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In This Chapter

6

Designing Levers

In this tutorial, you start with a lever inserted from the

parts library, and then you refine the design. You use

many of the design options available in AutoCAD

®

Mechanical 6. You also create a drawing detail and add

some dimensions.

■

Using the library to insert a part

■

Preliminary settings: snap
configuration

■

Creating construction lines

■

Creating additional construction
lines

■

Creating a contour and applying
a fillet

■

Creating a contour and
trimming projecting edges

■

Cross-hatching the lever

■

Dimensioning the lever

■

Creating a detail and additional
dimensions

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Key Terms

Term

Definition

construction lines

Lines, which are infinite in both directions or rays, which are infinite starting at a
point that can be inserted into the drawing area. You use construction lines to
transfer important points (for example, center points of holes) into other views or
drawing areas.

construction geometry

A line or an arc created with construction lines. Using construction geometry in
2D drawings helps define the shape of a contour.

detail

A portion of a design drawing that cannot be clearly displayed or dimensioned in
the overall representation (surface texture symbols) but can be enlarged to show
the details.

distance snap

To give the dimensions in a drawing a uniform appearance, Power Dimensioning
and Automatic Dimensioning enable automatic insertion of the dimension line at
a defined distance from the object being dimensioned. While dragging the
dimension line dynamically, you will find that it remains “fixed” and is highlighted
in red as soon as the required distance to the object being dimensioned is
reached.

library

A feature that makes it possible to store parts such as blocks and drawings in a
library. For every inserted part, an icon can be created. The icon is put in the
display section on the right side of the dialog box along with an assigned name.

Power Command

A collective term for the Power Copy, Power Recall, Power Edit, Power
Dimensioning, Power Erase, and Power View commands.

Power Dimensioning

Power Dimensioning is a very useful tool for generating linear, radial and diameter
dimensions, which minimizes the number of the individual actions required while
generating a dimension. Power Dimensioning selects the type of linear dimension
(horizontal, vertical, or aligned), based on the selected point, and the dimensions
of the drawing can have a uniform style using the distance snap.

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Extending the Design

First, you start a new drawing template with ISO standard. Then you load the
initial drawing using the Library.

To open a template

1

Open a new drawing.

Menu

File ➤ New

Command

NEW

The AutoCAD Today dialog box opens.

2

In the Today dialog box, in the section My Drawings, choose the tab Create
Drawings and select the template am_iso.dwt.

This opens a new drawing template. Now you insert the drawing from the
library.

Using the Library to Insert Parts

Insert the required part from the library.

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To insert a drawing from the library

1

Start the Library.

Menu

Insert ➤ Library

Command

AMLIBRARY

2

Double-click the tut_ex02 file in the Library, or select Insert from the context
menu.

3

Respond to the prompt as follows:

Specify insertion point:

Specify any point in the drawing

4

Start the Zoom Window command, responding to the prompt.

Menu

View ➤ Zoom ➤ Window

Command

ZOOM

Specify first corner:

Specify first corner (1)

Specify opposite corner:

Specify opposite corner (2)

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Save your file under a different name or to a different directory to preserve
the original tutorial file.

Preliminary Settings: Snap Configuration

In addition to the AutoCAD snap, Mechanical snap options, like arc radial,
arc tangent, and so forth are available. You also have four different snap set-
tings, which can be configured separately for a quick switch to a different
snap setting. For example, you can use different snap settings for detailing or
general design.

NOTE

The snap defaults can be set in the Mechanical Options dialog at the

Preferences tab.

Before starting the design, you should define the object snaps, which you will
use in later operations.

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To configure the Power Snap settings

1

Start the Power Snap settings.

Menu

Assist ➤ Drafting Settings ➤ Power Snap Settings 1-4

Command

AMPOWERSNAP

2

In the Power Snap Settings dialog box, specify:

Setting 1:

Endpoint, Intersection

Setting 2:

Endpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Parallel

Setting 3:

Perpendicular

3

After configuring the settings, activate Setting 1, and choose OK.

Save your file.

NOTE

Within a command, the various object snap functions are also accessible.

Hold down the

SHIFT

key, and right-click.

Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines)

Construction lines are very useful when you start your design process. With
their help, you draw a design grid with your defined values for distance and
angles. After generating the design grid, you simply trace your contour with
the contour layer.

Now insert the construction lines, which will help with the drawing of
contour lines.

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To create construction lines

1

Start the Draw Construction Lines command.

Menu

Design ➤ Construction Lines ➤ Draw Construction Lines

Command

AMCONSTCRS

If you have started the command using the menu, the Construction Lines
dialog box opens. If you started the command directly using the toolbar or
the command line, you can skip step 2.

2

In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Cross icon.

3

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify insertion point:

Specify the intersection of line b and line c (1)

Specify insertion point:

Press

ENTER

4

Next, draw two lines parallel to the vertical and horizontal lines of the con-
struction line cross.

5

Start the Draw Construction Lines command.

Menu

Design ➤ Construction Lines ➤ Draw Construction Lines

Command

AMCONSTPAR

If you started the command using the menu, the Construction Lines dialog
box is displayed.

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6

In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Parallel with Full Distance
icon.

7

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Select line, ray or xline:

Select line c (1)

Specify insertion point or Distance (xx|xx|xx..) <10|20|30>:

Enter 3|9

Specify point on side to offset:

Specify a point to the left of line c (2)

8

Insert the second set of parallel lines, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Select line, ray or xline:

Select line b

Specify insertion point or Distance (xx|xx|xx..) <3|9>:

Enter 4.5|9.5

Specify point on side to offset:

Specify a point below line b (2)

9

Press

ENTER

.

Save your file.

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Creating additional C-Lines

AutoCAD Mechanical offers a choice of C-line options.

To create additional construction lines

1

Activate snap setting 2.

Menu

Assist ➤ Drafting Settings ➤ Power Snap Configuration 2

Command

AMPSNAP2

2

Start the Draw Construction Lines command.

Menu

Design ➤ Construction Lines ➤ Draw Construction Lines

Command

AMCONSTHB

If you started the command using the menu, the Construction Lines dialog
box is displayed.

3

In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Two Points or Angle icon.

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4

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify first point:

Select the first point (1)

Specify second point or Angle (xx|xx|xx..) <30|45|60>: Move the cursor over line a

and then back to the rectangle. When the Parallel symbol appears, click (2).

5

Press

ENTER

to finish the command.

Now, you draw tangential circles between the diagonal C-line and the right
vertical line and lower horizontal line of the rectangle.

6

Start the Draw Construction Lines command.

Menu

Design ➤ Construction Lines ➤ Draw Construction Lines

Command

AMCONSTKR

7

In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Circle Tangent to 2 Lines
icon.

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8

Draw the two circles by responding to the prompts as follows:

Select first tangent:

Select tangent point (1)

Select second tangent:

Select tangent point (2)

Specify diameter:

Enter 2

Select first tangent:

Select tangent point (3)

Select second tangent:

Select tangent point (4)

Specify diameter <2>:

Enter 2

9

Press

ENTER

to end the command.

All construction lines have been inserted, and the contour can be generated.

Save your file.

Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet

Now, you connect the two tangential circles with the right part of the rect-
angle, to build a filleted triangle.

To create and edit a contour

1

Start the Polyline command.

Menu

Design ➤ Polyline

Command

PLINE

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2

Create the contour by responding to the prompts as follows:

Specify start point:

Specify the intersection point (1)

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:

Specify next point (2)

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:

Enter A

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/
Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:

Specify next point (3)

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/
Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:

Enter L

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:

Specify next point (4)

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:

Enter A

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/
Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:

Specify next point (5)

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/
Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:

Enter CL

Now, erase the C-Lines. You can erase all C-lines by calling one command.

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3

Erase all C-Lines.

Menu

Modify ➤ Erase ➤ Erase all Construction Lines

Command

AMERASEALLCL

NOTE

You can switch construction lines on and off temporarily by choosing

Assist > Layer / Layergroup > Construction Line On/Off.

4

Apply a fillet to the corner of the triangle.

Menu

Modify ➤ Fillet

Command

AMFILLET2D

5

Respond to the prompts as follows:

(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 2.5
Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension] <Setup>:

Press

ENTER

6

In the Fillet Radius dialog box, specify:

Input:

1

Trim Mode:

On

Choose OK.

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7

Respond to the prompts as follows:

(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 1
Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension] <Setup>:

Enter P

Select polyline:

Select a point on the polyline near the corner

8

Press

ESC

to cancel the command.

The triangular contour is complete.

Save your file.

Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting
Edges

Now, you create another part of the contour and trim projecting edges.

To create and edit a contour

1

Activate Power Snap Setting 3 command.

Menu

Assist ➤ Drafting Settings ➤ Power Snap Configuration 3

Command

AMPSNAP3

Next, insert the next contour.

2

Start the Line command.

Menu

Design ➤ Line

Command

LINE

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3

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Specify first point:

Hold down the

SHIFT

key, right-click, and choose Intersection

_int of:

Select line a (1)

and:

Select intersection on line b (2)

Specify next point or [Undo]:

Hold down the

SHIFT

key, right-click, and choose

Perpendicular. Then trace over line e, and click the perpendicular point (3)

Specify next point or [Undo]:

Drag the cursor to the right, crossing over line c, and select intersection point (4)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:

Press

ENTER

Now, trim the projecting edges at the upper edge of the lever.

4

Start the Trim command.

Menu

Modify ➤ Trim

Command

TRIM

5

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Current settings: Projection = UCS, Edge = None
Select cutting edges:
Select Objects:

Select cutting edge (1)

Select Objects:

Select cutting edge (2)

Select Objects:

Press

ENTER

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:

Select object to trim (3)

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:

Select object to trim (4)

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]:

Press

ENTER

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6

Zoom to the extents of the lever.

Menu

View ➤ Zoom ➤ Extents

Command

ZOOM

The contour is complete and looks like this:

Save your file.

Cross-Hatching the Lever

Cross-hatching is easy with AutoCAD Mechanical. Just choose one of the pre-
defined cross-hatching styles, and click a point within the contour to be
hatched.

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To hatch a contour

1

Start the Hatch command, using an angle of 45 degrees and 2.5 mm / 0.1
inch spacing.

Menu

Design ➤ Hatch ➤ Hatch 45 deg. 2.5mm/0.1 inch

Command

AMHATCH_45_2

2

Respond to the prompt as follows:

Select additional boundary or point in area to be hatched or [Select

objects]:

Click a point inside the contour (outside the cutouts)

The lever is hatched. It looks like this:

Save your file.

Dimensioning the Lever

Now, dimension the lever, using the Power Dimensioning command.

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To dimension a contour

1

Start the Power Snap Setting 1 command.

Menu

Assist ➤ Drafting Settings ➤ Power Snap Configuration 1

Command

AMPSNAP1

2

Start the Power Dimensioning command.

Menu

Annotate ➤ Power Dimensioning

Command

AMPOWERDIM

3

Respond to the prompts as follows:

(SINGLE) Specify first extension line origin or [Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/

Update] <Select>:

Select the first corner point of the lever opening (1)

Specify second extension line origin:

Select the second corner point (2)

Specify dimension line location or [Options/Pickobj]:

Drag the dimension line to the left until it is highlighted in red, and left-click (3)

4

In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, click the Add Tolerance icon and
specify:

Deviation: Upper:

0.1

Deviation: Lower:

0

Precision: Primary:

1

Choose OK.

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5

Press

ENTER

twice to finish the command.

The lever looks like this:

Save your file.

Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions

Now, define a detail of the upper part of the lever.

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To create a detail

1

Start the Detail command.

Menu

Design ➤ Detail

Command

AMDETAIL

2

Respond to the prompts as follows:

Center of circle or [Rectangle/Object]:

Click a point in the center of the area to be detailed (1)

Specify radius or [Diameter]:

Drag the radius to the appropriate size and click (2)

3

In the Detail dialog box, specify:

Detail View:

Detail in Current Space

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4

Choose OK, and respond to the prompts as follows:

Place the detail view:

Select a location to the right of the lever

NOTE

Some entities such as dimensions and symbols are automatically fil-

tered out in the detail function.

Now, add a dimension to the detail.

5

Start the Power Dimensioning command.

Menu

Annotate ➤ Power Dimensioning

Command

AMPOWERDIM

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6

Respond to the prompts as follows:

(SINGLE) Specify first extension line origin or[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/

Update] <Select>: Press

ENTER

Select arc, line, circle or dimension:

Select the radius (1)

7

Select an appropriate position for the dimension.

8

In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, click the tolerances button to deac-
tivate the tolerances and choose OK.

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9

Press

ENTER

twice to finish the command.

Now, your lever looks like this:

The Power Dimensioning command recognizes the different scale area. If you
dimensioned the radius in the original drawing, the dimension value would
be the same. The text height is also the same, as related to the standard.

This is the end of this tutorial chapter.

Save your file.

92