVIRUPXáRZDQLH
SRZ\ĪV]HMWH]\RUD]VDPRSRMĊFLHÄSRWU]HEDURPDQW\F]QD´VXJHUXMHSV\FKRORJL]DFMĊVDPH-
JRXMĊFLDURPDQW\]PXMHMLQWHUSUHWDFMDZNDWHJRULDFKÄVRFMRORJLLSRVWDZ\URPDQW\F]QHM´
Z\GDMHVLĊX]DVDGQLRQD%XQWSU]HFLZNRGRPLQXMąFHMNXOWXU]HSU]\MPXMHERZLHPFKDUDNWHU
NRQWUNXOWXURZ\FKRüWHUPLQWHQ-DQLRQLĩPLJURG]NDUH]HUZXMąGRSLHURGODURPDQW\F]QHJR

9

Z\VWąSLHQLDSU]HFLZNRNXOWXU]HGRPLQXMąFHM

Ä.LHG\ VSRMU]\P\ QD EXQW URPDQW\NyZ SU]HFLZNR NXOWXU]H WR ]DXZDĪ\P\ ĪH >@

URPDQW\F\XVLáXMąVWZRU]\üQRZąNXOWXUĊSRVáXJXMąFVLĊNRQWUNXOWXUDPL7ZRU]ąZáDĞFLZLH
NRQWUNXOWXUĊSU]HFLZNRNXOWXU]HSDQXMąFHMWZRU]ąQRZąNXOWXUĊ]NRQWUNXOWXUWR]QDF]\F]HUSLą
]W\FKZV]\VWNLFKNXOWXUNWyUHLFK]GDQLHPQLH]QDOD]á\RGSRZLHGQLHJRPLHMVFDZNXOWXU]H
SDQXMąFHM:\GDMHVLĊĪHFDáDNXOWXURWZyUF]DG]LDáDOQRĞüURPDQW\NyZU]HF]\ZLĞFLHXVWDQDZLD
QRZ\LQRZRF]HVQ\W\SNXOWXU\-DQLRQLĩPLJURG]ND

,VWQLHQLHLNXOWXURZHPDQLIHVWDFMHÄSRWU]HE\URPDQW\F]QHM´RF]\ZLĞFLHQDRNUHVLHUR-

PDQW\]PXVLĊQLHNRĔF]ąLFRSHZLHQF]DVEĊGąVWDQRZLü]DU]HZLHNRQWUNXOWXURZHJREXQWX
]ZáDV]F]DNRQWUNXOWXUDODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKLVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKGZXG]LHVWHJRZLHNXE\ZD
SRUyZQ\ZDQDGRURPDQW\F]QHJREXQWXDZUĊF]RNUHĞODQDPLDQHPUXFKXURPDQW\F]QHJR

9

&KRG]LRF]\ZLĞFLHRUR]XPLHQLHWHUPLQXÄURPDQW\]P´MDNR]MDZLVNDNXOWXURZHJRNWyUHJRSRF]ąWNLVLĊJDMą
;9,,,VWXOHFLDDSHáQ\NV]WDáW]MDZLVNRX]\VNDáRZ;,;ZLHNX

37

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

F]\ QHRURPDQW\F]QHJR 0H\HUD NRQFHSFML ÄSRWU]HE\ URPDQW\F]QHM´ MDNR XQLZHUVDOQHJR
mechanizmu tworzenia kultury socjologicznego sznytu nadaje jej interpretacja w kategoriach
NRQWUNXOWXU\-DNNROZLHNDUW\ĞFLZVZRLPRGU]XFHQLXÄMDáRZHMQRZRF]HVQRĞFL´G]LDáDüPRJą
]MDNQDMEDUG]LHMLQG\ZLGXDOQ\FKSREXGHNDXDNW\ZQLHQLHVLĊXMHGQ\FKDUW\VWyZÄSRWU]HE\
URPDQW\F]QHM´XLQQ\FKQLHLQWHUHVRZDüPRĪHUDF]HMSV\FKRORJDQLĪVRFMRORJDWR]DUD]HP
URPDQW\F]QD NRQWHVWDFMD ]DNáDGD LVWQLHQLH RGPLHQQ\FK ĞURGRZLVN VSRáHF]Q\FK Z UDPDFK
ÄZ\VRNLHM NXOWXU\´ 5HSUH]HQWDQFL WDNLHM ZHZQĊWU]QHM NRQWUNXOWXU\ Z\VWĊSXMą Z LPLHQLX
tego, co naturalne i intymne, a ich spór z protagonistami kulturowego VWDWXVTXRprzyjmuje
FKDUDNWHUWDNLGHRORJLF]Q\MDNLDUW\VW\F]Q\PRĪOLZ\GR]RSHUDFMRQDOL]RZDQLDQDSU]\NáDG
ZNDWHJRULDFKĞZLDWRSRJOąGXĝURGRZLVNRWRSURGXNXMąFLGHHOHJLW\PL]XMąFSHZQHZDUWRĞFL
XSRZV]HFKQLDMąFWDNLHDQLHLQQHZ]RU\G\VSRQXMHLQVW\WXFMDPLSU]H]NWyUHRGG]LDáXMHQD
kulturowe otoczenie.

6RFMRORJLF]QHUR]ZDĪDQLDQDWHPDWNRQWUNXOWXU\FKFLDáE\PWHUD]Z]ERJDFLüRSHUVSHN-

W\ZĊ VWZRU]RQą QD JUXQFLH KLVWRULL LGHL H]RWHU\F]Q\FK ]DSURSRQRZDQą SU]H] :RXWHUD -
+DQHJUDDIIDNWyU\SLV]HRJQR]LHZW\SRORJLF]Q\PSU]HMĊW\PRG*LOOHVD4XLVSHODDQLH
chronologicznym rozumieniu) jako o tradycyjnej zachodniej „kontrkulturze”

10

(Hanegraaff

E6SRW\NDP\VLĊWXWDM]SU\PDWHPGRĞZLDGF]HQLDQDGZLDUąLUR]XPHPSU]\F]\P
FKRG]LRGRĞZLDGF]HQLH%RJDL-DĨQL+DQHJUDDIIE*LOOHV4XLVSHOSLV]ąFRWU]HFK
VNáDGQLNDFKHXURSHMVNLHMNXOWXU\ZLDUDUR]XPLJQR]DX]QDáZUĊF]JQR]ĊNWyUDVWDMHVLĊ
ZMHJRWZyUF]RĞFLV\QRQLPHPH]RWHU\]PX]DSU]\NáDGÄWU]HFLHMGURJL´WUDG\FMĊV\WXXMąFą
VLĊSRPLĊG]\R¿FMDOQąUHOLJLąDQDXNą-DNGRGDZDá4XLVSHOWU]\PLDVWD±-HUR]ROLPD$WHQ\
L$OHNVDQGULD±XNV]WDáWRZDá\KLVWRULĊ=DFKRGX4XLVSHO2LOHUR]XPRGNU\ZD
SUDZGĊZ\áąF]QLHSU]H]]GROQRĞüGRUDFMRQDOQHJRP\ĞOHQLDZLDUD±SU]H]REMDZLHQLH]H-
ZQĊWU]QHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLRW\OHJQR]DMDNRZVSRPQLDQDÄWU]HFLDGURJD´]DVDG]DVLĊQD
SU]HNRQDQLXĪHSUDZGDPRĪH]RVWDüRGNU\WDZ\áąF]QLHQDGURG]HZHZQĊWU]QHJRREMDZLHQLD
*QR]DZWDNLPXMĊFLXMHVWSRSURVWX]ZURWHPZVWURQĊZGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLMDĨQL1DMVá\QQLHMV]H
WHNVW\NRQWUNXOWXU\GZXG]LHVWHJRZLHNXPRĪQDRGF]\W\ZDüZNRQWHNĞFLHWDNLHJR]ZURWX

1$5.27<.,,'5=:,3(5&(3&-,

0yM SXQNW ZLG]HQLD UyĪQL VLĊ RF]\ZLĞFLH RG SURSRQRZDQHJR SU]H] 0H\HUD -DQLRQ

L ĩPLJURG]Ną$XWRU]\ FL RJQLVNXMą VZRMH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH QD URPDQW\]PLH UR]XPLDQ\P
MDNRRNUHVZUR]ZRMXV]WXNL0H\HULOLWHUDWXU\-DQLRQLĩPLJURG]NDVWąGNRQWUNXOWXUD
ZLFKXMĊFLXSU]\MPXMHIRUP\DUW\VW\F]QHMNRQWHVWDFML3U]\MPXMĊ]D&ROOLQHP&DPSEHOOHP
FKDUDNWHU\VW\NĊNXOWXURZHJRXQGHUJURXQGXVSRáHF]HĔVWZDLVWQLHMąFHJRSR]DJáyZQ\PQXUWHP
NXOWXU\ MDNR V\VWHPX ZLHU]HĔ LSUDNW\N KHWHURGRNV\MQHJR ZREHFGRPLQXMąFHJR SRU]ąGNX
NXOWXURZHJR&DPSEHOO

11

8QGHUJURXQGZHGáXJ&DPSEHOODF]\JQR]DZXMĊFLX

10

+DQHJUDDII ELHU]H WXWDM Z FXG]\VáyZ WHUPLQ ÄNRQWUNXOWXUD´ FR QDOHĪ\ ]DSHZQH LQWHUSUHWRZDü MDNR URG]DM
G\VWDQVXDXWRUDGRWDNLHJRVHPDQW\F]QHJRSRV]HU]HQLD]QDF]HQLDWHUPLQXĞZLDGRPRĞüĪHWDNLH]DVWRVRZDQLH
NáyFLVLĊ]H]Z\F]DMRZRSU]\MPRZDQ\PZĞURGRZLVNXQDXNRZ\PDOHLZSXEOLF\VW\FH

11

1DWHPDWNXOWXURZHJRXQGHUJURXQGX]RE.DVSHUHND

38

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

4XLVSHOD REHMPXMą RF]\ZLĞFLH WDNĪH VIHUĊ DUW\VW\F]Q\FK SRV]XNLZDĔ MHGQDNĪH SRMĊFLD WH
RJQLVNXMąVLĊQDLQG\ZLGXDOQ\PDOHSU]HFLHĪSU]\MPXMąF\PVSRáHF]QHIRUP\GRĞZLDGF]H-
QLXZHZQĊWU]QHMSUDZG\RGNU\ZDQHMG]LĊNLLQG\ZLGXDOQ\PSRV]XNLZDQLRP6SRLZHPWDN
UR]XPLDQHMNRQWUNXOWXU\XQGHUJURXQGXMHVWNDĪGRUD]RZRSHZQDNRQFHSFMD%RJDERJyZ
F]\U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLQDGQDWXUDOQHMRUD]VSRVREyZNRQWDNWRZDQLDVLĊ]QLPLQLHPLHV]F]ąFDVLĊ
ZUDPDFKGRNWU\QUHOLJLLOHJLW\PL]RZDQ\FKSU]H]LQVW\WXFMHVSRáHF]QHUHSUH]HQWXMąFHVWDWXV
TXR-HGQą]QDMEDUG]LHMZSá\ZRZ\FKNRQFHSFMLNWRZLHF]\QLHQDMEDUG]LHMZSá\ZRZą
WDNLHJRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDNWyUD]DLQVSLURZDáDSURWDJRQLVWyZPáRG]LHĪRZHJREXQWXZODWDFK
V]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FK L VLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FK XELHJáHJR ZLHNX VIRUPXáRZDá $OGRXV +X[OH\ 1D
RNáDGFHMHJR'U]ZLSHUFHSFMLRSXEOLNRZDQ\FKZURNXF]\WDP\ZUĊF]ĪHXWZyUWHQ
VWDáVLĊELEOLąKLSSLVyZ+X[OH\6DPW\WXáNVLąĪNLEĊGąF\QDZLą]DQLHPGRVá\QQHJR
SDVVXVX%ODNH¶DRGU]ZLDFKSHUFHSFMLDWDNĪHZLHORNURWQHRGZRá\ZDQLHVLĊZNVLąĪFHGR
postaci Blake’a (ale i do innych romantyków, np. Wordswortha czy Keatsa) uzasadnia, jak
VąG]ĊSRVWDZLHQLHWH]\ĪH'U]ZLSHUFHSFMLPRĪQD LQWHUSUHWRZDüMDNRNRQWUNXOWXURZąUHLQ-
WHUSUHWDFMĊLGHLLPDJLQDFML

12

.

'U]ZLSHUFHSFMLHuxleya poprzedza motto o oczyszczaniu drzwi percepcji z =DĞOXELQ1LHED

L3LHNáD%ODNH¶D&\WDWWHQVWDQRZLRVQRZĊGODRSLVXGRĞZLDGF]HQLD]ZLą]DQHJR]]DĪ\FLHP
QDUNRW\NXÄ1DSRGVWDZLHWHJRFRF]\WDáHPRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDFK]PHVNDOLQą]JyU\Z\URELáHP
VRELHSU]HNRQDQLHĪHWHQĞURGHNZSXĞFLáE\PQLHSU]\QDMPQLHMQDNLONDJRG]LQGRURG]DMX
ZHZQĊWU]QHJR ĞZLDWD RSLV\ZDQHJR SU]H] %ODNH¶D L $( >SVHXGRQLP *HRUJH¶D :LOOLDPD
5XVVHOODLUODQG]NLHJRSRHW\WHR]RID±$.@$OHWRF]HJRVLĊVSRG]LHZDáHPQLHQDVWąSLáR
6SRG]LHZDáHPVLĊĪHEĊGĊOHĪDá]]DPNQLĊW\PLRF]\PDSDWU]ąFQDZL]MHZLHOREDUZQ\FKJHR-
PHWU\F]Q\FKNV]WDáWyZRĪ\ZLRQHMDUFKLWHNWXU\ERJDWHMZV]ODFKHWQHNDPLHQLHLSU]HSLĊNQHM
NUDMREUD]yZ ] KHURLF]Q\PL SRVWDFLDPL V\PEROLF]Q\FK GUDPDWyZ ZLHF]QLH GUJDMąF\FK QD
JUDQLF\RVWDWHF]QHJRXMDZQLHQLD$OHQLHZ]LąáHPSRGXZDJĊ>@RVREOLZRĞFLPRMHMNRQVWUXN-
cji psychicznej, cech mojego temperamentu, wychowania i zwyczajów” (Huxley 2012: 11).

'RĞZLDGF]HQLH+X[OH\DSR]EDZLRQHÄZL]\MQRĞFL´U\FLQ%ODNH¶D]ELHJDVLĊMHGQDN]GR-

ĞZLDGF]HQLHPDXWRUD0LOWRQDZNLONXSXQNWDFKQLH]Z\NOH]UHV]WąLVWRWQ\FKGODURPDQW\F]QHM
LGHLLPDJLQDFML3RSLHUZV]HX+X[OH\DWDNMDNLX%ODNH¶D]DNZHVWLRQRZDQH]RVWDMąNDWHJRULH
F]DVXLSU]HVWU]HQLD]DUD]HPSRMDZLDVLĊGRĞZLDGF]HQLHLQWHQV\¿NDFMLĪ\FLDĞZLDGRPRĞFL
LVWQLHQLD VNXSLHQLD QD ZáDVQ\P ZQĊWU]X Ä©$ FR ] UHODFMDPL SU]HVWU]HQQ\PL"ª ± VS\WDá
HNVSHU\PHQWDWRU>@1DSUDZGĊZDĪQHE\áRWRĪHUHODFMHSU]HVWU]HQQHSU]HVWDá\PLHüLVWRWQH
]QDF]HQLHDPyMXP\VáSRVWU]HJDáĞZLDWZLQQ\FKNDWHJRULDFKQLĪSU]HVWU]HĔ:QRUPDOQ\P
F]DVLHRNR]DMPXMHVLĊWDNLPLSUREOHPDPLMDN*G]LH"-DNGDOHNR":MDNLHM]DOHĪQRĞFLRG
F]HJRĞFRĞMHVWSRáRĪRQH":HNVSHU\PHQFLH]PHVNDOLQąLPSOLNRZDQHS\WDQLDQDNWyUHPXVL
RGSRZLHG]LHüRNRVąLQQHJRURG]DMX0LHMVFHLRGOHJáRĞüSU]HVWDMąE\üRELHNWHP]DLQWHUH-
VRZDQLD 8P\Vá SRVWU]HJD Z NDWHJRULDFK LQWHQV\ZQRĞFL LVWQLHQLD JáĊEL ]QDF]HQLD UHODFML

12

&KFLDáE\PMHGQRF]HĞQLHXSU]HG]LüHZHQWXDOQ\]DU]XWĪHSRPLMDPG]LHMHLGHLLPDJLQDFMLRGF]DVyZURPDQW\]PX
GRNRQWUNXOWXU\ODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKLVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKGZXG]LHVWHJRZLHNX7RMDNLGHDWDIXQNFMRQRZDáD
QS ZĞUyG SURWDJRQLVWyZ 7RZDU]\VWZD7HR]R¿F]QHJR F]\ ZĞUyG DGHSWyZ DQWURSR]R¿L 6WHLQHUD L Z ZLHOX
LQQ\FK G]LHZLĊWQDVWRZLHF]Q\FK L GZXG]LHVWRZLHF]Q\FK ÄWDMQ\FK ]ZLą]NDFK´ ]EXGRZDQ\FK ZRNyá ZLHG]\
H]RWHU\F]QHMQLHVWDQRZLSU]HGPLRWXPRMHJRDUW\NXáX

39

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

ZHZQąWU]Z]RUFD>@8P\Vá]DMĊW\E\áQLHRGOHJáRĞFLDPLLPLHMVFDPLDE\FLHPL]QDF]HQLHP
5D]HP]RERMĊWQRĞFLąZVWRVXQNXGRSU]HVWU]HQLSU]\V]áDFDáNRZLWDRERMĊWQRĞüZVWRVXQNX
GRF]DVX´+X[OH\í

3RGUXJLHLX%ODNH¶DLX+X[OH\DSRMDZLDVLĊLGHDRG]ZLHUFLHGODQLDPDNURNRVPRVXSU]H]

PLNURNRVPRVLGHDNRUHVSRQGHQFMLÄ:¿QDOQ\PVWDQLHE\FLDEH]HJRSRMDZLDVLĊ©QLHMDVQD
ZLHG]DªĪH:V]\VWNRMHVWZHZV]\VWNLP±ĪH:V]\VWNRMHVWWDNQDSUDZGĊNDĪG\P´+X[OH\
,GHDWDZÄQDUNRW\F]Q\PWUDQVLH´+X[OH\DSU]\MPXMH]JRáDJURWHVNRZHRGFLHQLH
Ä>@MDNĪHSUDJQąáHPE\üSR]RVWDZLRQ\VDP]:LHF]QRĞFLąZNZLHFLH]1LHVNRĔF]RQRĞFLą
ZQRJDFKNU]HVáDL]$EVROXWHPZIDáGDFKSDU\ÀDQHORZ\FKVSRGQL´+X[OH\

$QDORJLLMHVWRF]\ZLĞFLHZLĊFHMREDMPLHOLĞZLDGRPRĞüNOXF]RZHMUROLWZyUF]HMLPD-

JLQDFMLL%ODNHL+X[OH\NU\W\F]QLHVSRJOąGDOLQD]LQVW\WXFMRQDOL]RZDQąUHOLJLĊWáXPLąFą
ZOXG]LDFKZLHU]ąF\FKSRWU]HEĊEH]SRĞUHGQLHJRPLVW\F]QHJRREFRZDQLD]%RJLHPU]HF]\-
ZLVWRĞFLąQDGSU]\URG]RQąDQDND]XMąFąSU]HVWU]HJDüGURELD]JRZHJRNRGHNVXQRUPREDM
SLVDOLR1RZ\P-HUX]DOHP0RĪQDQDZHWSRNXVLüVLĊRVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHREDMGRFKRG]LOLGR
SRGREQ\FKNRQVWDWDFMLW\OHĪHWUXGQRRSU]HüVLĊZUDĪHQLXĪH+X[OH\D]DQLPZLHOXSURWD-
JRQLVWyZNRQWUNXOWXU\SRV]HGáQDVNUyW\.RQWUNXOWXURZDNRQFHSFMDLPDJLQDFMLQLHGRUyZQXMH
DQLUR]PDFKHPDQLDUW\VW\F]QąUHDOL]DFMąURPDQW\F]QHMNRQFHSFMLLPDJLQDFML

13

7RMXĪQLH

ZLHONDURPDQW\F]QDNUHDFMDDFRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMWĊVNQRWD]DRGPLHQQ\PLVWDQDPLĞZLDGRPRĞFL
HNVSHU\PHQWRZDQLHW\OHĪGODSR]QDQLDFRGODSU]\MHPQRĞFLFRRF]\ZLĞFLHQLHZ\NOXF]D
GXFKRZ\FKHNVSORUDFML:F]DVDFKNRQWUNXOWXU\XQGHUJURXQG]DF]\QDSRZROLĞZLHFLüZEOD-
VNXGQLDSRZROLWHZF]HĞQLHMPDUJLQDOL]RZDQHGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLLFKDUW\VW\F]QHUHDOL]DFMH
]DF]\QDMąSU]HQLNDüGRPDLQVWUHDPX0LORZ\PNURNLHPRNDĪHVLĊ]HVSyá7KH'RRUV

3RGZSá\ZHPOHNWXU\'U]ZL SHUFHSFML-LP0RUULVRQSRVWDQDZLDQD]ZDüVZyM]HVSyá

7KH'RRUV:RNDOLVWD7KH'RRUV]QDáWZyUF]RĞü%ODNH¶DSRGF]DVVWXGLyZ8QLYHUVLW\RI
&DOLIRUQLDZ/RV$QJHOHVF]\WDáLQWHQV\ZQLHMHJRSRH]MĊ

14

DQDZHWZ\NRU]\VWDáIUDJPHQW

utworu Blake’a (z :\URF]QLQLHZLQQRĞFL) w piosence (QGRIWKH1LJKW

15

z 1967 roku – pisze

RW\PZVSyá]DáRĪ\FLHOÄ7KH'RRUV´5D\0DQ]DUHNZDXWRELRJUD¿L/LJKW0\)LUH0\/LIH
ZLWK7KH'RRUV0DQ]DUHNF\W]D&RQQROO\2ZV]HP0RUULVRQ]QDáWZyUF]RĞü
%ODNH¶DDMHGQDNWUXGQRRSU]HüVLĊZUDĪHQLXĪH]QDáJRSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSU]H]+X[OH\D
L Z GXFKX +X[OH\D LQWHUSUHWRZDá RG NWyUHJR ]DSRĪ\F]\á QLH W\ONR QD]ZĊ ]HVSRáX DOH
LDIRU\]PÄ7KHUHDUHWKLQJVNQRZQDQGWKHUHDUHWKLQJVXQNQRZQDQGLQEHWZHHQDUH7KH
'RRUV´Ä6ąU]HF]\]QDQHLQLH]QDQHDPLĊG]\QLPLGU]ZL´FKRüF]ĊVWRWRZáDĞQLH0RUUL-
VRQRZLSU]\SLVXMHVLĊMHJRDXWRUVWZR

13

=DXZDJĊRWDNLPSRVWĊSXMąF\PSURFHVLHÄGHJHQHUDFML´LGHLLPDJLQDFML]ZáDV]F]DZRGQLHVLHQLXGR1HZ$JH
G]LĊNXMĊ3DQX3URIHVRURZL=ELJQLHZRZL3DVNRZL

14

&]\WDáWDNĪHRF]\ZLĞFLHV]F]HJyOQLHZDĪQ\FKGODNRQWUNXOWXU\SRHWyZ$OOHQD*LQVEHUJDRUD]-DFND.HURXDFD
(Connolly 2011).

15

7HQIUDJPHQWXWZRUX7KH'RRUVEU]PLQDVWĊSXMąFR



 6RPHDUHERUQWRVZHHWGHOLJKW



 6RPHDUHERUQWRVZHHWGHOLJKW



 6RPHDUHERUQWRWKHHQGOHVVQLJKW



 -HGHQGODVáRGNLHM5RG]L6LĊUDGRĞFL



 ,QQ\6LĊ5RG]LGOD1LHVNRĔF]RQHM1RF\±WáXP=\JPXQW.UXNRZVNL

40

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

-HGQą]SLHUZV]\FKSUyERSLVDQLDL]UR]XPLHQLDIHQRPHQXPáRG]LHĪRZHMNRQWUNXOWXU\

ODW V]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FK L VLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FK GZXG]LHVWHJR ZLHNX E\áD EH] ZąWSLHQLD NVLąĪND
Theodore’a Roszaka 7KH0DNLQJRID&RXQWHU&XOWXUH,ZWHMNVLąĪFHZV]\VWNR]DF]\QDVLĊ
RG%ODNH¶DPRWWR]MHJRWZyUF]RĞFLSRMDZLDVLĊWXWDMZ\SRZLHGĨ*LQVEHUJDWZLHUG]ąFHJR
ĪHLQVSLUDFMąGRQDSLVDQLD6NRZ\WXE\áDÄSLĊNQD´LOXPLQDFMDZWUDNFLHNWyUHMVá\V]DáJáRV
%ODNH¶DL]REDF]\áZV]HFKĞZLDWRGVáDQLDMąF\VLĊZMHJRXP\ĞOH5RV]DN:\GDMH
VLĊMHGQDNĪHLPDJLQDFMDX*LQVEHUJDWRMHGQDNMXĪW\ONRSRWRNÄPDJLF]Q\FK´IUD]ÄZ\U]X-
FDQ\FK´ZVSRQWDQLF]Q\PSURFHVLHWZyUF]\PG]LĊNLF]HPXDXWRU6NRZ\WXPyJáNRĔF]\ü
FDáHGáXJLHSDVVXV\VZRLFKXWZRUyZZNLONDG]LHVLąWPLQXW

2SLV\ZDQL SU]H] 5RV]DND PáRG]L EXQWRZQLF\ SU]\SRPLQDMą G]LHZLĊWQDVWRZLHF]Q\FK

URPDQW\NyZZVZRLPRSRU]HZREHFVSRáHF]HĔVWZDWHFKQRNUDW\F]QHJRRSDUWHJRQDUDFMRQDO-
QRĞFLVNXWHF]QRĞFLLSRVWĊSLH5RV]DN

16

&RMHGQDNZDĪQHZSHUVSHNW\ZLHUR]ZDĪDĔ

QDGLGHąLPDJLQDFMLD]DUD]HPSR]DUHOLJLMQHMGXFKRZRĞFL5RV]DNGH¿QLXMHNRQWUNXOWXUĊMDNR
]ZURWZVWURQĊPLVW\NLRNXOW\]PXLPDJLL5RV]DN2GZUyWRGWHFKQRNUDW\F]QHJR
VSRáHF]HĔVWZDZLą]DáVLĊ]MHGQHMVWURQ\]RGNU\ZDQLHP]DFKRGQLHMWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHMQD
NRQWUNXOWXURZ\FKDQW\XQLZHUV\WHWDFKRGE\ZDá\VLĊQS]DMĊFLD]HNVSORUDFMLÄ:HZQĊWU]QHM
3U]HVWU]HQL´JG]LHRPDZLDQRPLĊG]\LQQ\PLWZyUF]RĞü*HRUJH¶D*XUGMLHIID:LOKHOPD5HLFKD
F]\JQRVW\NyZ]GUXJLHMVWURQ\]RGNU\ZDQLHPZVFKRGQLFKWUDG\FMLUHOLJLMQ\FKREHFQHJR
MXĪXURPDQW\NyZVáRZHP]RGNU\ZDQLHPZLHG]\XQGHUJURXQGRZHMRGZRáXMąFHMVLĊGR
]DND]DQHJR L QLV]RZHJR GRĞZLDGF]HQLD 'ZD F\WDW\ UR]SRF]\QDMą VWXGLXP 5RV]DND RED
DXWRUVWZD%ODNH¶D&\WDW\WHSRWUDNWRZDüPRĪQDMDNRURG]DMZLHONLHJRSURMHNWXSU]\MPXMą-
FHJRIRUPĊUHZROXFMLOHF]QLHSROLW\F]QHMDGXFKRZHMWHQVDPFKDUDNWHUX]\VND1HZ$JH
SURMHNWXZNWyU\PZ\MąWNRZąUROĊSU]\SLVDQR6]WXFH,PDJLQDFMLSU]\F]\PSU]\SLVDQR
MHMIXQNFMĊGRNRQ\ZDQLDGXFKRZ\FKHNVSORUDFML

$UW'HJUDGHG,PDJLQDWLRQ'HQLHG
:DU*RYHUQHGWKH1DWLRQV(Blake, /DRFRRQ)
Ä6]WXNDXSDGáD]DSDUWRVLĊ:\REUDĨQL:RMQD5]ąG]L1DURGDPL´±WáXP0LFKDá)RVWRZLF]

Blake w /DRNRRQLHSLVDáGDOHM

Ä:RMQD'XFKRZD,]UDHOXZROQLRQ\](JLSWXWR6]WXNDZ\]ZRORQDRG1DWXU\L,PLWDFML>@
0XVLFLHSRU]XFLü2MFyZL0DWNL'RP\L=LHPLHMHĞOLVWRMąQDGURG]H6]WXNL
0RGOLWZDMHVWVWXGLRZDQLHP6]WXNL>@
=HZQĊWU]QD&HUHPRQLDWR$QW\FKU\VW
:LHF]QH&LDáR&]áRZLHNDMHVW:\REUDĨQLą>@
6WDU\ L 1RZ\ 7HVWDPHQW MHVW :LHONLP .RGHP 6]WXNL´ WáXP 0LFKDá )RVWRZLF] %ODNH 
í

'UXJLF\WDWRGNWyUHJRVZRMHVWXGLXPUR]SRF]\QD5RV]DNSRGREQLHMDNSLHUZV]\WUDN-

WXMHRGZyFKURG]DMDFKZRMHQGXFKRZHMLFLHOHVQHM&\WDWWHQSRFKRG]ąF\]SU]HGPRZ\
do poematu 0LOWRQVWDQRZL]DUD]HPGREU\SXQNWZ\MĞFLDGRRVWDWQLHJR]DJDGQLHQLDNWyUH
FKFĊSRGMąüZDUW\NXOH

16

'\VNXV\MQDMHVWMHGQDNWH]DĪHURPDQW\]PMHVWDQW\QRZRF]HVQ\]RE.X]LDN

41

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

5RXVHXS2<RXQJ0HQRIWKH1HZ$JH6HW\RXUIRUHKHDGVDJDLQVWWKHLJQRUDQW+LUHOLQJV)RU
ZHKDYH+LUHOLQJVLQWKH&DPSWKH&RXUW WKH8QLYHUVLW\ZKRZRXOGLIWKH\FRXOGIRUHYHU
GHSUHVV0HQWDO SURORQJ&RUSRUHDO:DU

Ä3RZVWDĔFLHR0áRG]LHĔF\1RZHM(U\6WDZFLHF]RáDEH]GXV]Q\P1DMHPQLNRP3RQLHZDĪPDP\
QDMHPQLNyZZ2VLHGODFKQD'ZRUDFKL8QLZHUV\WHWDFKNWyU]\]DZV]HEĊGąJQĊELüLOHVLá8P\-
VáRZąDSRGWU]\P\ZDü&LHOHVQą:RMQĊ´%ODNH0LOWRQ±WáXP0LFKDá)RVWRZLF]

520$17<&=1<1(:$*(
&=</,:67521ĉÄ3$5$'<*0$78:<2%5$ħ1,´

7H]DRLVWQLHQLX]ZLą]NyZPLĊG]\GZXG]LHVWRZLHF]QąNRQWUNXOWXUąPáRG]LHĪRZąD1HZ

$JH QLH EXG]L Z ]DVDG]LH ZLĊNV]\FK ZąWSOLZRĞFL 3UREOHP SROHJD GH IDFWR na tym, czy
1HZ$JHWUDNWRZDQ\MHVWMDNRNRQW\QXDFMDNRQWUNXOWXU\±NXWDNLHMWH]LHVNáDQLDVLĊQS+DQV
6HEDOGíF]\UDF]HMMDNRMHMWUDQVIRUPDFMD±QDWDNLPVWDQRZLVNXVWRL:RXWHU-
+DQHJUDDIIF.RQWUNXOWXUĊL1HZ$JHáąF]\WDVDPDURPDQW\F]QDLQVSLUDFMD
3URWDJRQLĞFLNRQWUNXOWXU\ODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKLVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKXELHJáHJRZLHNXSRGRE-
QLHMDNOXPLQDU]HRZLHNZF]HĞQLHMV]HJRURPDQW\]PXJáRVLOLSHDQNXF]FLNUHDW\ZQRĞFL
LQG\ZLGXDOQRĞFLLZ\REUDĨQLZ\VWĊSRZDOLSU]HFLZPHFKDQL]DFMLĪ\FLDVSRáHF]QHJRSU]HFLZ
SRVNUDPLDQLX ]P\VáRZRĞFL SU]HFLZ XSRĞOHG]HQLX FLHOHVQRĞFL SU]H] UR]XP 7D\ORU 
7RVDPRPRĪHP\SRZLHG]LHüLRSURWDJRQLVWDFK1HZ$JH&RMHGQDNFLHNDZHĨUyGHá
1HZ$JHQLH]E\WF]ĊVWRSRV]XNXMHVLĊZáDĞQLHZURPDQW\]PLH±V]XNDVLĊLFKQDMF]ĊĞFLHM
Z WZyUF]RĞFL RVyE SRZLą]DQ\FK ] 7RZDU]\VWZHP 7HR]R¿F]Q\P Z DQWURSR]R¿L 5XGROID
6WHLQHUDZWZyUF]RĞFL*HRUJH¶D*XUGMLHIIDF]\&DUOD*XVWDYD-XQJD3RGQRVLVLĊWDNĪHF]ĊVWR
znaczenie dwudziestowiecznego fermentu kontrkulturowego.

Niedocenianie romantycznych

17

LQVSLUDFML1HZ$JHZ\GDMHVLĊW\PEDUG]LHM]DG]LZLDMąFH

ĪHDXWRU]\GZyFKIXQGDPHQWDOQ\FKGODEDGDĔQDG1HZ$JHSXEOLNDFML3DXO+HHODVL:RXWHU-
+DQHJUDDIIZ\UDĨQLHHNVSRQXMąLVWQLHQLHWDNLFK]ZLą]NyZ

18

+HHODVMHVWDXWRUHPVá\QQHMGH-

¿QLFML1HZ$JHMDNR6HOIVSLULWXDOLW\GXFKRZRĞFLMDĨQL=ZUDFDáMHGQRF]HĞQLHXZDJĊQDWR
ĪHZV]\VWNLHQDMZDĪQLHMV]HWHPDW\ZVSyáF]HVQHM6HOIVSLULWXDOLW\]QDMGXMąVZRMHXJUXQWRZDQLH
ZSUDFDFKURPDQW\NyZZNWyU\FK]QDOHĨüPRĪQDZLHOHIUDJPHQWyZSRĞZLĊFRQ\FKNZHVWLL
VDNUDOL]DFMLMDĨQLOXG]NRĞFLLQDWXU\+HHODV3HZQDHZROXFMDZWZyUF]RĞFL+H-
HODVDSROHJDMąFDQDSRU]XFHQLXWHUPLQX6HOIVSLULWXDOLW\ na rzecz VSLULWXDOLWLHVRIOLIH(Heelas

17

0DP WXWDM QD P\ĞOL URPDQW\]P UR]XPLDQ\ QLH MDNR SHZQD XQLZHUVDOQD L DKLVWRU\F]QD SRVWDZD OHF] G]LH-
ZLĊWQDVWRZLHF]Qą NRQWUNXOWXUĊ RNUHĞORQą PLDQHP URPDQW\F]QHM +HQUL 3H\UH Z VZRMHM SUDF\ SRĞZLĊFRQHM
URPDQW\]PRZLIRUPXáXMHWDNąXQLZHUVDOLVW\F]QąGH¿QLFMĊURPDQW\]PXMDNRVWDQXGXV]\DVSLUDFMLPDU]HQLD
3H\UH=NROHL&ROLQ&DPSEHOOZVWXGLXPSRĞZLĊFRQ\P]ZLą]NRPPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPDNRQ-
VXPSFMRQL]PHP WDNĪH ZVSyáF]HVQ\P NRQVXPSFMRQL]PHP F\WXMH ]D 2[IRUG (QJOLVK 'LFWLRQDU\ (1969)
GH¿QLFMĊ WHUPLQX ÄURPDQW\F]Q\´ MDNR LPDJLQDF\MQ\ RGGDORQ\ RG GRĞZLDGF]HQLD ZL]MRQHUVNL &DPSEHOO
3RGREQLHU]HF]PDVLĊ]GH¿QLFMą]DSURSRQRZDQąSU]H]0DULR3UD]DNWyU\WHUPLQÄURPDQW\F]Q\´
ZLąĪH ] JUXSą SU]\PLRWQLNyZ ÄPDJLF]Q\´ ÄVXJHVW\ZQ\ ÄQRVWDOJLF]Q\´ D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ] WHUPLQDPL
Z\UDĪDMąF\PLWHVWDQ\XP\VáXNWyU\FKQLHVSRVyERSLVDü3UD]

18

1DWHPDWLVWQLHQLD]ZLą]NyZPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPL1HZ$JH]RE.DVSHUHNEí

42

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

FK\EDMHV]F]HPRFQLHMXZ\UDĨQLD]ZLą]NLPLĊG]\1HZ$JHLURPDQW\]PHPSRQLHZDĪ
]RVWDMHWHUD]Z\HNVSRQRZDQDNDWHJRULDĪ\FLDNOXF]RZD±MDNVLĊZ\GDMH±GODURPDQW\]PX
0H\HU+$EUDPV±MHGHQ]QDMZDĪQLHMV]\FKEDGDF]\OLWHUDWXU\URPDQW\F]QHMSLVDáĪHĪ\FLH
E\áRWUDNWRZDQHSU]H]URPDQW\NyZMDNRQDMZ\ĪV]HGREURPLDUDLQQ\FKGyEUDMHGQRF]HĞQLH
QDMEDUG]LHMFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QDNDWHJRULDáąF]ąFDURPDQW\F]Q\FKP\ĞOLFLHOL6WąGEUDáVLĊLFK
ZLWDOL]PSRFKZDáDZV]\VWNLHJRFRĪ\MHSRUXV]DVLĊLUR]ZLMDVLĊG]LĊNLZHZQĊWU]QHMHQHUJLL
ZSRUyZQDQLX]W\PFRSR]EDZLRQHĪ\FLDELHUQHLQLH]PLHQQH$EUDPV=NROHL
+DQHJUDDIIGRSDWUXMHVLĊD¿OLDFMLPLĊG]\HXURSHMVNLPURPDQW\]PHP]ZáDV]F]DQLHPLHFNą
URPDQW\F]Qą1DWXUSKLORVRSKLH+DQHJUDDIIF]\DPHU\NDĔVNLPWUDQVFHQGHQWDOL-
]PHPEĊGąF\PMDNSLV]HQDMZDĪQLHMV]ąPDQLIHVWDFMąDPHU\NDĔVNLHJRURPDQW\]PXD1HZ
Age w szerokim rozumieniu +DQHJUDDIIEí

19

.

7R+DQV6HEDOG±ERGDMMDNRSLHUZV]\]EDGDF]\±]ZUyFLáXZDJĊQDURPDQW\F]Q\Z\PLDU

1HZ$JHSU]\F]\PLQWHUSUHWRZDá1HZ$JHUDF]HMSU]H]URPDQW\]PREHFQ\ZNRQWUNXOWXU]H
ODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKLVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKGZXG]LHVWHJRZLHNX:VZRLPDUW\NXOH]URNX
SLVDáĪHURPDQW\]PGDáSRF]ąWHNDQW\ZRMHQQHMNRQWUNXOWXU]H]NWyUHMUR]ZLQąáVLĊ1HZ$JH
romantyzm (1HZ$JH5RPDQWLFLVP1RZD(UDPQLHMU]XFDMąFDVLĊZRF]\QLĪNRQWUNXOWXUD
EĊGąFDPRU¿F]Q\PUXFKHPUR]SU]HVWU]HQLáDURPDQW\F]QHDWU\EXW\QSNUyORZDQLHIDQWD]ML
LZ\REUDĨQLKHGRQL]PPDORZQLF]RĞüG]LZDF]QRĞüSRV]XNLZDQLHQLH]QDQHJRPLVW\F]QRĞü
Z\OHZQRĞü6HEDOGí

: SRQLĪV]\FK UR]ZDĪDQLDFK SU]\MPXMĊ ]D :RXWHUHP - +DQHJUDDIIHP GH¿QLFMĊ 1HZ

$JH MDNR SURGXNWX SURFHVX VHNXODU\]DFML H]RWHU\]PX +DQHJUDDII F  :\EyU
WHM GH¿QLFML VSRĞUyG ZLHOX LQQ\FK GH¿QLFML 1HZ $JH X]DVDGQLDP W\P ĪH SR SLHUZV]H
GH¿QLFMD WD RSLHUD VLĊ QD X]QDQLX FLąJáRĞFL FKRü RF]\ZLĞFLH SRGOHJDMąFHM UHLQWHUSUHWDFML
LGHLH]RWHU\F]Q\FKDW\PVDP\POHJLW\PL]XMHWH]ĊRNRU]HQLDFK1HZ$JHZH]RWHU\]PLH
SRGUXJLHGH¿QLFMDWDZVND]XMHQDLVWQLHQLH]ZLą]NyZPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPL1HZ$JH
SRQLHZDĪ MDN ]DXZDĪD +DQHJUDDII SURFHV VHNXODU\]DFML H]RWHU\]PX PLDá VZRMH SRF]ąWNL
Z;9,,,L;,;ZLHNXFRQLHSU]\SDGNRZR]ELHJDVLĊ]UDPDPLF]DVRZ\PLSRMDZLHQLDVLĊ
LUR]ZRMXURPDQW\]PXNWyU\GRNRQDáÄXZHZQąWU]ĞZLDWRZLHQLD´WHJRFRSLHUZRWQLHPLDáR
WUDQVFHQGHQWQ\LUHOLJLMQ\FKDUDNWHU=ZURWZVWURQĊMDĨQLZVWURQĊGRĞZLDGF]HQLDLĪ\FLD
QLH E\á RF]\ZLĞFLH URPDQW\F]Q\P Z\QDOD]NLHP 7R FR Z URPDQW\]PLH QRZH D SRGMĊWH
ZSU]\V]áRĞFLQDPDVRZąVNDOĊSU]H]SURWDJRQLVWyZPáRG]LHĪRZHMNRQWUNXOWXU\L1HZ$JH
WRZVSRPQLDQHÄXZHZQąWU]ĞZLDWRZLHQLH´VDQNFMRQXMąFHSU]HNRQDQLHĪHĨUyGáRPRUDOQRĞFL
WNZLQLHJG]LHĞSR]DF]áRZLHNLHPOHF]Ä]QDMGXMHVLĊJáĊERNRZQDVVDP\FK3U]HPLDQDWD

19

W przypadku szerokiego rozumienia New Age FKRG]LRWRFRE\ZDRNUHĞODQHPLDQHPUXFKX1RZHM(U\1HZ
$JH0RYHPHQWRW]Z1RZ\3DUDG\JPDWNWyU\SRMDZLáVLĊZSyĨQ\FKODWDFKVLHGHPG]LHVLąW\FKXELHJáHJR
wieku. New Age w szerokim rozumieniu F]HUSLHVZRMąLQVSLUDFMĊ]$PHU\NLD]ZáDV]F]D]NRQWUNXOWXU\ND-
OLIRUQLMVNLHM-HĞOLFKRG]LRZąVNLHUR]XPLHQLH1HZ$JHPDRQRVZRMHNRU]HQLHZWHR]R¿LRUD]DQWURSR]R¿L
L ZLąĪH VLĊ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ] QD]ZLVNDPL$OLFH %DLOH\ L 5XGROID 6WHLQHUD +DQHJUDDII F  -DN
PRĪQDVąG]LüRGUyĪQLHQLHRGVLHELHZąVNLHJRVHQVXVWULFWR) i szerokiego (VHQVXODWR) rozumienia New Age
NRUHVSRQGXMH]XZDJą'DUHQD.HPSDQDWHPDWGZyFKVSRVREyZXSUDZLDQLDKLVWRULLLGHL-DNSLVDá]MHGQHM
VWURQ\PRĪQDEDGDüFLąJáRĞüLUR]ZyMLGHLZKLVWRULLEH]V]F]HJyáRZHMDQDOL]\ZSá\ZXNRQNUHWQ\FKRVyE
]GUXJLHMFKRG]LRZVND]\ZDQLHQDNRQNUHWQ\FKSU]\NáDGDFKMDNGRNRQ\ZDáDVLĊWUDQVPLVMDLGHLZGDQ\P
F]DVLH.HPS6]HURNLHUR]XPLHQLH1HZ$JHZ\GDMHVLĊXSU]\ZLOHMRZ\ZDüWHQSLHUZV]\VSRVyE
XSUDZLDQLDKLVWRULLLGHLZąVNLHUR]XPLHQLHWHQGUXJL

43

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

MHVW HOHPHQWHP UDG\NDOQHJR ]ZURWX QRZRF]HVQHM NXOWXU\ Z VWURQĊ VXELHNW\ZL]PX QRZHM
SRVWDFLZHZQĊWU]QRĞFLLQZDUGQHVVG]LĊNLF]HPX]DF]ĊOLĞP\SRVWU]HJDüVLHELHMDNRLVWR-
W\Z\SRVDĪRQHZZHZQĊWU]QąJáĊELĊ´7D\ORU1LHMHVWWHĪSU]\SDGNLHPĪHQD
Z\UDĪHQLH7D\ORUDRÄUDG\NDOQ\P]ZURFLHNXOWXU\ZVWURQĊVXELHNW\ZL]PX´WKHPDVVLYH
VXEMHFWLYHWXUQRIPRGHUQFXOWXUH) (Taylor 1991: 26) SRZRáXMHVLĊ3DXO+HHODVZ7KH1HZ
$JH0RYHPHQWNLHG\SLV]HĪHQLHSU]H]SU]\SDGHNUR]ZyM1RZHM(U\ ]ELHJDVLĊ]LQWHQV\-
¿NDFMąVXELHNW\ZQHJR]ZURWX+HHODV:NVLąĪFH7KH6SLULWXDO5HYROXWLRQ Paul
+HHODVL/LQGD:RRGKHDGRUD]LFKZVSyáSUDFRZQLF\ZUDPDFKSURMHNWX.HQGDOMHV]F]H
UD]SRZRáDMąVLĊQDZ\UDĪHQLH7D\ORUDVWDZLDMąFW]ZWH]ĊVXELHNW\ZL]DF\MQąNWyUDÄJáRVL
ĪH©UDG\NDOQ\]ZURWQRZRF]HVQHMNXOWXU\ZVWURQĊVXELHNW\ZL]PXªIDZRU\]XMHLZ]PDFQLD
WH IRUP\ GXFKRZRĞFL VXEMHFWLYHOLIH NWyUH ]DSHZQLDMą VXELHNW\ZQRĞFLRP Z\MąWNRZRĞü
LWUDNWXMąMHMDNRJáyZQHĨUyGáR]QDF]HQLDDRVáDELDWHIRUP\UHOLJLLOLIHDV), które tego nie
F]\QLą´+HHODV:RRGKHDG6HHO6]HUV]\QVNLLLQQL

.RQVHNZHQFMą SU]\MĊFLD GH¿QLFML 1HZ$JH MDNR ]VHNXODU\]RZDQHJR H]RWHU\]PX MHVW

SRVWDZLHQLHWH]\RVHNXODU\]DFMLLGHLLPDJLQDFML3URFHVWHQPRĪQDREVHUZRZDüMXĪZUR-
PDQW\]PLH0H\HU+$EUDPVWZLHUG]LáQDSU]\NáDGĪHURPDQW\F]QLSRHFL]VHNXODU\]RZDOL
IXQGDPHQWDOQHPLW\RMXGHRFKU]HĞFLMDĔVNLHMSURZHQLHQFMLSU]HNV]WDáFDMąFWULDGĊ(GHQí8SD-
GHNí1RZH-HUX]DOHPZWULDGĊSRMĊüRSLVXMąF\FKVWDQ\OXG]NLHJRXP\VáX1LHZLQQRĞüí'R-
ĞZLDGF]HQLHí2GQRZD.LWVRQ$EUDPVí:NDWHJRULDFKVHNXODU\]DFML
LGHLLPDJLQDFMLPRĪQDVSRMU]HüQDNRQFHSFMĊF]WHUHFK=RDNWyUąVWZRU]\á%ODNHÄ:$SRND
OLSVLHVáRZRWR>=RD±$.@QLH]E\W]UĊF]QLHMHVWWáXPDF]RQHMDNR©]ZLHU]ĊWDª>@=ZLHU]ĊWD
WHVąF]WHU\OHZZyáF]áRZLHNLRU]HáLRWDF]DMąWURQ%RĪ\:F]HĞQLHMSRMDZLDMąVLĊZZL]ML
(]HFKLHODQDGU]HNą&KHEDU>@OXEVąSU]HGVWDZLDQHQDURJDFKDUNLSU]\PLHU]D']LDáDQLH
W\FKVDP\FKHQHUJLLMHVWSU]\SLV\ZDQHF]WHUHPHZDQJHOLVWRP:HGáXJ%ODNH¶DZWHQVSRVyE
PDQLIHVWXMąVLĊF]WHU\SRGVWDZRZHIXQNFMHMDĨQL” >SRGNU±$.@)RVWRZLF]
2F]\ZLĞFLHNRQFHSFMĊF]WHUHFK=RD%ODNH¶DWU]HEDF]\WDüZVWZRU]RQ\PSU]H]QLHJRV\VWH-
PLHNRUHVSRQGHQFML8UWKRQDRGSRZLDGDZ\REUDĨQL/XYDK±HPRFMRP8UL]HQ±UR]XPRZL
7KDUPDV ± ]P\VáRP QLHPQLHM NU\MH VLĊ Z QLHM ]DU]HZLH VHNXODU\]DFML JURĨED UHGXNFML
V\PEROXUHOLJLMQHJRGRĞZLHFNLHJRMĊ]\NDRSLVXMDĨQL+ROL]P1HZ$JHSRWUDNWRZDüPRĪQD
MDNRSRV]XNLZDQLHUyZQRZDJLPLĊG]\F]WHUHPD=RDMDNR]QLHVLHQLHGXDOL]PXFLDáRíGXFK

&RZDĪQHWDNĪHZNRQWHNĞFLHKROL]PXSRMDZLDVLĊNRQFHSFMDÄSDUDG\JPDWXZ\REUDĨQL´

SU]H]NWyU\-HU]\3URNRSLXNUR]XPLHV\QWH]ĊGZyFKZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKSDUDG\JPDWyZLQWUR-
ZHUW\F]QHJR]ZURWZVWURQĊĞZLDWDGXFKRZHJRLHNVWUDZHUW\F]QHJR]ZURWZVWURQĊĞZLDWD
PDWHULDOQHJR3URNRSLXNí3DUDG\JPDWWHQZ\NUDF]DMąFSR]DGXDOL]PFLDáRíGXFK
ÄSRVWXOXMHSU]HPLDQĊZáDG]SR]QDZF]\FKF]áRZLHND´ZSLVDQąZNRQWHNVWVDPRUHDOL]DFML
DXWRNUHDFMLLNUHDFML7HQDZVNURĞURPDQW\F]QHZLHONLHWHPDW\NXOWXU\]ZáDV]F]DDXWRNUHDFMD
LNUHDFMDMDNRFHFK\LPDJLQDFMLXOHJá\QDJUXQFLH1HZ$JHDZF]HĞQLHMNRQWUNXOWXU\EDQDOL-
]DFMLÄ3DUDG\JPDWZ\REUDĨQL´UR]SDWU\ZDüQDOHĪ\ZUyĪQ\FKZ\PLDUDFKRQWRORJLF]Q\PDQ-
WURSRORJLF]Q\PHSLVWHPRORJLF]Q\PF]\HVWHW\F]Q\P3DUDG\JPDWWHQRSLHUDVLĊQDNRQFHSFML
F]áRZLHNDVNLHURZDQHJRZVWURQĊNRVPRVX3URNRSLXNSLV]HRNRVPRFHQWU\]PLHÄSDUDG\JPDWX
Z\REUDĨQL´ZNWyUHMDNFHQWXMHVLĊMHGQRĞüKROL]PF]áRZLHND]FDá\PZV]HFKĞZLDWHP]H
ĞZLDWHPQDWXU\D]DUD]HP]DNáDGDLQQąNRQFHSFMĊĞZLDGRPRĞFLREHMPXMąFąWDNĪHWHVIHU\
ZV]HFKĞZLDWDNWyUHNDUWH]MDĔVNLSRG]LDáQDU]HF]\P\ĞOąFHLUR]FLąJáHSR]EDZLáZV]HONLFK

44

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

R]QDNVWDQyZĞZLDGRPRĞFL(SLVWHPRORJLDÄSDUDG\JPDWXZ\REUDĨQL´VDQNFMRQXMHDOWHUQD-
W\ZQHZREHFUR]XPRZHJRQDXNRZHJRRSDUWHJRQDHNVSHU\PHQFLHVSRVRE\SR]QDZDQLD
U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLQSPLVW\F]QHGRĞZLDGF]HQLHVHDQVVSLU\W\VW\F]Q\LQWXLFMDQDWFKQLHQLHVHQ
PLáRĞüROĞQLHQLH$QWURSRORJLDF]\HSLVWHPRORJLDQRZHJRSDUDG\JPDWXNWyUHJRQDGHMĞFLH
]DSRZLDGDáDMXĪ0DULO\Q)HUJXVRQUyĪQLVLĊRF]\ZLĞFLHZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGWHJRF]\PyZLP\
o wysokim czy niskim New Age

20

:SU]\SDGNXQLVNLHJR1HZ$JHÄĞZLDGRPRĞüSODQHWDUQD´

zwyczajowo nie wykracza poza dyskurs z ulotek rozdawanych podczas targów ezoterycznych,
D VHDQV VSLU\W\VW\F]Q\ VWDQRZL QDMEDUG]LHM ZLDU\JRGQH SRWZLHUG]HQLH LVWQLHQLD GXFKRZHM
U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL:\VRNLH1HZ$JH]EOLĪDVLĊGRNRQWUNXOWXURZHMNRQWHVWDFMLMHGQDNLWXWDM
MDNLZNRQWUNXOWXU]HSUREOHPDW\NDVDPRUHDOL]DFMLLDXWRNUHDFMLUDF]HMQLHRVLąJDMąSR]LRPX
ZLHONLHMURPDQW\F]QHMNUHDFMLDMHGQRF]HĞQLHXOHJDMąEDQDOL]DFMLF]ĊVWRWDNĪHGRĞüWRSRUQHM
psychologizacji

21

.

3U]\F]\Q]MDZLVNDEDQDOL]DFMLLPDJLQDFMLMDNVąG]ĊV]XNDüPRĪQDSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP

ZDOLDQVLHWUDG\FMLH]RWHU\F]QHM]NWyUHMZ\UDVWD1HZ$JH]NXOWXUąSRSXODUQą1DLVWQLHQLH
WHJR]ZLą]NX]ZUDFD]UHV]WąXZDJĊZLHOXEDGDF]\]DMPXMąF\FKVLĊSUREOHPDW\Ną1RZHM(U\
*URĨEDEDQDOL]DFMLWNZLZSU]HQLNDQLXVLĊXQGHUJURXQGRZHJRH]RWHU\]PX]SRSNXOWXUąFR
SURZDG]LGRSRZVWDQLDF]HJRĞZURG]DMXÄSRSH]RWHU\NL´FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHMSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP
DOHSU]HFLHĪQLHZ\áąF]QLHGODQLVNLHJR1HZ$JH:DUWRPLHüZSDPLĊFLXZDJĊ$QQ\(
.XELDNNWyUDUR]P\ZDQLHVLĊJUDQLFPLĊG]\NXOWXUąZ\VRNąLNXOWXUąQLVNąX]QDMH]DMHGQą
]FHFK1HZ$JH.XELDN.XELDN%DGDF]NDXPLHV]F]DMHGQRF]HĞ-
QLH1HZ$JHZUDPDFKNXOWXU\SRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]QHMGODNWyUHMFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHPLDáRE\
E\üUR]P\ZDQLHNXOWXURZROHJLW\PL]RZDQ\FKRSR]\FMLFRSR]ZDODMHM±MDNWZLHUG]L±QD
EDUG]LHMDGHNZDWQHRSLVDQLHVDPHJRIHQRPHQX1RZHM(U\7URSSRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]Q\Z\GDMH
VLĊLQVSLUXMąF\FKRüZW\PZ\SDGNXQLHPRĪQD]DSRPLQDüRZHZQĊWU]QHM]áRĪRQRĞFL1HZ
$JHáąF]ąFHJRZVRELH]DUD]HPHOHPHQW\QRZRF]HVQHMDNLSRQRZRF]HVQH+HHODV
í.XELDNíNXOWXUĊZ\VRNąLSRSXODUQąHOLW\LNRQVXPHQWyZ.XELDN
1999: 136)

22

%DQDOL]DFMDLPDJLQDFMLZ1HZ$JHVWDQRZLWDNĪHNRQVHNZHQFMĊMHJRĞFLVá\FK

]ZLą]NyZ]NRQVXPSFMRQL]PHP,VWQLHQLHWDNLFK]ZLą]NyZGRELWQLHSRND]DOL+HHODV:R-
odhead, Seel, Szerszynski i Tusting (2007) oraz sam Heelas (2008).

3DXO+HHODVL/LQGD:RRGKHDGUD]HP]HZVSyáSUDFRZQLNDPLSRND]DOLĪHWáHPQDNWy-

U\PQDOHĪ\XPLHĞFLü1HZ$JHMHVWNXOWXUDVXELHNW\ZQHJRGREURVWDQXFXOWXUHRIVXEMHFWLYH

20

%DUWáRPLHM 'REURF]\ĔVNL SURSRQXMH E\ RGUyĪQLDü RG VLHELH Ä1LVNą 2NXOW\VW\F]Qą 1RZą (UĊ´ L Ä:\VRNą
1RZą(UĊ´'REURF]\ĔVNLí7DSLHUZV]DMHVWXU\QNRZLRQąZHUVMą1HZ$JHZNWyUHMÄSU]HZDĪDMą
XSURV]F]RQHRUD]SU]\VWRVRZDQHGRSRWU]HEU\QNXSRVWDFLUR]EXGRZDQ\FKWUDG\FMLGXFKRZ\FKLH]RWHU\F]Q\FK´
'REURF]\ĔVNLZGUXJLHMFKRG]LUDF]HMRQLHNRPHUF\MQHSU]HGVLĊZ]LĊFLDPDMąFHQDFHOXSU]HPLDQĊ
OXG]NRĞFL

21

&KRG]LWXWDMSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPRG]LDáDOQRĞü,QVW\WXWXZ(VDOHQZ.DOLIRUQLL2JURGX)LQGKRUQZ6]NRFML
,QVW\WXWX1RHW\NLF]\2ĞURGND.HQD.H\HVDNWyUDVLOQLHRGG]LDá\ZDáDQDDGHSWyZ1HZ$JH]ZáDV]F]D]NUĊJX
Z\VRNLHJR1HZ$JH+DOOí:RĞURGNDFKW\FKSURZDG]RQREDGDQLDQDGOXG]NąĞZLDGRPRĞFLą
LMHMWUDQVJUHV\MQ\PLPRĪOLZRĞFLDPL

22

1DZHZQĊWU]Qą]áRĪRQRĞü1HZ$JHSRZLą]DQHJR]SRSNXOWXUą]ZUDFDWDNĪHXZDJĊ:RXWHU-+DQHJUDDII
NLHG\WZLHUG]LĪHW\PFRVSDMD1RZą(UĊQLHMHVWV\VWHPV\PEROLF]Q\MHGQHMUHOLJLLOHF]GXĪDOLF]EDV\PER-
OLF]Q\FKV\VWHPyZRUyĪQHMSURZHQLHQFMLNWyU\FKÄĞFLQNL´VąSU]HWZDU]DQHSU]H]PHGLDPDVRZH+DQHJUDDII
1999: 153).

45

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

ZHOOEHLQJNWyUDVWDQRZLQDMOHSV]ąHNVSUHVMĊVXELHNW\ZQHJR]ZURWXNXOWXU\ZVSyáF]HVQHM
+HHODV:RRGKHDG6HHO6]HUV]\QVNLLLQQL-HGQRF]HĞQLH±]DXZDĪDMąDXWRU]\
± UR]ZyM NXOWXU\ VXELHNW\ZQHJR GREURVWDQX X]QDü QDOHĪ\ ]D NOXF]RZ\ HOHPHQW ÄORJLNL´
ZVSyáF]HVQHJRNDSLWDOL]PXZNWyU\PGRĞZLDGF]HQLHSU]HĪ\FLHVWDMHVLĊNROHMQ\PWRZDUHP
]DFKĊFDMąF\PGRNRQVXPHQFNLHMDNW\ZQRĞFL'XFKRZRĞüZVSyáF]HVQDSU]\MPXMąFDIRUPĊ
VSLULWXDOLWLHVRIOLIHOHĪąFD±MDNSLV]H3DXO+HHODV±XSRGVWDZĪ\FLDÄWXWDMLWHUD]´Z\UDĪD
VLĊZ]JRáDÄQLHUHOLJLMQ\FK´IRUPDFKFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FKGODĪ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRPLáRĞü
VSRNyM ]GURZLH GREURE\W GREURVWDQ NUHDFMD F]\ ]P\Vá KROLVW\F]QHM LQWHJUDFML +HHODV
1LHWUXGQRVLĊGRP\ĞOLüĪHVIHU\WHMDNRQRZHIRUP\PDQLIHVWDFMLGXFKRZRĞFL
VWDá\VLĊDWUDNF\MQ\PNąVNLHPGODSURGXFHQWyZDVDPLDGHSFLVSLULWXDOLWLHVRIOLIHRELHFX-
MąF\PL NRQVXPHQWDPL 'R QDMSRSXODUQLHMV]\FK IRUP PDQLIHVWDFML GXFKRZRĞFL GREURVWDQX
(ZHOOEHLQJVSLULWXDOLW\]DOLF]\üPRĪQDMRJĊKRPHRSDWLĊUHÀHNVRORJLĊÄGXFKRZ\PDVDĪ´
F]\WHĪUR]PDLWHSXEOLNDFMHSRUXV]DMąFHSUREOHPDW\NĊUHODFMLXP\VáíFLDáRíGXFK'XFKRZRĞü
GREURVWDQX±QDFR]ZUDFDXZDJĊ+HHODV±SRPLPRSRGRELHĔVWZ]GXFKRZRĞFLąURPDQW\]PX
LSyĨQLHMV]ąGXFKRZRĞFLąNRQWUNXOWXU\W\PMHGQDNUyĪQLVLĊRGSLHUZV]HMĪHQLHGRUyZQXMH
URPDQW\]PRZL Z ZDUVWZLH DUW\]PX D SU]HFLHĪ DUW\]P Z EH]SRĞUHGQL VSRVyE ZLąĪH VLĊ
]LPDJLQDFMąDQLWHĪZ¿OR]R¿F]QHMHNVSUHVMLRGGUXJLHMQDWRPLDVWW\PĪHQDVWąSLáRWXWDM
V\PSWRPDW\F]QHSU]HVXQLĊFLHDNFHQWXRGNRQWUNXOWXURZ\FKURMHĔRXGRVNRQDOHQLXĞZLDWD
GRRVRELVWHJRGREURE\WX+HHODVQDVWąSLáRSU]HMĞFLH]URMHĔRUR]ZRMXĞZLDWDGR
P\ĞOHQLDRVDPRUR]ZRMX

+HHODV]DXZDĪDMąFĪH1HZ$JHVSLULWXDOLWLHVRIOLIHVWDQRZLąZ]RUFRZ\ZUĊF]SU]\-

NáDGNRQVXPSFMLSRZRáXMHVLĊQDF\WDWDXWRUVWZD$GDPD3RVVDPDLÄ1HZ$JHMHVWUHOLJLą
NRQVXPHQFNąSDUH[FHOOHQFH´3RVVDPDLJG]LHNRQVXPRZDQLHVáXĪ\JURPDG]HQLX
LSRWĊJRZDQLXZUDĪHĔ+HHODV=DGRSHáQLHQLHWH]\RLVWQLHQLX]ZLą]NXPLĊG]\
1HZ$JHURPDQW\F]Q\P1HZ$JHLNRQVXPSFMRQL]PHPX]QDüPRĪQDWH]ĊSU]HGVWDZLRQą
SU]H]&ROLQD&DPSEHOODZNVLąĪFH5RPDQWLF(WKLFDQGWKH6SLULWRI0RGHUQ&RQVXPHULVP.
$XWRUVWDUDVLĊZQLHMSRND]DüLVWQLHQLH]ZLą]NXPLĊG]\URPDQW\]PHPLNRQVXPSFMRQL]PHP
3U]\MĊáRVLĊWUDNWRZDüURPDQW\]PLNRQVXPSFMĊMDNRFDáNRZLFLHVRELHSU]HFLZVWDZQH$QL
URPDQW\F\DQLLFKQDVWĊSF\QLH]DPLHU]DOLOHJLW\PL]RZDüNRQVXPSFMRQL]PXRUD]GXFKDKHGR-
nizmu. A jednak – SU]HNRQXMH&DPSEHOO – URPDQW\]PRGHJUDáNU\W\F]QąUROĊZLQGXVWULDOL]DFML
LSRZVWDQLXZVSyáF]HVQHMJRVSRGDUNLLVWDáVLĊZVSDUFLHPGODZ]RUyZNRQVXPSFMLRUD]VSU]\MDá
SRMDZLHQLXVLĊNRQVXPHQFNLFK]DFKRZDĔ&DPSEHOO:WUDG\F\MQ\PKHGRQL]PLH
LPDJLQDFMDQLHJUDáD]E\WZDĪQHMUROLZQRZRF]HVQ\PKHGRQL]PLHF]HUSLHVLĊSU]\MHPQRĞü
]IDQWD]MRZDQLD±LPDJLQDFMDSU]\MPXMHWXWDMEDUG]LHMIU\ZROQąIRUPĊ-DNSLV]H&DPSEHOO
QDGDMąFNRQVXPSFMLQRZH]QDF]HQLHGXFKZVSyáF]HVQHJRNRQVXPSFMRQL]PXSROHJDQLHQD
SRV]XNLZDQLXVDW\VIDNFMLZSURGXNWDFKOHF]ZSU]\MHPQRĞFLSRFKRG]ąFHM]VDPRLOX]\MQHJR
GRĞZLDGF]HQLD&DPSEHOO

23

$]DWHPNRQVXPHQFL±MDNURPDQW\F]QLDUW\ĞFL±VWDMą

VLĊÄDUW\VWDPLZ\REUDĨQL´Z\REUDĨQLVNLHURZDQHMZVWURQĊSRSNXOWXU\LNRQVXPSFML&KRü

23

&DPSEHOODNRQFHSFMDNRQVXPSFMLVWDQRZLSURSR]\FMĊFDáNLHPRGPLHQQHJRQLĪGRPLQXMąFHXMĊFLDNRQVXPSFML
MDNRQLHNRĔF]ąFHJRVLĊSUDJQLHQLDÄPLHü´ÄSRVLDGDü´ÄNXSRZDü´7DNLHPXUDF]HMÄ]ZXOJDU\]RZDQHPX´XMĊFLX
&DPSEHOOSU]HFLZVWDZLDNRQFHSFMĊNRQVXPSFML]ZLą]DQą]H]QDF]HQLHPLPDJLQDFMLLQVSLURZDQHMUHOLJLMQ\P
GXFKHPDWDNĪHLGHRORJLąLHW\NąURPDQW\F]Qą

46

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

WDNRGOHJáH±Z\GDZDáRE\VLĊ±URPDQW\]PLNRQVXPSFMRQL]PWRZ\UDVWDMąRQH]WHJRVDPHJR
ĨUyGáDNWyUHWNZLZPDU]HQLDFKLPDJLQDFMLLJU]HXF]Xü:EUHZSR]RURPLVWRWąZVSyáF]HV-
QHJRNRQVXPSFMRQL]PXMHVW±GRZRG]L&DPSEHOO± UDF]HMFKFLHüQLĪPLHü&DPSEHOO
,URPDQW\]PLNRQVXPSFMRQL]PNDUPLąVLĊW\PVDP\PĞZLDGRPRĞFLąLVWQLHQLDGZyFK
ĞZLDWyZLGHDOQHJRSUDZG]LZHJRLUHDOQHJRLSR]RUQHJRSU]\F]\PUHDOQRĞüEĊGąFW\P
FRSRĪąGDQHMHVW]DUD]HPGRVNRQDáD$]DWHPWRFRUHDOQHWNZLZPDU]HQLDFKDSUDZG]LZH
VWDMHVLĊWRFRZ\REUDĪRQH-HĞOL]JRG]LP\VLĊ]WH]ąRNRQVXPSF\MQ\PFKDUDNWHU]H1HZ
$JHWRFRNROZLHNE\QLHSLVDüR1RZHM(U]HLGHDLPDJLQDFMLZFLąĪZ\GDMHVLĊNOXF]HPGR
interpretacji tego zjawiska.

%,%/,2*5$),$

$EUDPV0H\HU+1DWXUDO6XSHUQDWXUDOLVP7UDGLWLRQDQG5HYROXWLRQLQ5RPDQWLF

/LWHUDWXUH1HZ<RUNí/RQGRQ::1RUWRQ &RPSDQ\

Blake, William. 2007. :LHUV]HLSLVPD:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶D.UDNyZ0LQLDWXUDVí
&DPSEHOO&ROLQ7KH&XOWWKH&XOWLF0LOLHXDQG6HFXODUL]DWLRQÄ$6RFLRORJLFDO<HDU-

ERRNRI5HOLJLRQLQ%ULWDLQ´í

&DPSEHOO&ROLQ7KH5RPDQWLF(WKLFDQGWKH6SLULWRI0RGHUQ&RQVXPHULVP [third

HGLWLRQ@/RQGRQ$OFXLQ$FDGHPLFV

Connolly, Tristane. 2011. +RZ0XFK'LG-LP0RUULVRQ.QRZDERXW:LOOLDP%ODNH, http://

]RDPRUSKRVLVFRPKRZPXFKGLGMLPPRUULVRQNQRZDERXWZLOOLDPEODNH
>@

'REURF]\ĔVNL%DUWáRPLHM1HZ$JH.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR=QDN
)DLYUH$QWRLQH5HQDLVVDQFH+HUPHWLFLVPDQGWKH&RQFHSWRI:HVWHUQ(VRWHULFLVP,

w: Roelof van den Broek i Wouter J. Hanegraaff (red.), *QRVLVDQG+HUPHWLFLVPIURP
$QWLTXLW\WR0RGHUQ7LPHV$OEDQ\1<6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV1HZ<RUN
Ví

)DLYUH$QWRLQH7KHRVRSK\,PDJLQDWLRQ7UDGLWLRQ6WXGLHVLQ:HVWHUQ(VRWHULFLVP,

$OEDQ\1<6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV

)RVWRZLF]0LFKDá6áRZQLN, w: :LHUV]HLSLVPD:LOOLDPD%ODNH¶D, Kraków: Miniatura.
Hall, Dorota. 2007. 1HZ $JH Z 3ROVFH /RNDOQ\ Z\PLDU JOREDOQHJR ]MDZLVND, Warszawa:

Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne.

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1998a. 5RPDQWLFLVPDQGWKH(VRWHULF&RQQHFWLRQ, w: Roelof van den

Broek i Wouter J. Hanegraaff (red.), *QRVLVDQG+HUPHWLFLVPIURP$QWLTXLW\WR0RGHUQ
7LPHV$OEDQ\1<6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV1HZ<RUNVí

+DQHJUDDII:RXWHU-E7KH1HZ$JH0RYHPHQWDQGWKH(VRWHULF7UDGLWLRQ, w: Roelof

van den Broek i Wouter J. Hanegraaff (red.), *QRVLVDQG+HUPHWLFLVPIURP$QWLTXLW\WR
0RGHUQ7LPHV$OEDQ\1<6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV1HZ<RUNVí

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1998c. 1HZ$JH5HOLJLRQDQG:HVWHUQ&XOWXUH(VRWHULFLVPLQWKH0LU

URURI6HFXODU7KRXJKW$OEDQ\1<6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ<RUN3UHVV

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1999. 1HZ$JH6SLULWXDOLWLHVDV6HFXODU5HOLJLRQD+LVWRULDQ¶V3HU

VSHFWLYHÄ6RFLDO&RPSDVV´í

47

2F]\V]F]DMąFGU]ZLSHUFHSFML6]NLFRLGHLLPDJLQDFMLZURPDQW\]PLHNRQWUNXOWXU]HL1HZ$JH

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 2005. 6SHFWUDO(YLGHQFHRI1HZ$JH5HOLJLRQ2QWKHVXEVWDQFHRI

JKRVWVDQGWKHXVHRIFRQFHSWV, „Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies”
í'RVWĊSQ\KWWSZZZDVDQDVRUJXN¿OHV+DQHJUDDIISGI>@

Heelas, Paul. 1996. 7KH1HZ$JH0RYHPHQW7KH&HOHEUDWLRQRIWKH6HOIDQGWKH6DFUDOL]D

WLRQRI0RGHUQLW\2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKHUV

Heelas, Paul. 2008. 6SLULWXDOLWLHVRI/LIH1HZ$JH5RPDQWLFLVPDQG&RQVXPSWLYH&DSLWDOLVP,

2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKLQJ

Heelas, Paul, Linda Woodhead, Benjamin Seel, Bronislaw Szerszynski i inni. 2007. 7KH

6SLULWXDO 5HYROXWLRQ :K\ 5HOLJLRQ ,V *LYLQJ :D\ WR 6SLULWXDOLW\, Oxford: Blackwell
3XEOLVKLQJ

Huxley, Aldous. 2012. 'U]ZLSHUFHSFML1LHERLSLHNáR:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR&LHĔ.V]WDáWX
-DQLRQ0DULDL0DULDĩPLJURG]ND5RPDQW\]PLHJ]\VWHQFMDIUDJPHQW\QLHGRNRĔF]R

QHJRG]LHáD*GDĔVN6áRZRREUD]WHU\WRULD

Kasperek, Andrzej. 2012a. :ROQRĞüVSRG]QDNXXQGHUJURXQGX'XFKRZRĞüSRQRZRF]HVQD

ZSHUVSHNW\ZLHKHUHPHQHXW\NLNXOWXU\LVRFMRORJLLUHOLJLL.UDNyZ=DNáDG:\GDZQLF]\
Ä12026´±8QLZHUV\WHWĝOąVNLZ.DWRZLFDFK

.DVSHUHN$QGU]HME5RPDQW\]PL1HZ$JHNRQW\QXDFMHSRGRELHĔVWZDLQVSLUDFMH

Ä6WXGLD6RFMRORJLF]QH´í

Kemp, Daren. 2004. 1HZ$JH$*XLGH$OWHUQDWLYH6SLULWXDOLWLHVIURP$TXDULDQ&RQVSLUDF\

WR1H[W$JH(GLQEXUJK(GLQEXUJK8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

Kitson, Peter J. 2007. %H\RQGWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW7KH3KLORVRSKLFDO6FLHQWL¿FDQG5HOLJLRXV

,QKHULWDQFH, w: Duncan Wu (red.),$ &RPSDQLRQ WR 5RPDQWLFLVP, Oxford: Blackwell
3XEOLVKLQJVí

.XELDN$QQD(/H1RXYHO$JHFRQVSLUDWLRQSRVWPRGHUQH, „Social Compass”, 2(46):

í

.XELDN$QQD(-HGQDN1HZ$JH, Warszawa: Jacek Santorski & Co Agencja Wydaw-

nicza Sp. z o.o.

.X]LDN0LFKDáUHG5RPDQW\]PLQRZRF]HVQRĞü, Kraków: TAiWPN UNIVERSITAS.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1941. 7KH0HDQLQJRI5RPDQWLFLVPIRUWKH+LVWRULDQRI,GHDV, „Journal

RIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDV´í

Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1969. 2Q WKH 'LVFULPLQDWLRQ RI 5RPDQWLFLVPV Z 0H\HU +$EUDPV

(red.), (QJOLVK5RPDQWLF3RHWV0RGHUQ(VVD\VLQ&ULWLFLVP, London – Oxford – New
<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVVí

Manzarek, Ray. 1999. /LJKW0\)LUH0\/LIHZLWK7KH'RRUV1HZ<RUN%HUNOH\%RXOHYDUG
Meyer, Peter. 1973. +LVWRULDV]WXNLHXURSHMVNLHM7RP,,2GUHQHVDQVXSRF]DV\ZVSyáF]HVQH,

Warszawa: PWN.

Peckham, Morse. 1974. 7RZDUGD7KHRU\RI5RPDQWLFLVPZ5REHUW)*OHFNQHUL*HUDOG(

Enscoe (red.),5RPDQWLFLVP3RLQWVRI9LHZ, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University
3UHVVVí

Peyre, Henri. 1987. &RWRMHVWURPDQW\]P", Warszawa: PWN.
Possamai, Adam. 2005. 5HOLJLRQ DQG 3RSXODU &XOWXUH $ +\SHU5HDO 7HVWDPHQW, Oxford:

P.I.E. – Peter Lang.

Praz, Mario. 1950. 7KH5RPDQWLF$JRQ\1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

$1'5=(-.$63(5(.

Prokopiuk, Jerzy. 1982. 3DUDG\JPDWZ\REUDĨQLÄ/LWHUDWXUDQDĞZLHFLH´íí
4XLVSHO*LOOHV*QRVLVDQG&XOWXUH, w: Johannes van Oort (red.), *QRVWLFD-XGDLFD

&DWKROLFD&ROOHFWHG(VVD\VRI*LOOHV4XLVSHO/HLGHQ%ULOOVí

Raine, Kathleen. 1979. %ODNHDQGWKH1HZ$JH/RQGRQ*HRUJH$OOHQ 8QZLQ3XEOLVKHUV

Ltd.

Raine, Kathleen. 2000. :LOOLDP%ODNH/RQGRQ±1HZ<RUN7KDPHV +XGVRQ
Roszak, Theodore. 1973. 7KH0DNLQJRID&RXQWHU&XOWXUH5HÀHFWLRQVRQWKH7HFKQRFUDWLF

6RFLHW\ ,WV<RXWKIXO2SSRVLWLRQV/RQGRQ)DEHUDQG)DEHU

6HEDOG+DQV1HZ$JH5RPDQWLFLVP7KH4XHVWIRUDQ$OWHUQDWLYH/LIHVW\OHDVD)RUFH

RI6RFLDO&KDQJHÄ+XPEROGW-RXUQDORI6RFLDO5HODWLRQV´í

6áDZHN7DGHXV]&]áRZLHNUDGRVQ\%ODNH1LHW]VFKH, Kielce: Polska Akademia Nauk

±2GG]LDáZ.DWRZLFDFK±:\GDZQLFWZR6]XPDFKHU

Taylor, Charles. 1991. 7KH(WKLFVRI$XWKHQWLFLW\&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
Taylor, Charles. 1996. (W\ND DXWHQW\F]QRĞFL .UDNyZí:DUV]DZD 6SRáHF]Q\ ,QVW\WXW :\-

GDZQLF]\=QDN±)XQGDFMDLP6WHIDQD%DWRUHJR

Taylor, Charles. 2007. $6HFXODU$JH, &DPEULGJHí0DVVDFKXVHWWVí/RQGRQ7KH%HONQDS3UHVV

of Harvard University Press.

Viatte, Auguste. 1928. /HV VRXUFHV RFFXOWHV GX URPDQWLVPH LOOXPLQLVPH WKHRVRSKLH

í, t. 1 (/HSUHURPDQWLVPH), t. 2 (/DJHQHUDWLRQGHO¶HPSLUH3DULV/LEUDLULH
Ancienne Honore Champion.

:HOOHN5HQp7KH&RQFHSWRI5RPDQWLFLVPLQ/LWHUDU\+LVWRU\Z5REHUW)*OHFNQHU

i Gerald E. Enscoe (red.),5RPDQWLFLVP3RLQWVRI9LHZ, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVVí

&/($16,1*7+('22562)3(5&(37,21$6.(7&+217+(,'($2),0$*,1$7,21,1520$17,&,60
COUNTERCULTURE AND NEW AGE

The main thesis presented in this study is the statement on the exceptional role of the idea of imagination in the
GHYHORSPHQWRIURPDQWLFVSLULWXDOLW\ZKLFK¿QGVLWVFRQWLQXDWLRQLQWKHVSLULWXDOLW\RIFRXQWHUFXOWXUHDQG1HZ
$JHWKHH[LVWHQFHRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ5RPDQWLFLVPDQG1HZ$JHKDVEHHQGLVFXVVHGE\+DQV6HEDOG3DXO
+HHODVRU:RXWHU+DQHJUDDII7KHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHLGHDRILPDJLQDWLRQIRU5RPDQWLFLVPZDVSDUWLFXODUO\
IRFXVHGRQE\5HQp:HOOHN5RPDQWLFLVPLVWUHDWHGE\WKHDXWKRUDVDSHULRGLQZKLFKGHHSUHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
RIWKH:HVWHUQHVRWHULFWUDGLWLRQWRRNSODFH7KLVDOVRDSSOLHVWRWKHLGHDRILPDJLQDWLRQZKLFK$QWRLQH)DLYUH
treats as a central idea of the Western esoteric tradition. Referring mainly to William Blake’s works, the author
EULHÀ\FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHURPDQWLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRILPDJLQDWLRQ6SHFLDODWWHQWLRQLVSDLGWRWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRI
%ODNHIRUFRXQWHUFXOWXUHDQG1HZ$JH+LVZRUNVZHUHLQYRNHGE\WKHµSURSKHWV¶RIFRXQWHUFXOWXUH±$OGRXV
+X[OH\RU7KHRGRUH5RV]DNDQGWKHQDPHRIVXFKDQLPSRUWDQWIRUFRXQWHUFXOWXUHPXVLFEDQGDVµ7KH'RRUV¶
ZDVERUURZHGIURP+X[OH\¶VZRUNµ7KH'RRUVRI3HUFHSWLRQ¶7UDFLQJWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHLGHDRILPDJLQDWLRQ
LQFRXQWHUFXOWXUHDQG1HZ$JHGXHDWWHQWLRQLVGUDZQWRWKHSURFHVVRIEDQDOL]DWLRQWRZKLFKWKLVLGHDZDV
VXEMHFWHGDORQJZLWKLWVLQWURGXFWLRQLQWRSRSFXOWXUH

Key words: imagination, Blake, Romanticism, counterculture, New Age