 
A First Look at Macroeconomics
Chapter 20
 
Economists began to study economic growth, 
inflation, and international payments during the 
1750s
Modern macroeconomics dates from the Great 
Depression, a decade (1929-1939) of high 
unemployment and stagnant production throughout 
the world economy.
John Maynard Keynes book, The General Theory 
of Employment, Interest, and Money, began the 
subject. 
Origins and Issues of 
Macroeconomics
 
Short-Term Versus Long-Term Goals
Keynes focused on the short-term issues of 
unemployment and lost production.
“In the long run,” said Keynes, “we’re all dead.”
During the 1970s and 1980s, macroeconomists 
became increasingly concerned with the long-
term issues of inflation and economic growth.
Origins and Issues of 
Macroeconomics
 
Economic growth
is the expansion of the economy’s
production possibilities - an outward shifting PPF.
We measure economic growth by the increase in real 
GDP.
Real GDP - real gross domestic product - is the value of 
the total production of all the nation’s farms, factories, 
shops, and offices, measured in the prices of a single 
year.
Potential GDP is the value of real GDP when all the 
economy’s labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial ability 
are fully employed.
Economic Growth
 
Economic Growth
Real GDP fluctuates around potential GDP in a business 
cycle - a periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in 
production.
Every business cycle has two phases:
1. A recession
2. An expansion
and two turning points:
1. A peak
2. A trough
 
The Business Cycle
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Trough
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Potential
GDP
 
Benefits and Costs of Economic Growth
The main benefit of long-term economic growth is 
expanded consumption possibilities, including more health 
care for the poor and elderly, more research on cancer 
and AIDS, better roads, more and better housing and a 
cleaner environment.
The costs of economic growth are forgone consumption in 
the present, more rapid depletion of non-renewable 
natural resources, and more frequent job changes.
Economic Growth
 
Jobs
Between 1979 and 2008
The EU economy created 10.4 million jobs
The UK economy created 2.5 million jobs
The US economy created 42.3 million jobs
The record of job creation in the EU and UK could 
be better!
Jobs and Unemployment
 
Unemployment
Unemployment is a state in which a person does not 
have a job but is available for work, willing to work, and 
has made some effort to find work within the previous four 
weeks.
The workforce is the total number of people who are 
employed and unemployed.
The unemployment rate is the percentage of the people 
in the workforce who are unemployed.
A discouraged worker is a person who available for 
work, willing to work, but who has given up the effort to 
find work.
Jobs and Unemployment
 
Jobs and Unemployment
Why Unemployment Is a Problem
Unemployment is a serious economic, social, and 
personal problem for two main reasons:
• Lost production and incomes
• Lost human capital
Lost production and income is serious but 
temporary.
Lost human capital is devastating and permanent.
 
Inflation
Inflation is a process of rising prices.
We measure the inflation rate as the percentage 
change in the average level of prices or price 
level.
The Consumer Price Index - the CPI - is a 
common measure of the price level.
A falling price level - a negative inflation rate - is 
called deflation.
 
Is Inflation a Problem?
Unpredictable changes in the inflation rate are a problem 
because they redistribute income in arbitrary ways 
between employers and workers and between borrowers 
and lenders.
A high inflation rate is a problem because it diverts 
resources from productive activities to inflation forecasting.
Eradicating inflation is costly because it brings a period of 
greater than average unemployment.
Inflation
 
Government Budget Surplus and Deficit
If a government collects more in taxes than it 
spends, it has a government budget surplus. 
If a government spends more than it collects in 
taxes, it has a government budget deficit.
Surpluses and Deficits
 
International Surplus and Deficit
If a nation imports more than it exports, it has an 
international deficit.
If a nation exports more than it imports, it has an 
international surplus.
The current account deficit or surplus is the 
balance of exports minus imports plus net interest 
paid to and received from the rest of the world.
Surpluses and Deficits
 
Five widely agreed policy challenges for 
macroeconomics are to:
1. Boost economic growth
2. Stabilize the business cycle
3. Lower unemployment
4. Keep inflation low
5. Reduce government and international deficits
Macroeconomic Policy 
Challenges and Tools
 
Macroeconomic Policy 
Challenges and Tools
Two broad groups of macroeconomic policy 
tools are :
•
Fiscal policy
—making changes in tax rates and
government spending
•
Monetary policy
—changing interest rates and
changing the amount of money in the economy
 
Review Quiz
Real GDP equals potential GDP when
____________.
a. economic growth is stronger than usual
b. labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial
ability are fully employed
c. the business cycle is at a peak
d. economic growth is at its average rate
 
Review Quiz
Real GDP equals potential GDP when
____________.
a. economic growth is stronger than usual
b. labour, capital, land, and entrepreneurial
ability are fully employed
c. the business cycle is at a peak
d. economic growth is at its average rate
 
Review Quiz
In a business cycle, a peak is followed by a
recession, a trough, and then ____________.
a. a period of inflation
b. a peak
c. a period of increasing inflation and falling
unemployment
d. an expansion
 
Review Quiz
In a business cycle, a peak is followed by a
recession, a trough, and then ____________.
a. a period of inflation
b. a peak
c. a period of increasing inflation and falling
unemployment
d. an expansion
 
Review Quiz
John graduates from university and can’t find a job in 
his field, so he takes a job driving a taxi 3 days a 
week. John is discouraged because he cannot find a 
job that uses his university degree. John is counted as 
____________.  
a. employed
b. unemployed because he has only a seasonal job
c. unemployed because he is a part-time worker
d. unemployed because he is discouraged
 
Review Quiz
John graduates from university and can’t find a job in 
his field, so he takes a job driving a taxi 3 days a 
week. John is discouraged because he cannot find a 
job that uses his university degree. John is counted as 
____________.  
a. employed
b. unemployed because he has only a seasonal job
c. unemployed because he is a part-time worker
d. unemployed because he is discouraged
 
Review Quiz
When an inflation occurs ____________.
a. all prices are rising
b. oil prices are rising
c. all families are spending more money on food
d. prices on the average are rising
 
Review Quiz
When an inflation occurs ____________.
a. all prices are rising
b. oil prices are rising
c. all families are spending more money on food
d. prices on the average are rising
 
Review Quiz
One measure of the price level is ____________.
a. the average level of oil prices
b. the Consumer Price Index
c. real GDP
d. the average level of food prices
 
Review Quiz
One measure of the price level is ____________.
a. the average level of oil prices
b. the Consumer Price Index
c. real GDP
d. the average level of food prices
 
Review Quiz
John borrows $5,000 from Helen, and he promises 
to repay the money in one year. During the year, 
inflation unexpectedly increases. The unpredicted 
inflation creates an unexpected ____________.  
a. gain for John and an unexpected loss for Helen
b. loss for John and an unexpected gain for Helen
c. loss for both John and Helen
d. gain for both John and Helen
 
Review Quiz
Sam borrows $5,000 from Sue, and he promises to 
repay the money in one year. During the year, 
inflation unexpectedly increases. The unpredicted 
inflation creates an unexpected ____________.  
a. gain for Sam and an unexpected loss for Sue
b. loss for Sam and an unexpected gain for Sue
c. loss for both Sue and Sam
d. gain for both Sam and Sue
 
Review Quiz
A government budget surplus exists when the 
government ____________. 
a. collects more in taxes than it spends
b. eliminates its debt
c. spends more than it collects in taxes
d. exports more than it imports
 
Review Quiz
A government budget surplus exists when the 
government ____________. 
a. collects more in taxes than it spends
b. eliminates its debt
c. spends more than it collects in taxes
d. exports more than it imports
 
The End