background image

A First Look at Macroeconomics

Chapter 20

background image

Economists began to study economic growth, 
inflation, and international payments during the 
1750s

Modern macroeconomics dates from the Great 
Depression
, a decade (1929-1939) of high 
unemployment and stagnant production throughout 
the world economy.

John Maynard Keynes book, The General Theory 
of Employment, Interest, and Money
, began the 
subject. 

Origins and Issues of 
Macroeconomics

background image

Short-Term Versus Long-Term Goals

Keynes focused on the short-term issues of 
unemployment and lost production.

“In the long run,” said Keynes, “we’re all dead.”

During the 1970s and 1980s, macroeconomists 
became increasingly concerned with the long-
term 
issues of inflation and economic growth.

Origins and Issues of 
Macroeconomics

background image

Economic growth

is the expansion of the economy’s 

production possibilities - an outward shifting PPF.

We measure economic growth by the increase in real 
GDP.

Real GDP - real gross domestic product - is the value of 
the total production of all the nation’s farms, factories, 
shops, and offices, measured in the prices of a single 
year.

Potential GDP is the value of real GDP when all the 
economy’s labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial ability 
are fully employed.

Economic Growth

background image

Economic Growth

Real GDP fluctuates around potential GDP in a business 
cycle - 
a periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in 
production.

Every business cycle has two phases:

1.  A recession

2.  An expansion

and two turning points:

1.  A peak

2.  A trough

background image

The Business Cycle

Lev

el 

of

 real 

ou

tp

ut

Time

Peak

Peak

Peak

Trough

Trough

LO1

9-6

Potential
GDP

background image

Benefits and Costs of Economic Growth

The main benefit of long-term economic growth is 
expanded consumption possibilities, including more health 
care for the poor and elderly, more research on cancer 
and AIDS, better roads, more and better housing and a 
cleaner environment.

The costs of economic growth are forgone consumption in 
the present, more rapid depletion of non-renewable 
natural resources, and more frequent job changes.

Economic Growth

background image

Jobs

Between 1979 and 2008

The EU economy created 10.4 million jobs

The UK economy created 2.5 million jobs

The US economy created 42.3 million jobs

The record of job creation in the EU and UK could 
be better!

Jobs and Unemployment

background image

Unemployment

Unemployment is a state in which a person does not 
have a job but is available for work, willing to work, and 
has made some effort to find work within the previous four 
weeks.

The workforce is the total number of people who are 
employed and unemployed.

The unemployment rate is the percentage of the people 
in the workforce who are unemployed.

discouraged worker is a person who available for 
work, willing to work, but who has given up the effort to 
find work.

Jobs and Unemployment

background image

Jobs and Unemployment

Why Unemployment Is a Problem

Unemployment is a serious economic, social, and 
personal problem for two main reasons:

• Lost production and incomes
• Lost human capital

Lost production and income is serious but 
temporary.

Lost human capital is devastating and permanent.

background image

Inflation

Inflation is a process of rising prices. 

We measure the inflation rate as the percentage 
change in the average level of prices or price 
level
.

The Consumer Price Index - the CPI - is a 
common measure of the price level.

A falling price level - a negative inflation rate - is 
called deflation.

background image

Is Inflation a Problem?

Unpredictable changes in the inflation rate are a problem 
because they redistribute income in arbitrary ways 
between employers and workers and between borrowers 
and lenders.

A high inflation rate is a problem because it diverts 
resources from productive activities to inflation forecasting.

Eradicating inflation is costly because it brings a period of 
greater than average unemployment.

Inflation

background image

Government Budget Surplus and Deficit

If a government collects more in taxes than it 
spends, it has a government budget surplus

If a government spends more than it collects in 
taxes, it has a government budget deficit.

Surpluses and Deficits

background image

International Surplus and Deficit

If a nation imports more than it exports, it has an 
international deficit.

If a nation exports more than it imports, it has an 
international surplus.

The current account deficit or surplus is the 
balance of exports minus imports plus net interest 
paid to and received from the rest of the world.

Surpluses and Deficits

background image

Five widely agreed policy challenges for 
macroeconomics are to:

1. Boost economic growth

2. Stabilize the business cycle

3. Lower unemployment

4. Keep inflation low

5. Reduce government and international deficits

Macroeconomic Policy 
Challenges and Tools

background image

Macroeconomic Policy 
Challenges and Tools

Two broad groups of macroeconomic policy 
tools are :

Fiscal policy

—making changes in tax rates and 

government spending

Monetary policy

—changing interest rates and 

changing the amount of money in the economy

background image

Review Quiz

Real GDP equals potential GDP when 

____________. 

a. economic growth is stronger than usual

b. labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial

ability are fully employed

c. the business cycle is at a peak

d. economic growth is at its average rate

background image

Review Quiz

Real GDP equals potential GDP when 

____________. 

a. economic growth is stronger than usual

b. labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial 

ability are fully employed

c. the business cycle is at a peak

d. economic growth is at its average rate

background image

Review Quiz

In a business cycle, a peak is followed by a 

recession, a trough, and then ____________. 

a. a period of inflation

b. a peak

c. a period of increasing inflation and falling 

unemployment

d. an expansion

background image

Review Quiz

In a business cycle, a peak is followed by a 

recession, a trough, and then ____________. 

a. a period of inflation

b. a peak

c. a period of increasing inflation and falling 

unemployment

d. an expansion

background image

Review Quiz

John graduates from university and can’t find a job in 
his field, so he takes a job driving a taxi 3 days a 
week. John is discouraged because he cannot find a 
job that uses his university degree. John is counted as 
____________.  

a. employed

b. unemployed because he has only a seasonal job

c. unemployed because he is a part-time worker

d. unemployed because he is discouraged

background image

Review Quiz

John graduates from university and can’t find a job in 
his field, so he takes a job driving a taxi 3 days a 
week. John is discouraged because he cannot find a 
job that uses his university degree. John is counted as 
____________.  

a. employed

b. unemployed because he has only a seasonal job

c. unemployed because he is a part-time worker

d. unemployed because he is discouraged

background image

Review Quiz

When an inflation occurs ____________. 

a. all prices are rising

b. oil prices are rising

c. all families are spending more money on food

d. prices on the average are rising

background image

Review Quiz

When an inflation occurs ____________. 

a. all prices are rising

b. oil prices are rising

c. all families are spending more money on food

d. prices on the average are rising

background image

Review Quiz

One measure of the price level is ____________.  

a. the average level of oil prices

b. the Consumer Price Index

c. real GDP

d. the average level of food prices

background image

Review Quiz

One measure of the price level is ____________.  

a. the average level of oil prices

b. the Consumer Price Index

c. real GDP

d. the average level of food prices

background image

Review Quiz

John borrows $5,000 from Helen, and he promises 
to repay the money in one year. During the year, 
inflation unexpectedly increases. The unpredicted 
inflation creates an unexpected ____________.  

a. gain for John and an unexpected loss for Helen

b. loss for John and an unexpected gain for Helen

c. loss for both John and Helen

d. gain for both John and Helen

background image

Review Quiz

Sam borrows $5,000 from Sue, and he promises to 
repay the money in one year. During the year, 
inflation unexpectedly increases. The unpredicted 
inflation creates an unexpected ____________.  

a. gain for Sam and an unexpected loss for Sue

b. loss for Sam and an unexpected gain for Sue

c. loss for both Sue and Sam

d. gain for both Sam and Sue

background image

Review Quiz

A government budget surplus exists when the 
government ____________. 

a. collects more in taxes than it spends

b. eliminates its debt

c. spends more than it collects in taxes

d. exports more than it imports

background image

Review Quiz

A government budget surplus exists when the 
government ____________. 

a. collects more in taxes than it spends

b. eliminates its debt

c. spends more than it collects in taxes

d. exports more than it imports

background image

The End