Geochemia węgla

Krążenie węgla w przyrodzie

Prelekcja na dwóch materiałach źródłowych wzbogaconych

informacjami podręcznikowymi oraz materiałami własnymi AT

1/
IPCC: http://www.ipcc.ch/; United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP:

http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/06.htm)

2/
Anthropogenic Influences on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Implications for the Future

Pushkaraj Sardesai and Sarah Eggleston

Earth System Science and Policy

1) Janzen, H.H. “Carbon cycling in earth systems – a soil science perspective.” Agriculture, Ecosystems &

Environment 104 (2004) 399-417.

2) Jorge L. Sarmiento & Steven C. Wofsy Co-Chairs A U.S Carbon Cycle Science Plan. A report of the Carbon and

Climate working Group. 1999

3) http://www.cypenv.org/Files/sequest.htm
4) http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm

Izotopy węgla

Węgiel ma trzy naturalne izotopy:

12C trwały 98,89 %

13C trwały 1,11 %

14C nietrwały, promieniotwórczy

rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Sect16/Sect16_4.html

Natural Carbon Cycle

Terminy ogólne

OCEAN UPTAKE Dissolving of CO

2

gas into the oceans and inflow of

carbon carried from land by rivers.
OCEAN RELEASE Return of carbon in the oceans directly back to the
atmosphere as CO

2

gas.

SEDIMENTATION Slow burial of plant and animal matter on land and
on the ocean floor, which eventually becomes limestone, coal, gas,
and oil.

RESPIRATION Slow combustion of carbon compounds, producing
energy within organisms and releasing CO

2

.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Conversion of CO

2

into energy-rich carbon

compounds by plants.

2 H

2

O + CO

2

+ hv = CH

2

O + H

2

O + O

2

(C

2

H – węglowodany)

Ca(HCO

3

)

2

 CaCO

3

+ H

2

O + CO

2

Natural Carbon Cycle

www.koshland-science-
museum.org/exhibitgcc/images/carbon02.jsp.

*

*

*

*

K.L. Griffin, Columbia U. 2002

Bilans węgla w

atmosferze

Grassland
s

Boreal
Forest

Tundra

Desert

Chaparral

Temperate
Forest

Alpine

Tropical
Forest

Savann
a

Biomes

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm

Carbon

Storage

Potential of

Biomes

Efektywność wiązania

Znaczenie w skali globalnej

PRODUKCJA PIERWOTNA

Effect of CO

2

& Greenhouse gases

Indicators of the Human Influence

Indicators of the Human Influence

on the Atmosphere during the Industrial Era

on the Atmosphere during the Industrial Era

Source: IPCC TAR 2001

http://www.climateark.org/vital/05.htm

www.pewclimate.org/
images/figure4.gif

Human Impacts On The Carbon Cycle

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.gif

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/meth/methane.gif

Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the
cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas,
urbanization, roads etc.
http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/10.htm

Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2

SRCCS Figure TS-2a

Carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial
processes and transport.
http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/09.htm

Change in Forest Area, ‘90 -‘95

C.S. Potter, BioScience, 49:769 (1999)

 Area (% y

-1

)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Philippines

Paraguay

Thailand

Malaysia

Burma

Bolivia

Venezuela

Angola

Tanzania

Indonesia

Mexico

Zambia

Zaire

Colombia

Brazil

India

Australia

Canada

Former USSR

Italy

Poland

United States

Norway

United Kingdom

Portugal

France

Greece

Ireland

• Brazil: -0.25 Pg/y
• Zaire:

-0.10 Pg/y

• Indonesia:

-0.10 Pg/y

• USA:

0.11 Pg/y

• F USSR: 0.07 Pg/y
• France: 0.04 Pg/y

• Global net: -1.15

Pg/y

Possible way to mitigate Point Source Carbon dioxide
Pollution

With help of atmospheric modeling and satellite images,
determine the effective radius from a point source within
which the concentration of CO

2

are high.

With help of satellite images identify the type and
concentration of biomass in the area.

Determine the uptake of carbon dioxide by this biomass.
(carbon sequestered).

Determine the potential for carbon sequestration with help of
local man managed ecosystems.

e.g. Trees planted in this radius will sequester carbon more
effectively and rapidly then elsewhere, and reduce overall
national emissions.

www.clarkson.edu/.../ Fig8_small.jpe

www.clarkson.edu/.../ Fig8_small.jpe

www.clarkson.edu/.../ Fig8_small.jpe

Fossil Fuel CO

2

emission and carbon

sequestration