age-related changes, 1036–1037

definition, 1010

maintenance, 1027–1030

overview, 1010–1011

pH control in, 1023–1027

renal compensation and, 1028–1030

respiratory compensation and, 1028

respiratory regulation, 1032

terminology, 1023

Acid–base disorders, 1030–1036

acute phase, 1030

blood chemistry in, 1036

causes, 1030

combined respiratory and metabolic aci-

dosis, 1034

compensated phase, 1030

diagnosis, 1034–1036

metabolic acidosis, 1033–1034

metabolic alkalosis, 1034

renal responses to, 1028–1030

respiratory acidosis, 1030–1032

respiratory alkalosis, 1032–1033

Acidemia, 1023
Acidic solution, 43, 1023
Acidophils.

See

Eosinophils

Acidosis, 1023

definition, 44

detection and diagnosis, 1034–1035

metabolic, 1033–1034, 1036, 1037

renal responses, 1028–1029

respiratory, 1030–1032, 1036, 1037

Acid phosphatase, prostatic, 1059
Acinar glands, 123
ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), 286
Acoustic meatus, external/internal, 221,

227

Acoustic nerve.

See

Vestibulocochlear

nerve

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS), 815, 819, 820, 841

Acquired immunity, 796
Acquired reflex, 450
Acromegaly, 202, 208, 639
Acromial end, clavicle, 247
Acromioclavicular joint, 250
Acromioclavicular ligament, 281
Acromion, 250
Acrosin, 1088
Acrosomal cap, 1050
Acrosomal vesicle, 1050
ACTH.

See

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Actin, 73, 298
Actinic keratosis, 164
Actinins, 299
Action, muscle, 339, 340, 341
Action potentials, 389, 399

all-or-none principle, 407

axon diameter and propagation speed,

413

cardiac muscle cells, 700–701

frequency, 425

generation, 407–408, 409

vs. graded potentials, 411

propagation, 410–412

rate of generation, 424–425

refractory period, 408–409

skeletal muscle cells, 297, 304–306

sodium–potassium exchange pump and,

409

Activation energy, 39
Active channels.

See

Gated channels

Active immunity, 796
Active site

enzyme, 56

G-actin molecule, 300

A band, 298
Abdominal aorta, 755–756
Abdominal cavity, 23, 24
Abdominopelvic cavity, 22, 24

arteries, 758

veins, 763, 765

Abdominopelvic quadrants, 17, 19, 24
Abdominopelvic regions, 17, 19, 24
Abducens nerve (N VI), 493, 500
Abduction, 275
Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 370–371,

379–380

Abductor hallucis muscle, 379–380
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 370–371
Abductor pollicis longus muscle,

368–370

ABO blood types, 662–666
Abortion, 1104
Abrasion, 175
Abscess, 142, 144, 796
Absolute refractory period, 409
Absorption, 875

carbohydrates, 916–919

ions, 920–921

in large intestine, 913–914

lipids, 919

monosaccharides, 918–919

proteins, 919–920

in small intestine, 900–901

in stomach, 897

vitamins, 921

water, 920

Absorptive state, 949
Accessory glands, male reproductive

system, 1053–1054

Accessory ligaments, 271
Accessory nerve (N XI), 499, 500
Accessory organs, digestive system, 875
Accessory pancreatic duct, 901
Accessory respiratory muscles, 847–848
Accessory structures

eye, 566–569

synovial joints, 271

Accessory structures (integument), 158

glands.

See

Gland(s)

hair, 169–171

nails, 174–175

Acclimatization, 960
Accommodation, vision, 575–576, 577
Accommodation curves, 231
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme),

742, 841, 982

Acetabular labrum, 283
Acetabular ligament, transverse, 283
Acetabular notch, 254, 283
Acetabulum, 254, 263
Acetate, 415
Acetoacetate, 950
Acetone, 950
Acetylcholine (ACh).

See also

Cholinergic

synapses

autonomic tone and, 545

location, 420

mechanism of action, 420

muscle activity and, 304

in parasympathetic division, 543

structure, 420

in sympathetic division, 538

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 304, 415,

541

Acetyl-CoA, 934
Acetyl group, 935
Achilles (calcaneal) tendon, 261, 376
Acid(s), 44, 1023–1024
Acid–base balance, 1025–1030

Active transport, 95, 99, 977
Acute epiglottitis, 834
Acute renal failure, 984, 998
Acute respiratory acidosis, 1031
ADA deficiency, 1118
Adam’s apple, 832
Adaptation

light and dark, 583

sensory receptors, 509–510

Addison disease, 163, 639, 644
Adduction, 275
Adductor brevis muscle, 372–374
Adductor hallucis muscle, 379–380
Adductor longus muscle, 372–374
Adductor magnus muscle, 372–374
Adductor pollicis muscle, 371–372
Adenine, 58
Adenohypophysis, 462
Adenoid.

See

Pharyngeal tonsil

Adenosine, 421
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 60, 674
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 60
Adenosine triphosphatase.

See

ATPase

Adenosine triphosphate.

See

ATP

Adenylate cyclase (adenylyl cyclase),

418, 610

ADH.

See

Antidiuretic hormone

Adhesion, phagocyte, 791
Adhesion belt, 114
Adhesions, 136, 144
Adipocytes (adipose cells), 125, 127–128
Adipose tissue, 124

endocrine functions, 635, 638

liposuction, 128

metabolic functions, 949

structure and function, 127–128

sympathetic effects, 544

Adluminal compartment, seminiferous

tubule, 1049

Adolescence, 1108, 1109–1111
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 60, 674
Adrenal cortex.

See

Suprarenal cortex

Adrenal gland.

See

Suprarenal gland

Adrenaline.

See

Epinephrine

Adrenal medulla.

See

Suprarenal medulla

Adrenergic synapses, 417, 537
Adrenocortical steroids.

See

Corticosteroids

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

163, 616, 620, 957

Adrenogenital syndrome, 639
Adventitia, 880, 1070
Aerobic metabolism, 81, 319, 932, 939
Afferent arterioles, 969
Afferent division, PNS, 387
Afferent fibers, 391
Afferent lymphatics, 784
Afferent neurons.

See

Sensory neurons

Afferent vessels.

See

Capillary(ies)

Afterbirth.

See

Placenta

Afterload, 713
Agglutination, 662, 808
Agglutinins, 662
Agglutinogens, 662
Aggregated lymphoid nodules, 783–787,

901

Aging

cancer incidence, 143

cardiovascular system, 770

cholesterol levels and, 943

digestive system, 921–922

female reproductive system, 1079

fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance,

1036–1037

gustation, 566

hearing, 598

hormones, 642–643

immunesystem,817

integumentary system, 177–178

joints, 286–288

male reproductive system, 1079–1080

muscular system, 378–380

nervous system, 554–555

olfaction, 563–564

oogenesis and, 1064

respiratorysystem,866

skeletal system, 264

summary,1111

telomerase in, 106

tissue structure, 143

urinary system, 1002–1003

vision, 576

Agonist (muscle), 340
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes),

666

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency

syndrome), 815, 819, 820, 841

Air, gas concentrations, 852
Ala, sacrum, 238
Alarm phase, general adaptation

syndrome, 640–641

Albinism, 162
Albumins, 654
Alcohol abuse, 956
Alcoholism, 956
Aldosterone, 627–628, 988, 1014, 1020
Aldosteronism, 639
Alimentary canal.

See

Digestive tract

Alkalemia, 1023
Alkaline, 1023
Alkaline phosphatase, 198
Alkaline tide, 893, 1034
Alkalosis, 44, 1023

detection and diagnosis, 1034–1036

metabolic, 1034, 1035–1036, 1037

renal responses, 1029–1030

respiratory, 1032–1033, 1035–1036,

1037

Allantois, 1094
Alleles, 1112
Allergen(s), 668, 816, 820
Allergic rhinitis, 816
Allergy(ies), 815–816, 820
All-or-none principle, action potential,

407

Alpha-amylase.

See

Salivary amylase

Alpha

1

-antitrypsin deficiency, 1118

Alpha-blockers, 556
Alpha cells, 631, 635
Alpha-helix, 54
Alpha-interferons, 793
Alpha-2-macroglobulin, 676
Alpha receptors, 537
Alpha-1 receptors, 537, 542
Alpha-2 receptors, 537, 542
Alpha waves, 488–489
Alternative pathway, complement

activation, 793, 794

Alveolar air, 852–853
Alveolar ducts, 839–841
Alveolar epithelium, 827
Alveolar macrophages, 791, 839
Alveolar process, 223, 225
Alveolar sacs, 839
Alveolar ventilation, 849–850, 860
Alveolus (alveoli), 747, 826
Alveolus (tooth socket), 885
Alzheimer disease, 555, 556, 1118
Amacrine cells, retina, 572

Amanita muscaria,

542

INDEX

Index

INDEX

Amenorrhea, 1070, 1081
Amination, 947–948
Amino acid(s)

catabolism, 946–947

essential, 947

neurotransmitters, 420

nonessential, 947

in protein buffer systems, 1025

structure, 53

in urine, 996

Amino acid derivatives (biogenic

amines), 420, 606, 608

Aminoaciduria, 978, 1003
Amino group, 46
Ammonia, 996
Ammonium ions, 914, 989
Amnesia, 551, 556
Amniocentesis, 118, 1119, 1120
Amniochorionic membrane, 1102
Amnion, 1094
Amniotic cavity, 1093
Amniotic fluid, 118, 1094
Amoeboid movement, 666
AMP (adenosine monophosphate), 60
Amphetamines, 554
Amphiarthrosis, 268
Amphicytes.

See

Satellite cells

Amphimixis, 1089
Amplitude, sound wave, 595
Ampulla

ductus deferens, 1053

duodenal, 902

semicircular duct, 589

uterine tube, 1065

Ampulla of Vater, 902
Amygdaloid body, 479, 550
Amyloid

␤ protein, 555

Amyloidosis, 1118
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 524, 525,

1118

Anabolic steroids, 643.

See also

Androgen(s)

Anabolic system, 541.

See also

Parasympathetic division, ANS

Anabolism, 38, 930–931
Anaerobic endurance, 325
Anaerobic process, 319
Anal canal, 913
Anal columns, 913
Anal orifice, 913
Anal sphincter, internal/external,

357–358, 913

Anal triangle, 357–358
Anandamide, 421
Anaphase, mitosis, 102–103
Anaphylactic shock, 816, 820
Anaphylaxis, 816, 820
Anaplasia, 144
Anastomosis, 727
Anastrozole, 1073
Anatomical directions, 17, 20
Anatomical landmarks, 17, 18
Anatomical neck, humerus, 250
Anatomical position, 17, 18
Anatomical regions, 17, 19
Anatomic dead space, 849
Anatomy

clinical, 6

definition, 5

developmental, 6

gross,6

microscopic, 7

vs. physiology, 5–6

regional, 6

sectional, 18–21

superficial, 17

surface, 6

systemic,6

Anaxonic neurons, 390
Anchoring proteins, 71
Anconeus muscle, 365–368
Androgen(s), 617, 630, 1042

abuse, 643

disorders, 639

effects, 201, 949, 1080

in normal growth, 640

production, 1046, 1057–1058

regulation of secretion, 1080

Androgen-binding protein (ABP), 1050
Andropause, 1079
Androstenedione, 643, 1074
Anemia, 657, 661, 677
Anencephaly, 525
Anesthesia, 513, 525
Aneurysm, 723, 772
Angina pectoris, 694, 715
Angiogenesis, 727, 772
Angiography, 694
Angioplasty, 694–695, 715
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE),

742, 841, 982

Angiotensin I, 637
Angiotensin II, 637, 742
Angiotensinogen, 637
Angle, rib, 241
Angular motion, 272–274
Animal starch.

See

Glycogen

Anion gap, 1035
Anions, 32
Anisotropic, 298
Ankyloglossia, 883
Annular ligament, 283
Annulus fibrosus, 277
Anoxia, 843, 869
ANS.

See

Autonomic nervous system

Ansa cervicalis nerve, superior/inferior,

442

Antagonistic effects, hormones, 638
Antebrachial cutaneous nerve, median,

444

Antebrachial vein, median, 762
Antebrachium, 250
Anteflexion, uterus, 1065
Antegrade flow, 390
Anterior cavity, eye, 569
Anterior chamber, eye, 573
Anterior commissure, 482
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 286
Anterior fontanelle, 229
Anterior lobe

cerebellum, 472

pituitary gland, 614–618

Anterior margin, tibial tuberosity, 259
Anterior median fissure, 431
Anterior nuclei, thalamus, 475, 480
Anterior white commissure, 437
Anterograde amnesia, 551, 556
Antiangiogenesis factor, 131, 144
Antibody(ies), 126, 654.

See also

Immunoglobulin(s)

actions, 807–808

antigen–antibody complex, 806–807

classes, 807–808

secretion, 782

structure, 805–806

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity,

669, 782, 796

antibody structure, 805–806

B cell sensitization and activation,

804–805

primary/secondary response to antigens,

808–809

Antibody titer, 808
Anticholinesterase drug, 425
Anticoagulants, 676
Anticodon, 86
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 606

cardiovascular effects, 742

in fluid balance, 1014

functions, 618, 620

renal effects, 991–992

secretion, 618

underproduction/overproduction, 639

Antigen(s), 782
Antigen–antibody complex, 806–807
Antigen binding sites, 806
Antigenic determinant sites, 806
Antigen presentation, 785, 799–800

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs),

799–800, 812

Antigen processing, 800
Antigen recognition, 800–802
Antihistamines, 816
Anti-inflammatory effects, 629
Antiport, 94
Anti-Rh antibodies, 665
Antithrombin-III, 676
Antiviral proteins, 793
Antrum (bone surface feature), 187
Antrum, follicle, 1064
Anus, 913
Aorta

abdominal, 755–756

ascending, 689, 750

descending, 689, 755

terminal segment, 756

thoracic, 756

Aortic arch, 689
Aortic artery, 750
Aortic bodies, 514, 741
Aortic reflex, 740
Aortic semilunar valve.

See

Aortic valve

Aortic sinus, 514, 690, 740
Aortic valve, 689
Apex

heart, 682

nose, 829

patella, 259

sacrum, 238

Aphasia, 488, 501
Apical foramen, 885
Apical surface, epithelium, 112, 113
Apnea, 865
Apneustic center, 471, 472, 861
Apocrine secretion, 121, 122
Apocrine sweat glands, 172–173
Apolipoproteins, 654
Aponeurosis, 129–130, 295
Apoptosis, 100, 801
Appendicitis, 820, 911
Appendicular muscles, 342

overview, 343–344, 360, 361

pelvis and lower limbs, 371–378

shoulders and upper limbs, 359–370

trunk, 360–361

Appendicular skeleton, 247–264

joints, 287

lower limbs, 258–262

overview, 212, 247, 248–249

pectoral girdle, 247–250

pelvic girdle, 254–257

upper limbs, 250–254

Appendix, 783, 910
Appositional growth

bone, 195–198

cartilage, 131

Aquaporins, 93, 991
Aqueduct of midbrain, 464
Aqueduct of Sylvius, 464
Aqueous humor, 570, 573–574
Aqueous solutions, 41, 42
Arachidonic acid, 49, 606
Arachnoid granulations, 466
Arachnoid mater, 434, 464
Arachnoid villi, 466
Arbor vitae, 472, 473
Arcade

dental, 886

Arch

atlas, 235

dental, 886

foot, 262

Arcuate arteries, 969, 1068
Arcuate fibers, 482
Arcuate line, 255
Arcuate veins, 969
Areola, 1072
Areolar tissue, 12
Arginine, 919, 947
Arginine vasopressin (AVP).

See

Antidiuretic hormone

Aromatase, 1058

Aromatase inhibitors, 1073
Arousal, 553
Arrector pili muscle, 169
Arresting solution, 960
Arterial anastomoses, 692
Arterial anatomy, 727
Arterial puncture, 653
Arteries, 682, 720

abdominopelvic organs, 758

brain, 753–754

chest and upper limb, 750–752

elastic, 722

head and neck, 753

lower limb, 759

lower limbs, 757, 759

muscular, 722

overview, 749, 751

pelvis, 757

pulmonary circuit, 749

structure, 720–723

systemic circuit, 750–757

trunk, 756–757

types, 722–723

vs. veins, 721–722

Arteries listed

aorta.

See

Aorta

arcuate, 969, 1068

axillary, 750

basilar, 754

brachial, 653, 722, 750

bronchial, 755, 841

carotid, 467, 722, 740, 750, 753, 841

celiac trunk, 534

central retinal, 573

cerebral, 753–754

circumflex, 692

colic, 757

communicating, 754

coronary, 690, 692

cortical radiate, 969

cystic, 755

deferential, 1045

digital, 753

dorsalis pedis, 757

esophageal, 755

femoral, 722, 748, 757

femoral circumflex, 757

fibular, 757

gastric, 755

gastroduodenal, 757

gastroepiploic, 756

genicular, 757

gluteal, 757

gonadal, 757

hepatic, 755

hypophyseal, 615

iliac, 722, 748, 757, 1066, 1070

inferior mesenteric, 536

intercostal, 756

interlobar, 969

internal thoracic, 695, 750, 1072

interventricular, 692, 727

intestinal, 757

lumbar, 757

mediastinal, 755, 756

mesenteric, 722, 755, 757

obturator, 757

ophthalmic, 753

ovarian, 757, 1061

overview, 1066

pancreatic, 756

pancreaticoduodenal, 757

pericardial, 755

phrenic, 756

plantar, 757

popliteal, 757

pudendal, 757

pulmonary, 689, 722, 749

radial, 653, 750, 1068

rectal, 757

renal, 755, 757, 969

sacral, 757

segmental, 969

sigmoid, 757

spiral, 1068

splenic, 756

straight, 1068

subclavian, 722, 748, 750

superior mesenteric, 536

suprarenal, 757

testicular, 757, 1045

tibial, 757

trabecular, 787

ulnar, 750

ulnar collateral, 750

ulnar recurrent, 753

umbilical, 767, 999, 1098

uterine, 1066

vertebral, 467, 750

Arterioles, 720, 722–723
Arteriosclerosis, 555, 724–725, 772
Arteriovenous anastomoses, 727
Artery(ies), 130
Arthritis, 286, 288
Articular capsule, 269
Articular cartilages, 132, 197, 270
Articular disc.

See

Meniscus

Articular facet, vertebrae, 233
Articular processes, vertebrae, 233
Articulation, 833
Articulations.

See

Joint(s)

Artificial sweeteners, 46
Aryepiglottic folds, 832–833
Arytenoid cartilages, 832
Ascending aorta, 689, 750
Ascending colon, 911
Ascending limb, nephron loop, 975
Ascending tracts, 437, 471
Ascites, 136, 144, 877, 924
Ascorbic acid.

See

Vitamin C

Aspartate, 418, 420
Association areas, 484–485
Association fibers, 481
Association neurons.

See

Interneurons

Asthma, 838, 869
Astigmatism, 576, 599
Astral rays, 102
Astrocytes, 392–393
Asynchronous motor unit summation,

315

Ataxia, 474, 501
Atelectasis, 847, 869
Atenolol, 713
Atherectomy, 694
Atherosclerosis, 724, 772
Atherosclerotic plaque, 694, 724–725
Athletes

amenorrhea in, 1070

blood doping, 661

carbohydrate depletion/loading, 940

carbohydrate loading, 940

cardiac reserve, 714

cardiovascular fitness, 745

hormones to improve performance, 643,

1058

knee injuries, 286

proteinuria and hematuria, 984

salt loss in, 1020

training at high altitude, 867

Atlas, 234–235
Atmosphere (atm), 845
Atmospheric pressure, 843
Atomic mass unit (amu), 31
Atomic number, 29
Atomic weight, 31
Atoms, 29–30
Atorvastatin, 943
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 421

demand for, 320–321

mitochondrial production, 934–939

production, 80, 81

production in aerobic metabolism, 319

production in glycolysis, 319–320, 932

production in lipid catabolism, 942

production in oxidative phosphoryla-

tion, 938

production in protein catabolism,

946–947

structure, 60

use in active transport, 95–96

use in endocytosis, 96

use in muscle contraction, 308–310,

318–322

ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase)

myosin functioning as, 308–310

sodium–potassium, 95

structure, 60

ATP synthase, 938
Atresia, 1062
Atrial appendage, 684
Atrial baroreceptors, 741
Atrial natriuretic peptide, 1014
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 743,

982

Atrial reflex, 710, 741
Atrial systole, 704
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, 698
Atrioventricular (AV) node, 696, 698
Atrioventricular (AV) septal defect, 769
Atrioventricular (AV) valves, 685, 690
Atrium, left/right, 682, 687
Atrophy, muscle, 325
Atropine, 425
Auditory association area, 485
Auditory cortex, 484
Auditory nerve.

See

Vestibulocochlear

nerve

Auditory ossicles, 220, 586–587
Auditory pathways, 597–598
Auditory reflexes, 501
Auditory sensitivity, 598
Auditory tube, 132, 221, 586, 831
Auricle (atrial appendage), 684
Auricle (ear), 132, 585
Auricular surface

ilium, 255

sacrum, 238

Auscultation, 706
Autoantibodies, 815
Autoimmune disorders, 287, 815, 820
Autolysis, 79
Automatic bladder, 1002
Automaticity, 327
Autonomic ganglia, 392, 530
Autonomic nervous system (ANS),

387–388, 529

adrenergic receptors, 537–538, 542

autonomic tone, 545–546, 709–710

cholinergic receptors, 541–542

comparisontosomaticnervoussystem,

529–530, 549

dual innervation, 543

heart rate and, 709–710

organization, 529–531

overview, 529

parasympathetic division, 531.

See also

Parasympathetic division, ANS

sympathetic division, 531.

See also

Sympathetic division, ANS

Autonomic plexuses, 543, 546
Autonomic reflexes.

See

Visceral

reflex(es)

Autonomic tone, 545–546, 709–710
Autoregulation

blood flow, 738–739

capillary, 727

definition, 12

glomerular filtration rate, 982

Autosomal chromosomes, 1112
AV.

See

Atrioventricular

Avascularity, epithelium, 112
Avitaminosis, 954, 962
Avogadro’s number, 31
Axial muscles, 342–359

head and neck, 345–351

oblique and rectus, 355–356

overview, 343–344

pelvic floor, 356–359

vertebral column, 351–354

Axial skeleton, 212–242

joints, 280

overview, 212–213

skull, 213–230

thoracic cage, 239–242

vertebral column, 231–239

Axillary artery, 750
Axillary lymph node dissection, 1073
Axillary nerve, 444
Axillary vein, 762
Axis, 235
Axolemma, 389
Axon(s), 141

classification, 413

diameter and propagation speed, 413

structure, 389

Axon hillock, 389
Axoplasm, 389
Axoplasmic transport, 390
Azygos vein, 762

Babinski reflex/sign, 455–456
Baby teeth, 886
Back pain, 231
Bacteria, 820

defenses against, 810, 811

intestinal, 913–914

as pathogens, 777

Bainbridge reflex, 710
Balance.

See

Equilibrium

Balanced diet, 950
Ball-and-socket joints, 277, 278
Balloon angioplasty, 694–695, 715
Band cells, 669, 671
Baroreceptor reflexes, 548, 739–741, 864
Baroreceptors, 511, 514
Basal body, 75
Basal body temperature, 1077
Basal cell(s).

See

Stem cells

Basal cell carcinoma, 164, 181
Basal compartment, seminiferous tubule,

1049

Basal ganglia, 482
Basal lamina (basement membrane), 112
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 957
Basal nuclei, 482–484, 523–524
Basal surface, epithelium, 112
Base

heart, 684

patella, 259

sacrum, 238

Bases, 44, 1023
Basic food groups, 951
Basic solution, 43, 1023
Basilar artery, 754
Basilar membrane, 593
Basilar zone, endometrium, 1068
Basilic vein, 762
Basolateral surface, epithelium, 113
Basophils, 126, 668, 670, 812
B cells, 669, 780, 812

circulation, 782

life span, 782

primary/secondary response to antigens,

808–809

production, 782

sensitization and activation, 804–805

bcl-2

gene, 100

Bedsore (decubitus ulcer), 167, 181
Behavior

brain chemistry and, 554

hormones and, 642

Behavioral drives, 478
Bell palsy, 495, 501
Belly, muscle, 337
Benadryl, 816
The Bends, 853, 869
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH),

1059

Benign tumor, 105, 107
Beta-blockers, 556, 713
Beta cells, 631–632, 635
Betahydroxybutyrate, 950
Beta-interferons, 793
Beta-mercaptan, 563
Beta-oxidation, 942
Beta receptors, 537–538

Beta-1 receptors, 538, 542
Beta-2 receptors, 538, 542
Beta-3 receptors, 538
Beta waves, 488–489
Biaxial joint, 273
Bicalutamide, 1059
Bicarbonate ions, 44

absorption, 921

blood, 858, 976

reabsorption at proximal convoluted

tubule, 984

reabsorption in collecting system, 989,

991

secretion in collecting system, 989

stomach, 893

urine, 976

Bicarbonate reserve, 1027
Biceps brachii muscle, 252, 283, 318,

337, 365, 367–368

Biceps femoris muscle, 372, 375–376
Bicuspid valve.

See

Mitral valve

Bifid, 234
Bile, 906, 908
Bile canaliculi, 906
Bile duct, common, 902, 906
Bile duct system, 906
Bile ductules, 906
Bile salts, 51, 908
Bilirubin, 658, 908, 996
Biliverdin, 658
Biogenic amines (amino acid

derivatives), 420, 606, 608

Biotin, 914, 955
Bipennate muscle, 336–337
Bipolar cells, retina, 571
Bipolar neurons, 390
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), 857
Bitter taste, 564
Bladder.

See

Urinary bladder

Blast cells, 669, 671
Blastocoele, 1091
Blastocyst, 1091, 1092
Blastomeres, 1091
Bleaching, 581–582
Bleeding time, 675
Blindness, 576
Blind spot, 573
Blisters, 161
Blood.

See also specific components

age-related changes, 770

coagulation.

See

Coagulation

collection of sample, 653

composition, 651–653

distribution, 729

formed elements, 130, 651–653,

670–671

functions, 651

hemostasis.

See

Hemostasis

pH, 653

physical characteristics, 651–653

plasma.

See

Plasma

viscosity, 731

Blood–brain barrier, 393, 467–468
Blood clot, 674
Blood clotting.

See

Coagulation;

Hemostasis

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP),

735, 981

Blood–CSF barrier, 468
Blood doping, 661
Blood flow, 732

autoregulation, 738–739

during exercise, 744–745

hormones and, 742–743

neural mechanisms, 739–742

to special regions, 747–748

Blood gas analysis, 854
Blood glucose.

See

Glucose

Blood groups, 662–666
Blood pressure (BP)

arterial, 733

definition, 730, 732

hormonal control, 742–743

reflex control, 739–742

INDEX

Blood pressure (BP)

(continued)

regulation, 16

renal, 981–982

response to hemorrhage, 745–746

in small arteries and arterioles, 733–734

venous, 734

Blood reservoir, 168
Blood smear, 653
Blood–testis barrier, 1049
Blood–thymus barrier, 782
Blood types, 662–666

compatibility testing, 664

cross-reactions, 662–663

distribution in human population, 663

Blood vessels.

See also

Arteries; Veins

age-related changes, 770

blood distribution in, 729

capacitance, 729

dual innervation, 545–546

pressure gradient, 730

pulmonary circuit, 682, 749, 853–854

resistance, 731

systemic circuit.

See

Systemic circuit

wall structure, 720–721, 723

“Blue baby,” 769
Blue cones, 582
BMR (basal metabolic rate), 957
Body

epididymis, 1052

gallbladder, 908

hyoid, 226

mandible, 225

muscle, 337

pancreas, 901

penis, 1056

rib, 241

scapula, 247

sphenoid, 221

sternum, 242

stomach, 891

tongue, 883

uterus, 1066

vertebra, 232

Bodybuilders, 643, 991
Body cavities, 22–24
Body composition, 149–150, 1011
Body fluids

balance.

See

Fluid balance

buffersystems.

See

Buffersystems

composition, 1013

electrolytes, 41–42.

See also

Electrolyte(s)

pH, 43–44, 1024–1027

regulation, 16

Body position, 294, 316, 514
Body stalk, 1095
Body temperature

basal, 1077

cardiac output and, 709

control.

See

Thermoregulation

uterine cycle and, 1077

variability in normal range, 14

Bohr effect, 857
Bolus, 834, 880
Bone, 124

age-related changes, 207–208

blood and nerve supplies, 198–200

calcium and, 203–204

vs. cartilage, 134

cells, 189–190

compact, 191–192

composition, 189–190, 203

effects of exercise on, 201

effects of hormones on, 201–202

fracture.

See

Fracture(s)

growth and development, 200–202

heterotopic, 199

matrix, 189

shapes, 185–186

spongy, 192–193

structure, 132, 134, 188

surface features, 186–187

Bone markings, 186–187
Bone marrow, 188, 192, 660, 782

Bones listed

auditory ossicles, 220, 586–587

calcaneus, 261

capitate, 253

carpal, 253

clavicle, 247, 249

coccyx, 231, 239, 263

cuboid, 261

cuneiform, 261

ethmoid, 213, 222–223

femur, 258–259

fibula, 260

frontal, 213, 219

hamate, 253

humerus, 250–251

hyoid, 225, 226, 264

ilium, 254, 263

ischium, 254

lacrimal, 213, 225

lunate, 253

mandible, 213, 225–226, 263, 264

maxillae, 213, 223–224

metacarpal, 253, 254

metatarsal, 261–262

nasal, 213, 224

nasal conchae, 213, 222, 223, 224

navicular, 261

occipital, 213, 218, 264

palatine, 213, 224

parietal, 188, 213, 218–219

patella, 259

phalanges, 253, 254, 262

pisiform, 253

pubis, 254

radius, 252–253

ribs, 239–242

sacrum, 231, 237–238, 263

scaphoid, 253

scapula, 247, 249–250

sphenoid, 213, 221–222

sternum, 242

talus, 260

tarsal, 260–261

temporal, 213, 219–220

tibia, 259–260

trapezium, 253

triquetrum, 253

ulna, 251–252

vertebrae, 234–239

vomer, 213, 224

zygomatic, 213, 224–225

Bony labyrinth, 587
Botulism, 331
Bowman capsule.

See

Glomerular capsule

Bowman glands, 562
Boyle’s law, 843
BP.

See

Blood pressure

BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate), 857
BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy),

1059

Brachial artery, 653, 722, 750
Brachialis muscle, 341, 365, 366–368
Brachial plexus, 442–444
Brachial vein, 762
Brachiocephalic trunk, 750
Brachiocephalic vein, 762
Brachioradialis muscle, 365–368
Bradycardia, 698, 715
Brain

activity monitoring, 488–489

age-related changes, 554–555

blood supply, 466–467, 747, 753–754

electroencephalogram, 488, 501

introduction, 461

landmarks, 461–462

prenatal development, 462–463

protection and support, 464–466

regions, 461–462

respiratory centers, 861–862

veins, 758, 761–762

ventricles, 392, 463–464

Braincase.

See

Cranium

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 743,

982, 1014

Brain stem, 462, 469, 584
Branched glands, 123
Breast, 1071–1072
Breastbone (sternum), 239, 242
Breast cancer, 1073, 1081, 1118
Breathing

at birth, 865–866

mechanics, 847–849

modes, 847–849

voluntary control, 865

Breech birth, 1107, 1120
Brevis (muscle name), 341
Broad ligament, 1060
Broca area, 486
Brodmann, Korbinian, 486
Brodmann areas, 486
Bronchi, 834, 837
Bronchial artery, 755, 841
Bronchial tree, 837
Bronchioles, 826, 837–839
Bronchitis, 837, 869
Bronchoconstriction, 837
Bronchodilation, 837, 869
Bronchography, 869
Bronchomediastinal trunk, left/right,

779–780

Bronchopulmonary carcinoma, 867, 869
Bronchopulmonary segment, 837
Bronchoscope, 869
Brown fat, 127, 960
Bruise, 178
Bruit, 731
Brunner glands, 900
Brush border, 899
Brush border enzymes, 899, 917–918
Bruxism, 226
Buccal cavity.

See

Oral cavity

Buccal phase, swallowing, 889–890
Buccinator muscle, 341, 345
Buffer(s), 45, 1023, 1024
Buffer systems, 45, 1024–1025

carbonic acid–bicarbonate, 1026–1027

hemoglobin, 1026

interactions among, 1030, 1031

phosphate, 1027

protein, 1025–1026

Buffy coat, 655
Bulbar conjunctiva, 567
Bulbospongiosus muscle, 357–358, 1071
Bulbo-urethral glands, 1053, 1054
Bulk transport, 96
Bundle branches, left/right, 698
Bundle of His (AV bundle), 698
Bunion, 271, 288
Burkitt lymphoma, 1118, 1119
Burning/aching pain, 510
Burns, 166, 179
Bursae, 271, 281
Bursitis, 271, 288
Butyrate, 657

CABG (coronary artery bypass graft),

695, 715

CAD (coronary artery disease), 694–695,

715, 724

Caffeine, 709
Calcaneal tendon, 261, 376
Calcaneus, 261
Calcification, 124, 194
Calcitonin (CT)

bone remodeling and, 201, 202

calcium balance and, 202, 204, 1022

secretion, 624

Calcitriol

in bone growth and maintenance, 201,

202

in calcium homeostasis, 1022

functions, 635–637

in growth, 640

synthesis,165

Calcium

absorption, 920–921

in blood clotting, 676

bone physiology and, 203–204

in cardiac contractions, 701–702

control of blood levels, 203–204

functions in human body, 30, 624, 953

G proteins and, 611

in muscle contraction, 298, 306

reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule,

988

recommended daily intake, 953

as second messenger, 609, 611

in urine, 996

Calcium balance, 1021–1022
Calcium channel(s), slow/fast, 700
Calcium channel blockers, 694, 713, 715
Calcium hydroxide, 189
Calcium phosphate, 189
Calcium reserve, skeleton as, 203
Calcium salts, 189
Calculi, 1002, 1003
Callus, 205
Calmodulin, 330, 611
Calorie, 955, 956
Calorigenic effect, 623
Calorimeter, 956
Calorimetry, 955
Calsequestrin, 298
Calvaria, 214
cAMP (cyclic-AMP), 418, 537, 563, 609
Canal (bone surface feature), 187
Canaliculi, 134, 189
Canal of Schlemm, 573
Canals of Volkmann, 191
Cancellous bone, 188
Cancer

aging and, 143

breast, 1073, 1081

cell division in, 105–106

cervical, 1068, 1081

CNS, 395

colorectal, 911

definition, 105, 107

lung, 867, 869

in lymph nodes, 786

osteoporosis and, 208

ovarian, 1065, 1081, 1118

prostate, 1059, 1081

skin, 164

testicular, 1043

Canine tooth, 886
Capacitance, blood vessel, 729
Capacitance vessels, 729
Capacitation, 1052, 1088
Capillary(ies), 130, 682, 720

anatomy, 726

continuous, 725

diffusion in, 734–735

fenestrated, 615, 726

filtration in, 735–737

lymphatic, 778–779

reabsorption in, 735–737

sinusoidal, 726

vasomotion, 727–728

Capillary bed, 726–727
Capillary exchange, 730

diffusion, 734–735

filtration, 735–737

reabsorption, 735–737

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP),

730, 735

Capillary plexus, 726–727
Capillary pressure, 730, 735–737
Capitate, 253
Capitulum, 250
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure, 981
Capsular epithelium, 974
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP),

981

Capsular ligaments, 271
Capsular space, 970, 974
Capsule, 130, 226
Carbaminohemoglobin, 657, 859
Carbohydrase, 903, 916, 918
Carbohydrate(s)

breakdown and synthesis, 941, 948

digestion and absorption, 916–919

metabolism, 932–941

overview, 45–48, 61

plasma expanders, 654

plasma membrane, 71–72

in urine, 996

Carbohydrate depletion/loading, 940
Carbohydrate loading, 940, 962
Carbon, 30
Carbon dioxide

binding to hemoglobin, 859

Bohr effect, 857

cerebrospinal fluid, 741–742

partial pressures, 851–852

structure, 34

transport, 858–860

Carbonic acid, 44, 858–859, 1023
Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer

system, 1026–1027

Carbonic anhydrase, 857, 989, 1024
Carbon monoxide (CO)

as neurotransmitter, 417, 418–419, 421

poisoning, 856, 869

Carboxylic acid group, 46, 48
Carboxypeptidase, 903, 918
Cardia, 891
Cardiac arrhythmias, 700, 715
Cardiac center, 471, 709, 739
Cardiac conduction system.

See

Conducting system, heart

Cardiac cycle, 703–707

heart sounds in, 706, 707

phases, 703–704

pressure and volume changes in,

704–707

Cardiac muscle cells, 140, 326, 684, 686,

700–701

Cardiac muscle tissue, 138–140

functional characteristics, 327–328

vs. skeletal muscle tissue, 329, 684, 686

vs. smooth muscle tissue, 329

structure, 326–327, 684, 687

Cardiac myocytes.

See

Cardiac muscle

cells

Cardiac notch, 837
Cardiac output (CO), 707–714

abnormal conditions affecting, 709

calculation, 707–708

control, 713–714

exercise and, 744–745

factors affecting, 707–713

Cardiac pacemaker.

See

Sinoatrial (SA)

node

Cardiac plexus, 545, 709
Cardiac reflexes, 709
Cardiac reserve, 714
Cardiac skeleton, 692
Cardiac sphincter, 888
Cardiac tamponade, 684, 715
Cardiac vein, 687, 692–693
Cardinal ligament, 1066
Cardinal signs and symptoms,

inflammation, 793

Cardioacceleratory center, 709, 739
Cardioacceleratory reflex, 548
Cardiocytes.

See

Cardiac muscle cells

Cardiodynamics, 707
Cardioinhibitory center, 709, 739
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),

869

Cardiovascular centers, 470, 739, 742
Cardiovascular fitness, 745
Cardiovascular physiology

arterial blood pressure, 733

capillary exchange, 734–737

elastic rebound, 733

key terms and relationships, 731–733

overview, 729–730

pressure, 730

pressures in systemic circuit, 731–734

total peripheral resistance, 730–731

venous pressure, 734

venous return, 734

Cardiovascular system.

See also

Blood;

Blood vessels; Heart

age-related changes, 770

autoregulation of blood flow, 738–739

blood distribution in, 729

blood supply to special regions, 747–748

changes at birth, 767–768

circulation patterns, 748

congenital problems, 768–769

fetal, 767–768

hormones and, 742–743

integration with other systems, 770–771

introduction, 10

neural mechanisms, 739–742

overview, 153, 651, 682

parasympathetic effects, 544

prenatal development, 1101

at puberty, 1111

pulmonary circuit, 682, 749

regulatory mechanisms, 737–743

response to exercise, 380, 744–745

response to hemorrhage, 745–747

smooth muscle in, 328

sympathetic effects, 544

systemic circuit, 750–767

Carditis, 690, 715
Carina, 834
Carotene, 72, 162
Carotid artery, 722, 740, 750, 753, 841
Carotid bodies, 514, 741
Carotid canal, 220, 227
Carotid sinus, 514, 740, 753
Carpal bone, proximal/distal, 253
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 254, 264, 383
Carrier, genetic disease, 115
Carrier-mediated transport, 94, 99, 977
Carrier proteins, 71
Cartilage, 124

vs. bone, 134

growth, 131, 132

structure, 131

types, 131–132, 133

CAT (computerized axial tomography),

24

Catabolism, 38, 930
Catalysts, 39
Cataract, 575, 599
Catecholamines, 606, 608
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT),

537

Categorical hemisphere, 487
Cathartics, 924
Catheter, cardiac, 694
Cations, 32
Cauda equina, 433
Caudal anesthesia, 434
Caudate lobe, liver, 903
Caudate nucleus, 482
Cavernous sinus, 762
C (clear) cells, thyroid gland, 624, 627
CCK (cholecystokinin), 897, 909, 910,

957

Cdc2 protein, 104
CD markers, 801
CD3 receptor complex, 801
CD4 T cells, 801, 802–803
CD8 T cells, 801
Cecum, 898, 910–912
Celiac ganglion, 534
Celiac plexus, 545
Celiac trunk, 534, 750, 755
Cell(s)

abnormal growth and division, 105–106

cytoplasm and organelles, 69, 72–82

differentiation, 106

introduction, 7, 67

life cycle, 100–105

model, anatomy, 68

nucleus.

See

Nucleus

plasmamembrane.

See

Plasmamem-

brane

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 114
Cell biology, 67
Cell body, neuron, 140, 141, 388–389
Cell division, 100–104
Cell junctions, 112, 114

Cell-mediated immunity, 669, 796

activation of CD4 T cells, 802–803

activation of CD8 T cells, 801–802

antigen presentation, 799–800

antigen recognition, 800–801

summary,804

Cell membrane.

See

Plasma membrane

Cell physiology, 7
Cells of Leydig.

See

Interstitial cell(s)

Cell theory, 67
Cellular immunity.

See

Cell-mediated

immunity

Cellular metabolism, 930–931
Cellular organizational level, 8, 9, 67.

See

also

Cell(s)

Cellular respiration, 81, 842, 932
Cellular trophoblast, 1092
Cellulose, 47
Cementum, 885
Centimeters of water (cm H

2

O), 846

Central adaptation, 509
Central canal

bone, 191

spinal cord, 392, 435

Central chemoreceptors, 863
Central nervous system (CNS), 387,

430–431.

See also

Brain; Spinal

cord

age-related changes, 554–555

neuroglia, 392–395

primarytumors,395

secondary tumors, 395

Central retinal artery, 573
Central retinal vein, 573
Central sulcus, 480
Central vein, 904
Centrioles, 69, 74, 75
Centromere, 101
Centrosome, 69, 73, 75
Centrum, vertebra, 232
Cephalic phase, gastric secretion, 895,

896

Cephalic vein, 762
Cerebellar cortex, 462, 473
Cerebellar hemispheres, 472
Cerebellar nuclei, 472, 473
Cerebellar peduncles,

superior/middle/inferior, 472, 473

Cerebellum, 461, 462, 472–474, 524
Cerebral aqueduct, 464
Cerebral arterial circle, 754
Cerebral artery,

anterior/middle/posterior, 753–754

Cerebral cortex, 462

functions, 480–481

gross anatomy, 480

memory storage, 550–551

motor and sensory areas, 484–488

Cerebral hemispheres, 462
Cerebral meningitis, 433
Cerebral nuclei.

See

Basal nuclei

Cerebral palsy, 522, 525
Cerebral peduncles, 475
Cerebral vein, superficial/inferior, 758,

762

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

carbon dioxide, 741–742

circulation, 466–467

formation, 466–467

functions, 392, 434, 465–466

pH, 741–742

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke), 467,

501, 555, 747, 754, 772

Cerebrovascular disease, 467
Cerebrum

basal nuclei, 482–484

cortex, 480–481

hemispheric lateralization, 486–487

motor and sensory areas, 484–486

overview, 461, 462

white matter, 481–482

Cerumen, 174, 586
Ceruminous glands, 174, 586
Cervical canal, 1066

Cervical cancer, 1068, 1081
Cervical curve, 231
Cervical enlargement, 431
Cervical nerves, 442
Cervical plexus, 442
Cervical vertebrae, 234–236
Cervix, 1066
Cesarean section, 1106
cGMP (cyclic guanosine

monophosphate), 581, 609

Chalazion, 566
Chalones, 105
Channel-mediated diffusion, 91
Channels, plasma membrane, 71
Characters, phenotypic, 1112
Cheekbone, 220
Cheeks, 882
Chemical bonds, 32–35
Chemical gradients, 400
Chemically gated channels, 403–404
Chemical notation, 37
Chemical organizational level, 8, 9,

29–61

atoms and molecules, 29–32

chemical bonds, 32–36

chemical reactions, 36–40

chemicals and cells, 60–61

inorganic compounds, 40–45

organic compounds, 45–61

Chemical reactions

catalysts, 39–40

definition, 37

notation, 37

types, 38–39

Chemical synapses, 414
Chemiosmosis, 938
Chemiosmotic phosphorylation, 938
Chemoreceptor(s), 510, 514
Chemoreceptor reflexes, 741–742,

862–863

Chemosensitive area, 863
Chemotaxis, 791

positive, 667

Chest

arteries, 752

veins, 763

Chief cells.

See

Parathyroid cells

Childbirth.

See

Labor

Childhood, 1108

Chlamydia,

1079

Chlamydia pneumoniae,

725

Chloride, 33

absorption, 921

functions in human body, 30, 953

reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule,

990

reabsorption at nephron loop, 986

recommended daily intake, 953

in urine, 996

Chloride balance, 1021, 1022
Chloride shift, 1026
Cholecalciferol.

See

Vitamin D

3

Cholecystitis, 908, 924
Cholecystokinin (CCK), 897, 909, 910,

957

Cholelithiasis, 924
Cholera, 924
Cholesterol

definition, 62

dietary fats and, 943

serum levels, 943

sources, 51

steroid hormone synthesis from, 1074

structure, 50–51

transport and distribution, 944–946

Choline, 415
Cholinergic synapses, 414–416, 536
Cholinesterase.

See

Acetylcholinesterase

Chondrocytes, 131
Chondroitin sulfates, 131
Chordae tendineae, 687, 688
Chorion, 1094–1095
Chorionic villi, 1095
Chorionic villus sampling, 1119, 1120

INDEX

Choroid, 571
Choroid plexus, 466
Chromatid, 102, 1048
Chromatin, 83
Chromium, 953
Chromosomal abnormalities, 1116, 1119
Chromosomal microtubule, 102
Chromosomes, 83
Chronic renal failure, 998
Chronic respiratory acidosis, 1031
Chylomicrons, 919, 944
Chyme, 891
Chymosin, 897
Chymotrypsin, 903, 918
Chymotrypsinogen, 903
Ciliary body, 570
Ciliary ganglion, 414, 492, 494, 539
Ciliary muscle, 570
Ciliary processes, 570
Ciliated epithelium, 113–114
Cilium (cilia), 69, 75, 113
C

1

inactivator, 676

Cingulate gyrus, 479
Circadian rhythm, 584, 630–631
Circle of Willis, 754
Circular muscle, 879.

See also

Sphincter(s)

Circulation.

See

Blood flow

Circulatory pressure, 730, 732
Circumcision, 1056
Circumduction, 273, 275
Circumferential lamellae, 191
Circumflex artery, 692
Circumvallate papillae, 564
Cirrhosis, 907, 924
Cis face, cisterna, 77
Cisterna(e), 76, 77
Cisterna chyli, 779
Citric acid cycle.

See

TCA (tricarboxylic

acid) cycle

CK-MB, 702
Classical pathway, complement

activation, 793, 794

Clavicle, 247, 249
Clearance test, 981, 1003
Clear layer (lamina lucida), 114
Cleavage, 1090, 1091, 1092
Cleavage furrow, 103
Cleft palate, 223
Clinical anatomy, 6
Clitoris, 1071
Clone, 798
Closed fracture, 206

Clostridium tetani,

304

Clot retraction, 676–677
Clotting factors, 674, 676
Clotting system, 672
Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), 262, 264
Club hair, 171
CNS.

See

Central nervous system

CO.

See

Carbon monoxide; Cardiac

output

Coagulation, 674, 675

calcium ions and, 676

clotting factors, 674, 676

common pathway, 675

extrinsic pathway, 674

feedback control, 15, 675–676

interaction among pathways, 675

intrinsic pathway, 674

vitamin K and, 676

Coagulation time, 675
Coated vesicles, 97
Cobalamin.

See

Vitamin B

12

Cobalt, 953
Cocaine, 417
Coccygeal cornua, 239
Coccygeal ligament, 431, 434
Coccygeus muscle, 357–358
Coccyx, 231, 239, 263
Cochlea, 588, 593
Cochlear branch, vestibulocochlear

nerve, 496, 597

Cochlear duct, 588, 593–594

Cochlear nuclei, dorsal/ventral, 496, 597
Coding strand, 84
Codominance, 1113, 1115
Codon, 85
Coelom, 22–23
Coenzyme(s), 57
Coenzyme A (CoA), 416, 934
Coenzyme Q, 938
Cofactor, 57
Coitus.

See

Sexual intercourse

Colic artery, right/middle/left, 757
Colic flexure, right/left, 911
Colic vein, right/middle/left, 766, 767
Colitis, 924
Collagen fibers, 126, 166
Collagenous tissue.

See

Dense connective

tissues

Collateral ganglia, 533, 534–536
Collateral ligament

fibular, 286

radial, 283

tibial, 286

ulnar, 283

Collaterals

arteries, 727

axons, 389

Collecting duct, 972, 975, 995
Collecting system, 971–972

anatomy, 975

effects of antidiuretic hormone, 991–992

functions, 979

reabsorption and secretion along, 989

Colles fracture, 206
Colloids, 42, 622
Colon, 911
Colonoscopy, 913
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), 672,

813, 814

Color blindness, 582–583, 599, 1117, 1118
Colorectal cancer, 911, 1118
Color vision, 582
Colostrum, 1108
Column(s), white matter, 437
Columnar epithelium, 116, 118, 120
Coma, 552
Comminuted fracture, 206
Commissural fibers, 482
Common bile duct, 902, 906
Common pathway, coagulation, 675
Communicating artery,

anterior/posterior, 754

Compact bone, 191–192
Compartment(s), 381
Compartment syndrome, 381, 383
Compatibility, blood type, 662
Compensation curves, 231
Complementary base pairs, 59
Complementary gene action, 1114
Complementary strands, 59
Complement proteins, 667
Complement (C) proteins, 793
Complement system, 790, 793–794
Complete antigen, 806
Complete proteins, 952
Complete tetanus, 314
Compliance, lungs, 844
Compound, 32
Compound fracture, 206
Compound glands, 123
Compression, 303
Compression fracture, 206
Computerized tomography (CT), 24
COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase),

537

Concentration, 43
Concentration gradient, 89, 734
Concentric contractions, 316
Concentric lamellae, 191
Conception.

See

Fertilization

Condensation, 38
Conducting arteries, 722
Conducting cells, 696
Conducting portion, respiratory tract,

826

Conducting system, heart, 689, 695–703

AV bundle, 698

AV node, 696, 698

bundle branches, 698

calcium ions and, 701–702

conduction deficits, 698

contractile cells, 700–703

electrocardiogram, 698–700

energy for, 703

impulse conduction, 697

overview, 696–697

physiology, 695–696

Purkinje fibers, 698

SA node, 696, 697

Conduction, 410, 958
Conduction deficits, 698, 715
Conductive deafness, 599
Condylar joints.

See

Ellipsoid joints

Condylar process, 226
Condyles, 187

femur, medial/lateral, 259

humerus, 250

tibia, medial/lateral, 259

Cones, 571, 578–579
Congenital heart disease, 768–769
Congenital hypothyroidism.

See

Cretinism

Congenital talipes equinovarus

(clubfoot), 262, 264

Conjoined twins, 1107
Conjunctiva, 567
Conjunctivitis, 567
Connective tissue(s)

cell populations, 125–126

classification, 124

components, 124

dense, 128–130

embryonic, 126–127

fibers, 126

fluid, 130–131

ground substance, 126

heart, 692

loose, 127–128

mucous, 127

supporting, 131–134

Connective tissue proper, 124–130
Connexons, 114, 414
Consciousness, 552
Consensual light reflex, 501, 547, 548,

570

Constant segments, antibody, 805
Constipation, 922, 924
Continuous capillary, 725
Continuous passive motion (CPM), 288
Continuous propagation, 410–411
Contractile cells, 700–703
Contractile proteins, 52.

See also

Protein(s)

Contractility, 713
Contraction, skeletal muscle

control, 306

cycle, 308–310

energy sources, 318–320

energy use, 320

excitation–contraction coupling,

306–307

fatigue and, 320–321

initiation, 310

isometric, 316–317

isotonic, 316

load and speed, 317–318

muscle tone and, 316

opposing, 318

overview, 303

recovery, 322

relaxation, 310, 318

sarcomere appearance during, 302

shortening during, 310

sliding filament theory, 301–303

tension production, 311–314

Contraction, smooth muscle, 330
Contraction cycle, 308–310
Contraction phase, twitch, 313
Contracture, 381

Contralateral reflex arcs, 453
Control center, 12–13
Contusion, 167
Conus arteriosus, 689
Conus medullaris, 431
Convection, 958
Convergence

neural circuits, 447

vision, 583–584

Convergent muscle, 336–337
Copper, 953
Copulation.

See

Sexual intercourse

Coracoacromial ligament, 281
Coracobrachialis muscle, 361, 363–366
Coracoclavicular ligament, 281
Coracohumeral ligament, 281
Coracoid process, 250
Cords, spinal nerves, 442
Cori cycle, 322
Cornea, 567, 569
Corneal epithelium, 567
Corneal limbus, 569
Corneal reflex, 501
Corneal replacement, 569
Corniculate cartilages, 832
Cornification, 161
Coronal plane, 19
Coronal suture, 214
Corona radiata, 1064, 1088
Coronary artery, left/right, 690, 692
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG),

695, 715

Coronary artery disease (CAD), 694–695,

715, 724

Coronary circulation, 692–694
Coronary ischemia, 694, 715
Coronary sinus, 687
Coronary spasms, 747
Coronary sulcus, 684
Coronary thrombosis, 702, 715
Coronoid fossa, 250
Coronoid process

mandible, 226

ulna, 252

Corpora cavernosa, 1056
Corpora quadrigemina, 474
Corpus albicans, 1064
Corpus callosum, 482
Corpus luteum, 637, 638, 1064
Corpus spongiosum, 1056
Corpus striatum, 482
Corrugator supercilii muscle, 346–347
Cortex

bone, 188

hair, 169

lymph node, 785

ovary, 1061

renal, 969

suprarenal.

See

Suprarenal cortex

thymus,786

Cortical bone, 188
Cortical nephron, 972
Cortical nerve, 973
Cortical radiate artery, 969
Cortical radiate vein, 969
Corticobulbar tracts, 521, 523
Corticospinal pathway, 520–522, 523
Corticospinal tracts, anterior/lateral,

521–522, 523

Corticosteroids, 627
Corticosterone, 629
Corticotropin.

See

Adrenocorticotropic

hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),

616

Cortisol, 629
Cortisone, 629
Costae.

See

Ribs

Costal breathing, 847
Costal cartilages, 239
Costal facets, vertebrae, 236
Costal groove, 241
Costal processes, vertebrae, 234
Costimulation, 801

Cotransport, 94, 977
Coughing reflex, 548, 834, 865
Countercurrent exchange, 958
Countercurrent multiplication, 986–988
Countertransport, 94, 977
Coupling factors, 938
Covalent bonds, 34–35
Cowper glands.

See

Bulbo-urethral

glands

Coxal bone, 254–255
Cradle cap, 172
Cramps, menstrual.

See

Dysmenorrhea

Cranial bones, 213–214, 218–223
Cranial cavity, 213
Cranial meninges, 433, 464–465
Cranial nerves, 387, 490–491

abducens (VI), 493, 500

accessory (XI), 499, 500

facial (VII), 495, 500

glossopharyngeal (IX), 497, 500,

862–863

hypoglossal, 499–500

oculomotor (III), 492, 500

olfactory (I), 491, 500

optic (II), 492, 500

trigeminal (V), 494, 500

trochlear (IV), 493, 500

vagus (X), 497–499, 500, 863

vestibulocochlear (VIII), 496, 500, 589,

597–598

Cranial reflexes, 430, 450, 501
Cranial root, accessory nerve, 499
Cranial trauma, 465, 501
Craniosacral division, ANS.

See

Parasympathetic division, ANS

Craniostenosis, 230, 242
Cranium, 213, 263, 465
Creatine, 319
Creatine phosphate (CP), 319, 976
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK), 319
Creatinine, 976, 996
Creatinine clearance test, 981, 1003
Cremaster muscle, 1045
Crenation, 93
Crest (bone surface feature), 187
Cretinism, 639, 644
Cribriform plate, 222
Cricoid cartilage, 832
Cristae, mitochondria, 80
Crista galli, 222
Cross-bridges, 301
Crossed extensor reflexes, 453–454
Crossing over, 1116
Cross-match testing, 666
Cross-reaction, 662–663
Cross-training, 325
Crown, tooth, 885
Crude touch and pressure receptors, 511
Crura, 1056
Crus, penis, 1056
Cryptorchidism, 1043, 1081
Crypts of Lieberkühn, 899
Crystal arthritis, 287
Crystallins, 575
CSF.

See

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT.

See

Calcitonin

CT (computerized tomography), 24
Cubital vein, median, 762
Cuboid, 261
Cuboidal epithelium, 116, 118, 119
Cuneiform bone,

medial/intermediate/lateral, 261

Cuneiform cartilages, 132, 832
Cupula, 589
Current, 401
Cushing disease, 639, 644
Cusps (leaflets), 687
Cutaneous anthrax, 181
Cutaneous membrane, 158.

See also

Skin

Cutaneous plexus, 167
Cuticle

hair, 169

nail, 175

Cyanide ion, 939

Cyanosis, 163, 181, 769
Cycles, sound, 594
Cyclic-AMP (cAMP), 418, 537, 563, 609
Cyclic-GMP (cyclic guanosine

monophosphate; cGMP), 581, 609

Cyclin, 104
Cyclosporin A (CsA), 803
Cyst, breast, 1073
Cysteine, 1025
Cystic artery, 757
Cystic duct, 906
Cystic fibrosis, 829, 869, 1118
Cystic vein, 767
Cytochromes, 936
Cytokines, 793, 813, 814
Cytokinesis, 103
Cytology, 7, 67

exfoliative, 118, 144

Cytoplasm, 72–82
Cytosine, 58
Cytoskeleton, 69, 73, 74
Cytosol.

See

Intracellular fluid

Cytotoxic reactions, 816
Cytotoxic T (T

C

) cells, 780, 798, 801, 812

Cytotrophoblast, 1092

Dalton, 31
Dalton’s law, 851
Dandruff, 162
Dark-adapted state, 583
Dark current, 581
Dartos muscle, 1045
“Date rape” drug, 643
Daughter cells, 100
Daughter chromosomes, 102–103
D cells, 894
DCT.

See

Distal convoluted tubule

Deafness, 599
Deamination, 907, 946
Decarboxylation, 934
Decibels, 595
Decidua basalis, 1097
Decidua capsularis, 1097
Decidua parietalis, 1097
Deciduous teeth, 886
Decomposition, 38
Decompression sickness, 853, 869
Decubitus ulcer (bedsore), 167, 181
Decussation, 516
Deep breathing, 847
Deep cortex, lymph node, 785
Deep fasciae, 137–138
Deep lymphatics, 779
Deep sleep, 552
Deep tendon reflexes, 450
Defecation, 548, 876
Defecation reflex, 915
Defensins, 668, 814
Deferential artery, 1045
Deflation reflex, 865
Degenerative arthritis, 287
Degenerative joint disease, 287
Deglutition.

See

Swallowing

Degranulation, 668
Dehydration, 1016, 1017
Dehydration synthesis, 38, 46–47, 50
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 1058
Delayed hypersensitivity, 816
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS),

326

Delivery, 1106.

See also

Labor

difficult, 1107

premature, 1107

Delta cells, 632, 635
Delta waves, 489
Deltoid muscle, 337, 363, 364–365
Deltoid tuberosity, humerus, 250
Demyelination, 397, 425
Denaturation, 57
Dendrites, 141, 389
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells, 161, 312,

784

Dendritic spines, 389
Dens, 235

Dense area, 114
Dense bodies, 328–329
Dense bone, 188
Dense connective tissues, 124, 128–130
Dense irregular connective tissue,

129–130

Dense layer (lamina densa), 115
Dense regular connective tissue, 129–130
Dental arcade, upper/lower, 886
Dental calculus, 886
Dental caries, 922
Dental plaque, 886
Dentate gyrus, 479
Denticulate ligaments, 435
Dentin, 885
Deoxyhemoglobin, 657
Deoxyribonucleic acid.

See

DNA

Depolarization, 404, 406
Depression (movement), 276
Depressor anguli oris muscle, 346–347
Depressor labii inferioris muscle,

346–347

Depth perception, 584
Dermal bone, 198
Dermal (intramembranous) ossification,

198

Dermal papillae, 160
Dermatitis, 166, 181
Dermatome, 438, 440
Dermis, 158

blood supply, 167

innervation, 168

lines of cleavage, 166–167

organization, 166

properties, 166

Descending aorta, 689
Descending colon, 911
Descending limb, nephron loop, 975, 994
Descending tract, 437
Descent, testes, 1043–1044
Desmin, 328
Desmopressin, 618
Desmosome (macula adherens), 114
Detached retina, 573, 599
Detoxification, 76
Detrusor muscle, 999
Detumescence, 1078
Deuterium, 29, 30
Development, 1087

postnatal.

See

Postnatal development

prenatal.

See

Prenatal development

Developmental anatomy, 6
Developmental dyslexia, 488
Deviated nasal septum, 242
Dextran, 93, 107
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), 1058
Diabetes insipidus, 618, 639, 644, 991
Diabetes mellitus, 571, 639, 1118

insulin-dependent (type 1), 634, 644,

815

non-insulin-dependent (type 2), 634,

644

Diabetic nephropathy, 634, 644
Diabetic neuropathy, 634, 644
Diabetic retinopathy, 571, 599, 634, 644
Diabetogenic effect, 617
Diacylglycerol (DAG), 611
Diapedesis, 666, 791
Diaphragm, 355–356, 847
Diaphragma sellae, 614
Diaphragmatic breathing, 847
Diaphragmatic hernia, 359, 383
Diaphysis, 188
Diarrhea, 924
Diarthrosis, 268
Diastole, 703
Diastolic pressure, 733
Diazepam, 551
Dicrotic notch, 706
Diencephalon, 461, 462, 469, 475–478
Diet

balanced, 950

disease and, 955

energy gains and losses, 955–957

fats and cholesterol, 943

nutrition and, 951–955

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1059
Differential WBC count, 669
Differentiation, 106, 1087
Diffusion, 89–93, 99

across plasma membranes, 90–93

capillary exchange, 734–735

channel-mediated, 91

facilitated, 94–95, 99

factors influencing rate, 90

liquid-gas, 852

osmosis, 91–92, 99, 735

principles, 89–90

respiratory function and, 852–854

simple, 91

Digastric muscle, 351–352
Digestion, 875

carbohydrates, 916–919

ion absorption, 920–921

lipids, 919

overview, 916

proteins, 919–920

vitamin absorption, 921

water absorption, 920

Digestive epithelium, 877–879
Digestive system

age-related changes, 921–922

components, 876

disorders, 922

esophagus, 888–890

functions, 875–876

gallbladder, 908

hormonal control, 882, 909–910

integration with other systems, 922–923

intestinal absorption, 909

introduction, 11, 875

large intestine, 910–915

liver, 903–908

neural mechanisms, 881–882, 909

oral cavity, 882–888

overview, 155

pancreas, 901–903

parasympathetic effects, 544

peritoneum and, 876–877

prenatal development, 878, 1101

regulation of activities, 881–882

small intestine, 898–901

smooth muscle in, 328

stomach, 891–897

sympathetic effects, 544

Digestive tract

definition, 875

endocrine activity, 635

epithelial stem cells, 879

histological organization, 877–880

movement of materials, 880

Digital artery, 753
Digitalis, 713
Digital rectal exam (DRE), 1059
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA),

24

Digital vein, 762, 764
Diglyceride, 50
Dihydrogen phosphate, 1027
Dihydrotestosterone, 1058
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 944
Dilation stage, labor, 1105
Dimenhydrinate, 591
Dipeptidases, 918, 920
Dipeptide, 53
Dipeptides, 920
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 816
Diphtheria, 397
Diploë, 188
Diploid cells, 1048
Dipole, 41
Direct communication, intercellular,

604–605

Direct light reflex, 501, 548
Disaccharides, 46, 47, 916
Disconnection syndrome, 488, 501
Discs, photoreceptor, 578
Disease, 16, 24, 48

INDEX

Dislocation (luxation), 272, 288
Displaced fracture, 206
Dissociation, 41
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

anatomy, 970–971, 972, 975, 979

effects of antidiuretic hormone, 991–992

functions, 972, 995

reabsorption and secretion at, 988–990

Distribution arteries, 722
Disulfiram, 956
Diuresis, 991
Diuretics, 991, 1003
Divergence, neural circuits, 446–447
Diverticulitis, 924
Diverticulosis, 924
Dizygotic twins, 1107
DNA

coding strand, 84

functions, 57–58, 88–89

mutations, 88

organization in nucleus, 83–84

in protein synthesis, 84–88

replication, 100, 101

vs. RNA, 59

structure, 59

template strand, 84

transcription of mRNA, 84–86

triplet codes, 87

DNA fingerprinting, 84, 107
DNA polymerase, 101
Dobutamine, 713
Dominant hemisphere, 487
Dominant inheritance, 1113, 1115
Dopamine, 417, 420, 484, 713
Dorsal arch, 757
Dorsal column/medial lemniscus,

515–517

Dorsal interosseus muscles, 370–371,

379–380

Dorsalis pedis artery, 757
Dorsal ramus, 438
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG), 861
Dorsal root(s), 431
Dorsal root ganglia, 431
Dorsal scapular nerve, 444
Dorsal venous arch, 764
Dorsiflexion, 262, 276
Dorsum nasi, 829
Double covalent bond, 34
Down-regulation, 609
Down syndrome, 118, 555, 769, 1118,

1119

Drives, 478
Drugs

absorption in stomach, 897

immunosuppressive, 803, 815, 820

inactivation in liver, 907

intradermal injection, 371

intramuscular injection, 371, 383

plasma membrane and, 91

subcutaneous injection, 168, 371

tubular reabsorption and secretion, 975

DSA (digital subtraction angiography),

24

Dual innervation, 543
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 331
Duct(s), 121
Ductless gland, 121
Duct of Santorini, 901
Duct of Wirsung, 901
Ductus arteriosus, 767, 865
Ductus deferens, 619, 1052–1054
Ductus venosus, 767
Duodenal ampulla, 902, 908
Duodenal glands, 900
Duodenal papilla, 908
Duodenum, 898
Dural folds, 464
Dural sinuses, 464
Dura mater, 434, 464
Dynein, 73, 390
Dynorphins, 418, 421
Dyslexia, 488, 501
Dysmenorrhea, 1069, 1081
Dysplasia, 144

Ear.

See also

Hearing

anatomy, 585–588

external ear, 585–586

inner ear, 587–588

middle ear, 586–587

muscles, 346–347

Eardrum.

See

Tympanic membrane

Earwax (cerumen), 174, 586
Eating disorders, 962
Eccentric contraction, 316
Eccrine sweat gland, 173
ECF.

See

Extracellular fluid

ECG.

See

Electrocardiogram

Ectopic bone, 195
Ectopic pacemaker, 698
Ectopic pregnancy, 1092, 1120
Edema, 737, 772
EEG.

See

Electroencephalogram

Effector(s), 12–13, 387, 449
Efferent arteriole, glomerulus, 970
Efferent division, PNS, 387
Efferent ductules, 1046
Efferent fibers, 391
Efferent lymphatics, 784
Efferent neurons.

See

Motor neurons

Efferent vessels.

See

Arteries

Eicosanoids, 49–50, 53, 606–607, 608
Ejaculate, 1055
Ejaculation, 548, 1042, 1078
Ejaculatory duct, 1054
Ejection fraction, 706, 707
EKG.

See

Electrocardiogram

Elastase, 903, 918
Elastic arteries, 722
Elastic cartilage, 132, 133
Elastic fibers, 126, 166
Elastic ligaments, 126
Elastic membrane, internal/external, 720
Elastic rebound, 733, 848
Elastic tissue, 129, 130
Elastin, 126
Elbow joint, 281–283, 366–367
Elective abortion, 1104
Electrical gradients, 400–401
Electrical synapses, 414
Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG), 696,

698–700, 715

Electrocardiography, 696
Electrochemical gradient, 401–402
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 488, 501
Electrolyte(s)

in body fluids, 42

definition, 41

functions, 41–42

Electrolyte balance, 1017–1022

age-related changes, 1036–1037

in burn patient, 179

calcium balance, 1021–1022

chloride balance, 1022

definition, 1010

disorders, 1021

in extracellular fluid, 1012–1013

fluid balance and, 1014

hormonal control, 1013–1014

importance, 1017–1018

in intracellular fluid, 1012–1013

magnesium balance, 1022

overview, 1010–1011

phosphate balance, 1022

potassium balance, 1020–1021

regulation, 1012–1013

sodium balance, 1018–1020

Electron(s), 29, 31–32
Electron acceptor, 33
Electron cloud, 29
Electron donor, 33
Electron shell, 29
Electron transport system (ETS),

936–938, 940

Elements, 30

composition of human body, 149

functions in human body, 30

Elephantiasis, 820
Elevation, 276
Ellipsoid joints, 277, 278

Embolism, 677
Embryo, 1065
Embryogenesis, 1091, 1098–1099
Embryological development, 1087
Embryology, 6, 24, 1087
Embryonic connective tissue, 126–127
Embryonic disc, 1094
Emigration, 666, 791
Emission, 619, 1042, 1078
Emmetropia, 577
Emphysema, 867, 869, 1113
Emulsification, 908
Emulsion droplets, 908
Enamel, tooth, 886
End-diastolic volume (EDV), 704, 707,

711–713

Endergonic reactions, 40
Endocardium, 684
Endochondral ossification, 195–198
Endocrine communication, 604, 605
Endocrine glands, 121
Endocrine reflexes, 611–613
Endocrine secretions, 121
Endocrine system, 606.

See also specific

glands and organs

control by endocrine reflexes, 611–613

disorders, 639

exercise and, 383

hormones.

See

Hormones

integration with other systems, 644–645

intercellular communication, 604–606

introduction, 10, 604

overview, 153, 607

parasympathetic effects, 544

prenatal development, 1101

sympathetic effects, 544

Endocytosis, 96–98, 99
Endoderm, 1093
Endogenous pyrogen.

See

Interleukin-1

Endolymph, 587
Endolymphatic duct, 589
Endolymphatic sac, 589
Endometriosis, 1081
Endometrium, 1066
Endomorphins, 418, 421
Endomysium, 295
Endoneurium, 437
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 69, 76, 77
Endorphins, 418, 421, 425, 511
Endosomes, 96
Endosteal layers, dura mater, 464
Endosteum, 194–195
Endothelins, 673
Endothelium, 118
Endothermic reactions, 40
End-stage renal failure, 998
End-systolic volume (ESV), 706, 707, 713
Endurance

aerobic, 325

anaerobic, 325

muscle, 323

Energy, 38

kinetic, 38

potential, 38, 99–100, 401–402

Energy levels, electrons, 31–32
Energy reserves

cardiac muscle, 327

high-energy compounds, 60, 61

lipids, 48

muscle, 319

Enkephalins, 418, 421, 511
Enlargements, spinal cord, 431
Enteric nervous system, 531, 882
Enterocrinin, 901, 909, 910
Enteroendocrine cells, 879
Enterogastric reflex, 896
Enterohepatic circulation, bile, 908
Enteropeptidase, 899, 918
Enzymes

activation energy and, 39, 40

cofactors, 57

pancreas, 631

pH changes and, 57

plasma membrane, 71

regulation, 57

saturation limit, 56–57

seminal fluid, 1055–1056

specificity, 56

structure and function, 56–57

temperature changes and, 57

Eosinophils, 126, 668, 670, 812
Ependyma, 392, 463
Ependymal cells, 392
Epicardium, 24, 684
Epicondyles, medial/lateral

femur, 259

humerus, 250

Epicranial aponeurosis, 348
Epicranium (scalp), 346–347, 348
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 105,

165–166

Epidermal ridges, 160
Epidermis, 158–166

pigmentation, 162–163

structure, 159–161

tumors, 164

vitamin D

3

production in, 165

Epididymis, 1051–1052
Epidural block, 434, 456
Epidural hemorrhage, 466, 502
Epidural space, 434
Epiglottis, 832
Epiglottitis, acute, 834
Epilepsies, 489, 1118
Epimysium, 294
Epinephrine

effects, 629–630, 949

heart rate and, 711

muscle metabolism and, 322

as neurotransmitter, 420

overproduction, 639

production in suprarenal medulla, 536,

629–630

in stress response, 640–641

stroke volume and, 713

sympathetic stimulation and release of,

537–538

Epineurium, 437
Epiphyseal cartilage, 197, 199, 200, 263,

264

Epiphyseal fracture, 206
Epiphyseal line, 197
Epiphysis, 188
Epiploic appendages, 911
Episiotomy, 1106
Epistaxis, 831, 869
Epithalamus, 475
Epithelium (epithelia)

attachment to basal lamina, 114–115

characteristics, 112–113

classification, 116–117

columnar, 118

cuboidal, 118

digestive, 877–879

functions, 113

glandular.

See

Gland(s)

glomerulus, 974

intercellular connections, 114, 115

maintenance and repair, 115–116

renewal and repair, 879

respiratory, 827–828

specializations, 113–114

squamous, 117–118

transitional, 118

EPO.

See

Erythropoietin

Eponychium, 175
Equational division, 1049
Equilibrium (balance), 16, 508, 585

muscle tone and, 316

pathways, 589, 592

semicircular ducts, 589–590

utricle and saccule, 589, 591

Equilibrium potential, 401
Erectile tissue

clitoris, 1071

penis, 1056

Erection, 1056, 1078
Erector spinae muscles, 351
Eruption, teeth, 887
Erythema, 179

Erythroblast, 660
Erythroblastosis fetalis, 664
Erythrocytes.

See

Red blood cells

Erythrocytosis, 661
Erythropoiesis, 660, 661, 782
Erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone.

See

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO), 105, 635, 975

abuse, 643

cardiovascular regulation and, 743

functions and effects, 637, 655, 661

Esophageal artery, 756
Esophageal hiatus, 888
Esophageal phase, swallowing, 890
Esophageal plexus, 545
Esophageal sphincter, upper/lower, 888
Esophageal varices, 924
Esophageal vein, 762
Esophagus, 888–890
Essential amino acids, 947
Essential fatty acids, 944
Estradiol, 616, 637, 1058, 1074
Estriol, 1075
Estrogen(s)

disorders, 639

effects, 201, 637, 1075, 1080

in normal growth, 640

in pregnancy, 1098

production, 637

regulation of secretion, 637, 1080

structure, 51

Estrone, 1075
Ethmoid, 213, 222–223
Ethmoidal air cells, 222
Ethmoidal labyrinth, 222
Eupnea, 847–849
Eustachian tube.

See

Auditory tube

Evaporation, 958
Eversion, 276
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

(EPOC), 322

Exchange pump, 95
Exchange reaction, 39
Exchange vessels, 682.

See also

Capillary(ies)

Excitable membrane, 403
Excitation–contraction coupling, 306–310
Excitatory interneurons, 449
Excitatory neurotransmitters, 414
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP),

419, 422–423

Excretion, 875–876
Excretory system, 1103
Exercise

body system response, 380–381

bone remodeling and, 201

cardiovascular system response, 744–745

salt loss during, 1020

Exergonic reactions, 40
Exfoliative cytology, 118, 144, 1071
Exhaustion phase, general adaptation

syndrome, 642

Exocrine glands, 121–122
Exocrine secretions, 121
Exocytosis, 78, 98, 99
Exons, 85
Exothermic reactions, 40
Expiration, 843
Expiratory center, 861
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 850
Expressivity, 1113
Expulsion stage, labor, 1105
Extension, 273

ankle, 262

forearm, 252

Extensor carpi radialis muscle,

brevis/longus, 366, 367, 370

Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, 366,

367–370

Extensor digiti minimi muscle, 368–369
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle, 379–380
Extensor digitorum longus muscle,

376–378

Extensor digitorum muscle, 337,

368–369

Extensor hallucis longus muscle,

376–378

Extensor indicis muscle, 368–369
Extensor pollicis muscle, brevis/longus,

368–369

Extensor retinaculum, 369, 379
External acoustic meatus, 585
External branch, accessory nerve, 499
External callus, 205, 208
External ear, 585–586
External genitalia, 1042

female, 1071

male, 1055–1056

External nares, 224, 829
External oblique muscle, 355–356
External os, uterus, 1066
External respiration, 842
External root sheath, hair, 169
Externus (muscle name), 341
Exteroceptors, 391, 510
Extracapsular ligaments, 271
Extracellular fluid (ECF), 67

components, 1010, 1012

fluid movement within, 1012,

1014–1015

fluid shifts, 1016

sodium balance and, 1018–1020

Extracorporeal liver assist device

(ELAD), 907

Extraembryonic membranes, 1094, 1096
Extrafusal muscle fibers, 451
Extra-ocular muscles, 348
Extrapulmonary bronchi, 837
Extrapyramidal system (EPS), 522
Extrinsic (muscle name), 341
Extrinsic ligaments, 271
Extrinsic pathway, coagulation, 674
Extrinsic regulation, 12
Eye, 569–578.

See also

Vision

accessory structures, 566–569

age-related changes, 576

chambers, 573–574

fibrous tunic, 569

lens, 574–578

muscles, 347–349

parasympathetic effects, 544

retina, 571–573

sectional anatomy, 568

superficial epithelium, 566–567

sympathetic effects, 544

vascular tunic, 569–571

Eyeglasses, 577
Eyelashes, 566
Eyelid, 566–567

Fabella, 372
Facet (bone surface feature), 187
Facial bones, 213–214
Facial expression, muscles, 345–348
Facial nerve (N VII), 495, 500
Facial vein, 762
Facilitated diffusion, 94, 99, 977
Facilitation, 423
F-actin.

See

Filamentous actin

Fact memory, 550
Factor B, 793
Factor D, 793
Factor P, 793
Factor I, 676
Factor II, 676
Factor III, 674, 676
Factor IV, 674
Factor IX, 674
Factor V, 674
Factor VI, 674
Factor VII, 674
Factor VIII, 674
Factor X, 674
Factor XI, 674
Factor XII, 674
Factor XIII, 674
Facultative water reabsorption, 991
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), 935
Fainting, 734
Falciform ligament, 877, 903

Fallopian tube.

See

Uterine tube

False labor, 1105
False pelvis, 256
False ribs, 241
Falx cerebelli, 465
Falx cerebri, 222, 464
Familial colon cancer, 1118
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 1118
Familial polyposis of the colon, 1118
Farsightedness, 577
Fascia(e), 137–138
Fascicles

muscle, 294, 301, 336, 341

spinal nerve, 437

Fasciculus cuneatus, 515, 520–521
Fasciculus gracilis, 515, 520–521
Fast-adapting receptors, 509
Fast fatigue (FF) fibers, 323
Fast fibers, 323, 324
Fast pain, 510
Fast resistant (FR) fibers, 324
Fast sodium channels, 700
Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, 323
Fast-twitch oxidative fibers, 324
Fat cell, 61
Fatigue, muscle, 320–321
Fat pads, 271
Fat-soluble vitamins, 921, 953–954
Fatty acids, 53

dietary, 943

essential, 944

free, 944

omega-3, 49, 62

saturated, 48–49

structure and function, 48

unsaturated, 48–49

Fatty appendices, 911
Fauces, 883
F cells, 632, 635
Feces, 876
Feeding center, 478
Female pronucleus, 1089
Female reproductive cycle, 1074
Female reproductive system

age-related changes, 1064, 1079

endocrine functions, 638–639

external genitalia, 1071

hormonal regulation, 1074–1077, 1080

integration with other systems,

1080–1082

introduction, 11

mammary glands, 1071–1072

oogenesis, 1061–1062

ovarian cycle, 1062–1064

ovaries, 1060–1061

overview, 156, 1042, 1060

parasympathetic effects, 545

at puberty, 1111

smooth muscle in, 328

sympathetic effects, 545

uterine cycle, 1068–1070

uterine tubes, 1065

uterus, 1065–1068

vagina, 1070–1071

Female sexual function, 1078–1079
Femoral artery, 722, 748, 757
Femoral circumflex artery, 757
Femoral circumflex vein, 764–765
Femoral head, 258
Femoral nerve, 444, 446
Femoral vein, 764
Femur, 258–259
Fenestrated capillaries, 615, 726
Ferritin, 659
Fertilization, 1042, 1087–1090
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 956
Fetal circulation, 767
Fetal development, 1087.

See also

Prenatal development

Fetal hemoglobin, 657, 858
Fetus, 1065

cardiovascular changes at birth, 767–768

circulation in heart and great vessels,

767

descent of testes, 1043, 1044

development of immunological compe-

tence, 812

fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance,

1036

placental blood supply, 767

Fever, 796, 960–961
Fibrillin, 126
Fibrin, 175, 654
Fibrinogen, 654
Fibrinolysis, 677
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 105
Fibroblasts, 175
Fibrocystic disease, 1073, 1081
Fibrocytes, 125
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva,

195

Fibrosis, 143, 380, 383
Fibrous capsule, kidney, 967
Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage), 132, 133
Fibrous pericardium.

See

Pericardial sac

Fibrous proteins, 54
Fibrous skeleton, heart, 692.

See

Cardiac

skeleton

Fibrous (scar) tissue, 143, 175
Fibrous tunic, 569
Fibula, 260
Fibular artery, 757
Fibular collateral ligament, 286
Fibularis muscle, brevis/longus, 376–379
Fibular nerve, 444, 446
Fibular vein, 764
Field of vision, 573
“Fight or flight” response, 479, 531, 640
Filamentous actin (F-actin), 300
Filariasis, 820
Filgrastim (Neupogen), 672
Filiform papillae, 564
Filling time, 711
Filtrate, 970
Filtration

capillary, 735

pressures, 980–981

in urine formation, 976–977

Filtration membrane, 974
Filtration pressure (FP), 981
Filtration slits, 974
Filum terminale, 431
Fimbria, 1065
Fine touch and pressure receptors, 511
Fingerprints, 160
First breath, 865–866
First-class lever, 338
First-degree burn, 179
First heart sound, 706
First messenger, 418, 609
First-order neuron, 514
First trimester, 1090

blastocyst formation, 1091

cleavage, 1091

embryogenesis, 1098–1099

implantation, 1091–1095

overview by system, 1100–1101

placentation, 1095–1098

Fissure

bone surface feature, 187

cerebrum, 462

Fixator, 340
Fixed acids, 1024
Fixed macrophages, 125, 791
Fixed ribosomes, 76
Flagellum, 1050
Flat bones, 185, 186
Flatfeet, 262, 264
Flatus, 914
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 935
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 938
Flexion, 262, 272
Flexor carpi radialis muscle, 365, 366–367
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, 365, 366–367
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle,

370–371, 379–380

Flexor digitorum brevis muscle, 379–380
Flexor digitorum longus muscle, 377–378
Flexor digitorum muscle,

superficialis/profundus, 368–369

INDEX

Flexor hallucis brevis muscle, 379–380
Flexor hallucis longus muscle, 377–378
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 370–371
Flexor pollicis longus muscle, 368–369
Flexor reflex, 452–453
Flexor retinaculum, 254, 369
Floaters, 576
Floating kidney, 967
Floating ribs, 241
Flocculonodular lobe, 472
Fluid balance, 1010–1017

age-related changes, 1036–1037

in burn patient, 179

definition, 1010

electrolyte balance and, 1014

in extracellular fluid, 1012–1013

fluid gains and losses, 1015–1016

fluid movement within ECF, 1014–1015

fluid shifts, 1016–1017

hormonal control, 1013–1014

in intracellular fluid, 1012–1013

overview, 1010–1011

regulation, 1012–1013

Fluid compartments, 1012
Fluid connective tissues, 124, 130–131
Fluid shift, 1016–1017
Fluoxetine, 417, 554
Flutamide, 1059
FMN (flavin mononucleotide), 938
Foam cells, 724
Focal calcification, 724
Focal distance, 575
Focal point, 575
Folate (folic acid), 955
Folia, 472
Follicle(s)

hair, 169

ovarian, 1062

thyroid, 622–623, 627

Follicle cavity, 622
Follicle cells, 1062
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 606

effects, 616, 620, 1080

in female reproductive cycle, 1075–1077

regulation of secretion, 620, 1080

in spermatogenesis, 1056, 1057

Follicular cells, ovary, 638
Follicular fluid, 1064
Follicular phase, ovarian cycle, 1062,

1074–1075, 1076

Follitropin.

See

Follicle-stimulating

hormone

Fontanelles, 229–230, 264
Food groups, 951
Foot

arch, 262

arteries, 757

bones, 260–262

in diabetes, 634

muscles, 378–380

Foramen (foramina), 187
Foramen, infra-orbital, 223, 227
Foramen lacerum, 220, 227
Foramen magnum, 218
Foramen muscle, 227
Foramen of Monro, 464
Foramen ovale, 222, 227, 687, 767, 865
Foramen rotundum, 222, 227
Foramen spinosum, 222, 227
Force, 323
Forced breathing, 849, 861–862
Forceps delivery, 1107
Foreskin, 1056
Formed elements, blood, 130, 651–653,

670–671

Forming face, cisterna, 77
Fornix

eye, 567

limbic system, 479

vagina, 1070

Fossa (bone surface feature), 187
Fossa ovalis, 687, 768
Fourth heart sound, 706
Fourth ventricle, 464
Fovea, 571

Fovea capitis, 258
Fovea centralis, 571
Fractionated blood, 651–653
Fracture(s), 205, 208

clavicle, 247

hip, 207, 283

repair process, 205, 207

rib, 242

types, 206

Fracture hematoma, 205, 208
Fragile-X syndrome, 1118, 1118
Frank, Otto, 712
Frank–Starling principle, 712
Freckles, 163
Free edge, nail, 175
Free fatty acids, 944
Freely permeable membrane, 89
Free macrophages, 125, 791
Free nerve endings, 508, 512
Free radical, 34
Free ribosomes, 76
Freeze fracture, 82
Frequency, sound, 594, 597
Frontal bone, 213, 219
Frontal eye field, 485
Frontal lobe, 480, 484
Frontal plane, 19, 21
Frontal sinuses, 219
Frontal squama, 219
Frontal suture, 219, 264
Frostbite, 650
Fructose, 46, 917
FSH.

See

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Full term, 1102
Full-thickness burn, 179
Full-thickness graft, 179
Functional residual capacity (FRC), 851
Functional syncytium, 327
Functional zone, endometrium, 1068
Fundus

gallbladder, 908

stomach, 891

uterus, 1066

Fungi, 820
Fungiform papillae, 564
Funny bone, 250

G-actin, 300
Galactose, 917
Gallbladder, 908
Gallstones, 908, 924
Gamete, 1042
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), 417,

420

Gamma efferents, 451
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 643
Gamma-interferons, 793
Gamma motor neurons, 451
Ganglion (ganglia), 391, 395
Ganglion cells, retina, 571
Ganglionic neurons, 530, 532
Gap junction, 114, 115
Gas(es), 35

as neurotransmitters, 417

partial pressures, 851–852

pressure measurement, 846

pressure/volume relationship, 843, 844

Gas exchange, 851–854
Gas laws, 851–852
Gaster, muscle, 337
Gastrectomy, 924
Gastric artery, left/right, 756, 757
Gastric glands, 893–894
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 897,

909, 910

Gastric juice, 893
Gastric lipase, 84
Gastric phase, gastric secretion, 895–896
Gastric pits, 891
Gastric reflex, 548
Gastric secretion

cephalic phase, 895, 896

gastric phase, 895–896

intestinal phase, 896–897

Gastric vein, 767

Gastrin, 894, 909, 910
Gastritis, 897, 924
Gastrocnemius muscle, 339, 372
Gastroduodenal artery, 757
Gastroenteric reflex, 901
Gastroepiploic artery, left/right, 756
Gastroepiploic vein, left/right, 766, 767
Gastroileal reflex, 901
Gastrointestinal system.

See

Digestive

system

Gastrointestinal tract.

See

Digestive tract

Gastroscope, 924
Gastrosplenic ligament, 786
Gastrulation, 1093–1094
Gated channels, 403–404
Gaucher disease, 1118
G cells, 894
G-CSF, 672
Gemelli muscle, superior/inferior,

373–374

Gender differences.

See

Sex differences

Gene, 84
Gene activation, 84
General adaptation syndrome, 640–642,

644, 816–817

General interpretive area, 486
General senses

adaptation, 509–510

chemoreceptors, 514

definition, 507–508

interpretation of sensory information, 509

mechanoreceptors, 511–514

nociceptors, 510–511

somatic pathways, 515–518

stimuli detection, 508–509

thermoreceptors, 511

visceral pathways, 518

Generator potential, 508
Genetic analysis, 1119
Genetic code, 83
Genetic imprinting, 1116
Genetic recombination, 1115–1116
Genetics, 1087
Genetic stutter, 1119
Genicular artery, 757
Geniculate ganglia, 495
Genioglossus muscle, 341
Geniohyoid muscle, 351–352
Genitofemoral nerve, 444, 446, 1045
Genome, 1117
Genotype, 1112
Geriatricians, 1111
Geriatrics, 1111
Germinal center, 783
Germinal epithelium, 1061
Germinative cells.

See

Stem cells

Germ layers, 1093–1094, 1095
Gestation, 1090.

See also

Prenatal

development

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia,

1093, 1120

GFR.

See

Glomerular filtration rate

Ghrelin, 894, 957
Giemsa stain, 666
Gigantism, 202, 208, 639
Gingivae, 882
Gingival sulcus, 885
Gingivitis, 886
Gland(s).

See also specific glands

ceruminous, 174

characteristics, 112

classification, 121

control of, 174

modes of secretion, 121

sebaceous, 172

structure, 121–123

sweat, 172–173

types of secretions, 121

Gland cells, 113
Glandular epithelium, 113
Glans, penis, 1056
Glassy membrane, hair, 171
Glaucoma, 574, 599
Glenohumeral joint.

See

Shoulder joint

Glenohumeral ligament, 281

Glenoid cavity, 250
Glial cells.

See

Neuroglia

Gliding joints, 277, 278
Gliding motion, 273
Global aphasia, 488
Globular proteins, 54
Globulins, 654
Globus pallidus, 482
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule, 969,

973–974

Glomerular filtration, 980–981
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

autonomic regulation, 984

autoregulation, 982

definition, 981

hormonal regulation, 982–984

in pregnancy, 1104

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP),

980–981

Glomerulonephritis, 975, 1003, 1033
Glomerulus, 969, 994
Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX), 497, 500,

862–863

Glottis, 831, 833
Glucagon, 633, 635, 713, 949
Glucocorticoids, 616, 629, 630, 641–642,

949

Gluconeogenesis, 633, 940
Glucose

in blood, 632–633

gluconeogenesis, 633, 940

glycolysis.

See

Glycolysis

movement across plasma membrane, 71,

94

reabsorption at proximal convoluted

tubule, 984

in stress response, 642

structure, 45–46

in urine, 634, 644, 978

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic

peptide.

See

Gastric inhibitory

peptide

Glucose-6-phosphate, 933
Glucose-sparing effect, 617
Glutamate, 420, 511, 552
Glutaminase, 1028
Glutamine, 1028
Gluteal artery, 757
Gluteal lines, 254
Gluteal muscles, 371
Gluteal nerves, superior/inferior, 446
Gluteal vein, 765
Gluteus maximus muscle, 371, 373–374
Gluteus medius muscle, 372, 373–374
Gluteus minimus muscle, 372, 373–374
Glycerides, 50, 53
Glycerol, 50
Glycine, 418, 420
Glycocalyx, 71–72
Glycogen, 47

breakdown, 617, 940

formation, 617, 940

in liver, 617

Glycogenesis, 940
Glycogenolysis, 940
Glycolipids, 51–52, 53
Glycolysis, 80

energy yield, 939

overview, 932–934, 941

skeletal muscle, 319–320

Glycoproteins, 57, 606, 608
Glycosaminoglycans, 114
Glycosuria, 634, 644, 978
GM-CSF, 672
Gnostic area, 486
Goiter, 644
Golgi apparatus, 69, 77–79
Golgi tendon organs, 514
Gomphosis, 268, 269
Gonad(s), 638–639, 1042
Gonadal artery, 756
Gonadal steroid-binding globulin (GBG),

1058

Gonadal vein, 765
Gonadotropes, 1074

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

(GnRH), 1056, 1076–1077, 1080

Gonadotropins, 616
Gonorrhea, 1081
Gout, 287–288
Gouty arthritis, 287
G

1

phase, interphase, 100–101

G

2

phase, interphase, 101–102

G proteins, 418, 537

in gustation, 565–566

hormone activity and, 609–611

in olfaction, 563

Gracilis muscle, 372
Graded potentials, 399, 404–406, 411
Graft rejection, 803
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes), 666
Granulation tissue, 175, 181
Granulosa cels, 1062
Graves disease, 639
Gravity, muscle contraction and, 318
Gray commissures, 436
Gray horns, posterior/anterior/lateral, 436
Gray matter, 389

cerebellum, 473

medulla oblongata, 471

mesencephalon, 474

pons, 471

spinal cord, 435–437

Gray muscle, 395
Gray ramus, 438, 534
Great auricular nerve, 442
Great cerebral vein, 762
Greater curvature, stomach, 891
Greater horns, hyoid, 226
Greater omentum, 877
Greater sciatic notch, 254
Greater wings, sphenoid, 222
Great saphenous vein, 695, 764
Green cones, 582
Greenstick fracture, 206
Gross anatomy, 6
Ground substance, 124, 126
Growth factors, 104, 105
Growth hormone (GH), 105, 131, 606,

640

actions, 617, 620

bone growth and, 201, 202

disorders, 639

effects on peripheral metabolism, 949

muscle metabolism and, 322

regulation, 620

Growth hormone–inhibiting hormone

(GH-IH; somatostatin), 617, 635,
894, 909

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

(GH-RH), 617

Growth-inhibitory factor (GIF), 814
Guanine, 58
Guanosine diphosphate (GDP), 936
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 421, 581,

936

Gubernaculum testis, 1043
Guillain–Barré syndrome, 397
Gustation, 508, 564

age-related changes, 566

discrimination, 564–566

pathways, 564

receptors, 564, 565

Gustatory cells, 564
Gustatory cortex, 484
Gustatory receptors, 564–565
Gustducins, 565
Gynecomastia.

See

Adrenogenital

syndrome

Gyri, 462

Hair

age-related changes, 178

color, 171

functions, 169

growth cycle, 171

production, 169–171

structure, 169–170

types, 171

Hair analysis, 171

Hair bulb, 169
Hair cells, 589
Hair follicles, 169
Hair matrix, 169
Hair papilla, 169
Hair root, 169
Hair shaft, 169
Halcion.

See

Triazolam

Half-life, 31
Hallux, 262
Hamate, 253
Hamstrings, 372
Hand

bones, 253–254

muscles, 365–371

Haploid cells, 1048
Haptens, 807
Hard keratin, 168
Hard palate, 223, 831, 883
Hatching, 1091
Haustra, 911
Haustral churning, 915
Haversian canal, 191
Haversian system, 191
Hawking, Stephen, 524
Hb.

See

Hemoglobin

H band, 298
Head

epididymis, 1052

pancreas, 901

spermatozoon, 1050

thick filament, 301

Head (body part)

arteries, 753

muscles, 345–351

veins, 761, 762

Head (bone part), 187

femur, 258

humerus, 250

radius, 252

rib, 241

scapula, 250

ulna, 252

Head fold, 1098
Hearing, 508, 592

age-related changes, 598

auditory pathways, 597–598

auditory sensitivity, 598

cochlear duct, 593–594

process, 595–597

sound characteristics, 594–595

Heart.

See also Cardiac entries

age-related changes, 770

autonomic innervation and regulation,

709–711

blood flow to, 747

blood supply, 692–693

cardiac cycle, 703–707

cardiodynamics, 708–714

conducting system.

See

Conducting sys-

tem, heart

connective tissues, 692

dual innervation, 545

endocrine functions, 635, 637

gross anatomy, 682

internal anatomy and organization,

685–691

left atrium, 689

left ventricle, 689

left vs. right ventricles, 689–690

location in thoracic cavity, 682–683

pericardium, 684

relationship to lung, 837

right atrium, 687

right ventricle, 687–689

sectional anatomy, 688

superficial anatomy, 684, 685

valves, 690–691

wall, 684, 686

Heart attack.

See

Myocardial infarction

Heart failure, 706, 715
Heart murmur, 706, 715
Heart rate

factors affecting, 709–711

neonate, 1108

Heart sounds, 706, 707
Heat, 38
Heat capacity, 41
Heat conservation, 958
Heat exhaustion, 961, 962
Heat-gain center, 958
Heat generation, 958–959
Heat loss, 322, 958–959
Heat-loss center, 958
Heat production, 322, 958–959
Heat stroke, 961, 962
Heat transfer, 958.

See also

Thermoregulation

Heavy chains, antibody, 805
Heavy-metal poisoning, 397
Heimlich maneuver, 869
Helicases, 101
Helper T (T

H

) cells, 782, 798, 812, 819

Hematocrit (Hct), 655, 661, 677
Hematologists, 660
Hematoma, fracture, 205, 208
Hematopoiesis.

See

Hemopoiesis

Hematuria, 658, 677, 984, 996, 1003
Heme, 656
Hemiazygos vein, 762
Hemidesmosomes, 114, 115
Hemispheric lateralization, 486–487
Hemocytoblasts, 660, 671
Hemodialysis, 998, 1003
Hemoglobin (Hb), 163, 656, 661

abnormal, 658

BPG and, 857–858

carbon dioxide binding, 857

conservation and recycling, 658–659

fetal, 657, 858

functions, 657

in oxygen transport, 855–858

partial pressure of oxygen and, 855–856

pH and, 856–857

skin color and, 163

structure, 655–656, 657

temperature and, 857

Hemoglobin buffer system, 1026
Hemoglobin concentration, 677
Hemoglobin saturation, 855
Hemoglobinuria, 658, 677
Hemolysis, 93, 658
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, 664,

677, 807

Hemophilia, 677, 1118
Hemopoiesis, 651
Hemopoiesis-stimulating factor, 814
Hemorrhoids, 729, 772, 922
Hemosiderin, 659
Hemostasis, 673

coagulation phase, 674–677

fibrinolysis, 677

platelet phase, 673, 674

vascular phase, 673–674

Henry’s law, 852
Heparin, 126, 668, 676
Hepatic artery, 756–757
Hepatic duct, right/left/common, 906
Hepatic flexure, 911
Hepatic portal system, 766–767
Hepatic portal vein, 766
Hepatic triads, 905
Hepatic vein, 765
Hepatitis, 907, 924
Hepatocytes, 904
Hepatopancreatic sphincter, 908
Heptose, 45
Hering–Breuer reflexes, 864–865
Hernia, 359, 383
Herniated disc, 279, 280, 288
Hertz (Hz), 594
Heterotopic bone formation, 195
Heterozygous, 1113
Hexose, 45
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 944
High-energy bonds, 59–60, 80
High-energy compounds, 60, 61
Higher-order functions, 550

arousal, 553

memory, 550–552

reticular activating system, 475, 553

sleep, 552–553

states of consciousness, 552

High-frequency sound, 595
Hilum

kidney, 967

lung, 834

lymph node, 784

ovary, 1061

spleen, 787

Hinge joints, 277, 278
Hip joint, 207, 283, 284
Hippocampus, 389, 479, 550
Hippuric acid, 996
Histamine, 126, 420, 668
Histidine, 947, 1025
Histiocytes.

See

Fixed macrophages

Histology, 7, 24, 112
Histones, 83
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),

815, 819, 820

Hives, 816
HLA (human leukocyte antigen),

799–800

Holocrine secretion, 121, 122
Homeostasis, 2

negative feedback in, 14

overview, 12–13

positive feedback in, 14–16

systems integration and, 16

Homeostatic regulation, 12
Homologous chromosomes, 1112
Homozygous, 1113
Horizontal cells, retina, 572
Horizontal plate, palatine bones, 224
Hormone-binding proteins, 654
Hormone replacement therapy, 1079
Hormones, 121, 604.

See also specific

hormones

age-related changes, 642–643

athletic performance and, 643

behavior and, 642

bone remodeling and, 201, 202

calcium balance and, 203–204

cardiac contractility and, 713

cardiovascular regulation, 742–743

classes, 606–609

digestive system control, 881–882,

909–910

female reproductive cycle, 1074–1077

glomerular filtration rate regulation,

982–984

heart rate control, 711

immune system, 813–814

interactions, 638, 640

intestinal, 881–882, 909–910

intracellular receptors and, 611, 612

male reproductive function, 1056–1058

mechanisms of action, 609–611

in metabolism, 949

muscle metabolism and, 322

as neurotransmitters, 421

in normal growth, 640

secretion and distribution, 609

in stress response, 640–642

Horns, spinal cord, 435
“Hot flashes,” 1079
Housemaid’s knee, 271
Howship lacunae, 194
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),

1098

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

(hCS), 1098

Human Genome Project (HGP),

1117–1120

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

815, 819, 820

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs),

799–800

Human physiology, 7
Human placental lactogen (hPL), 1098
Human tetanus immune globulin, 304
Humeroradial joint, 282
Humero-ulnar joint, 282
Humerus, 250–251

INDEX

Humoral immunity.

See

Antibody-

mediated (humoral) immunity

Huntington disease, 554, 556
Hyaline cartilage, 131–132, 133
Hyaluronidase, 1088
Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), 114
Hydatidiform mole, 1093
Hydration sphere, 41
Hydrocephalus, 466, 502
Hydrochloric acid, 44, 893–894
Hydrocortisone.

See

Cortisol

Hydrogen

functions in human body, 30

secretion at distal convoluted tubule,

988–989, 991

structure, 29, 34

Hydrogen bonds, 35, 36
Hydrogen cyanide, 939
Hydrogen peroxide, 668
Hydrolysis, 38, 916
Hydrophilic molecules, 42
Hydrophobic molecules, 42
Hydrostatic pressure, 92–93, 732
Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial

fluid (IHP), 735

Hydroxyapatite, 189
Hydroxyl group, 46
Hydroxyurea, 657
Hymen, 1070
Hyoglossus muscle, 350
Hyoid bone, 225, 226, 264
Hypercalcemia, 1021, 1022
Hypercapnia, 863–864, 869, 1030
Hyperchloremia, 1021
Hypercholesterolemia, 725, 1118
Hyperchromic anemia, 661
Hyperextension, 275
Hyperglycemia, 634, 644
Hyperkalemia, 425, 1021, 1037
Hypermagnesemia, 1021
Hypernatremia, 1016, 1019, 1021, 1037
Hyperopia, 577, 599
Hyperparathyroidism, 639, 1022
Hyperphosphatemia, 1021
Hyperpnea, 849
Hyperpolarization, 406
Hypersensitivity, immediate, 816
Hypertension, 733, 772
Hyperthyroidism, 639
Hypertonic solution, 93
Hypertrophy, muscle, 324–325
Hyperuricemia, 962
Hyperventilation, 864, 1032
Hypervitaminosis, 954, 962
Hypervolemic, 677
Hypesthesia, 513, 525
Hypoaldosteronism, 639
Hypocalcemia, 1021, 1022
Hypocalcemic tetany, 644
Hypocapnia, 864, 869, 1032
Hypochloremia, 1021
Hypochromic anemia, 661
Hypodermic needle, 168, 181
Hypodermis, 137–138, 158, 168
Hypogastric plexus, 545
Hypoglossal canals, 218, 227
Hypoglossal nerve (N XII), 499–500
Hypogonadism, 616, 639
Hypokalemia, 988, 1021, 1037
Hypomagnesemia, 1021
Hyponatremia, 1019, 1037
Hyponychium, 175
Hypoparathyroidism, 639, 1022
Hypophosphatemia, 1021
Hypophyseal artery, superior/inferior,

615

Hypophyseal fossa, 221
Hypophysis.

See

Pituitary gland

Hypotension, 733, 772
Hypothalamus

control of anterior pituitary, 615, 616

control of endocrine function, 612–613

in fluid balance regulation, 1014

functions, 477–478

gross anatomy, 476–477

overview, 461, 462, 475

in thermoregulation, 14, 15

Hypothermia, 958, 960, 961, 962
Hypotonic solution, 93
Hypoventilation, 864
Hypovolemic, 677
Hypoxia, 661, 677, 843

I bands, 298–299
ICF.

See

Intracellular fluid

Ileocecal valve, 898, 910
Ileocolic vein, 767
Ileum, 898
Iliac artery, 1066, 1070

common, left/right, 757

external/internal, 748, 757

Iliac crest, 255
Iliac fossa, 255, 263
Iliac tuberosity, 255
Iliacus muscle, 372, 373–374
Iliac vein

common, 765

external/internal, 765

Iliococcygeus muscle, 357–358
Iliocostalis cervicis muscle, 353–354
Iliocostalis lumborum muscle, 353–354
Iliocostalis thoracis muscle, 353–354
Iliofemoral ligament, 283
Iliohypogastric nerve, 446
Ilioinguinal nerve, 446, 1045
Iliopsoas muscle, 372
Iliotibial tract, 372
Ilium, 254, 263
Image reversal, 576
Immature delivery, 1107
Immediate hypersensitivity, 816
Immune complex, 808
Immune complex disorder, 816, 820
Immune disorders, 815–816
Immune response, 662, 777

antibodies in, 805–809

B cells in, 804–805

chemical mediators, 813

overview, 798, 799, 809–812

stress and, 816–817

T cells in, 798–803

Immune system, 777.

See also

Lymphoid

system

age-related changes, 817

disorders of, 815–816

integration with other systems, 817–818

Immunity, 777

antibody-mediated.

See

Antibody-

mediated (humoral) immunity

cell-mediated.

See

Cell-mediated immu-

nity

forms, 796–797

memory, 798

properties, 797–798

specificity, 797

tolerance, 798

versatility, 797–798

Immunization, 797

mumps,885

tetanus, 304

Immunodeficiency disease, 815, 820
Immunoglobulin(s), 654, 782, 807–808.

See also

Antibody(ies)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 807
Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 807
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 807
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 807, 808
Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 807, 808
Immunological competence, 812, 815
Immunological escape, 792
Immunological surveillance, 782,

791–792

Immunosuppression, 820
Immunosuppressive drugs, 803, 815, 820
Impacted teeth, 887
Impermeable, 89
Implantation, 1091–1095
Impotence, 1078, 1081

Incision, 175
Inclusions, cell, 72
Incomplete dominance, 1113, 1115
Incomplete proteins, 952
Incomplete tetanus, 314
Incontinence, 1002, 1003
Incus, 586
Indole, 914
Induced abortion, 1104
Induced active immunity, 796
Induced passive immunity, 797
Induction, 1090
Infancy, 1108
Infant(s)

fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance,

1036

skull, 229–230

thermoregulatory problems, 960

Infarct, 702
Infection, 141, 179
Inferior colliculus, 473, 474, 522
Inferior ganglion, 497, 498
Inferior meatus, 569
Inferior mesenteric ganglion, 534
Inferior mesenteric plexus, 545
Inferior oblique muscle, 355–356
Inferior rectus muscle, 348–349
Inferior vena cava, 687, 762, 764
Infertility, 1043, 1055, 1074, 1120
Inflammation (inflammatory response),

141–143, 793–796

Inflammatory T cells, 782
Inflation reflex, 864
Information processing, CNS, 399, 419,

425

postsynaptic potentials, 419, 422–423

presynaptic inhibition and facilitation,

424

rate of action potential generation and,

424–425

Infra-orbital foramen, 223, 227
Infraspinatus muscle, 281, 363, 365
Infraspinous fossa, 250
Infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament,

1061

Infundibulum, 462, 476, 614, 1065
Ingestion, 875
Inguinal canal, 359, 1045
Inguinal hernia, 359, 383, 1045
Inheritance, 1087

interactions between alleles, 1113

overview, 1115

patterns, 1112–1115

penetrance and expressivity, 1113

prediction, 1113–1115

sex-linked, 1116–1117

sources of individual variation,

1115–1116

Inherited disorders, mitochondrial, 81
Inhibin, 616, 637, 1050, 1080
Inhibiting hormone (IH), 615
Inhibition

neuron, 422, 455

presynaptic, 423

Inhibitory interneurons, 449
Inhibitory neurotransmitters, 414
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP),

422–423

Initial segment, axon, 389
Injury(ies)

cartilage, 131

chest wall, 847

cornea, 569

elbow, 283

head, 465, 466, 551

immune response, 795–796

integumentary system, 175–176

knee, 286

neural response, 397–398

peripheral nerves, 437–438

rotator cuff, 282, 365

shoulder, 281

spleen, 788

tissue response, 141–143

Innate immunity, 796
Innate reflexes, 449–450
Inner cell mass, 1091, 1094
Inner ear, 587–588
Inner membrane, mitochondria, 934
Inner segment, photoreceptor, 578
Innervation, 345
Innominate bone, 254–255
Innominate vein.

See

Brachiocephalic

vein

Inorganic compounds, 40–45

classes, 61

Inositol triphosphate (IP

3

), 611

Inotropic effects, 418, 713
Insensible perspiration, 161, 1015
Insertion, muscle, 307, 339–340, 341
Inspiration, 843
Inspiratory capacity, 851
Inspiratory center, 861
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 851
Insula, 480
Insulin

disorders, 639.

See also

Diabetes mellitus

effects, 613, 633, 635, 949

in normal growth, 640

regulation of, 633, 635

Insulin dependent cells, 633
Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes, 634,

644, 815

Insulin independent cells, 633
Insulin-like growth factors, 617
Integral proteins, 71
Integration

cardiovascularsystem/othersystems,

770–771

digestive system/other systems, 922–923

endocrinesystem/othersystems,

644–645

immunesystem/othersystems,817–818

integumentarysystem/othersystems,

178, 180

lymphoidsystem/othersystems,817–818

muscularsystem/othersystems,381

nervoussystem/othersystems,556–557

reproductivesystem/othersystems,

1080–1082

respiratorysystem/othersystems,

866–868

skeletal system/other systems, 288–289

urinarysystem/othersystems,

1003–1004

Integrative centers, 486
Integrative effects, hormones, 640
Integument, 158
Integumentary system

age-related changes, 177–178

dermis, 166–168

epidermis, 159–166

exercise and, 383

hair, 169–171

hypodermis, 168

injury repair, 175–176

innervation, 168

integration with other systems, 178, 180

introduction, 10, 158–159

nails, 174–175

overview, 151

prenatal development, 1100

at puberty, 1109–1110

smooth muscle in, 328

Interatrial opening.

See

Foramen ovale

Interatrial septum, 685
Intercalated discs, 140, 327, 684
Intercellular cement, 114
Intercellular communication, 604–606
Intercondylar eminence, 259
Intercondylar fossa, 259
Intercostal artery, 756
Intercostal muscle, 241, 355–356, 847
Intercostal vein, 762
Interferons, 793, 813, 814
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 796, 813
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), 813
Interleukin-3 (IL-3), 813

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), 813
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), 813
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 673, 813
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), 782, 813
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), 813
Interleukin-9 (IL-9), 813
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 813
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), 813
Interleukin-12 (IL-12), 813
Interleukin-13 (IL-13), 813
Interleukins, 813–814
Interlobar arteries, 969
Interlobar veins, 969
Interlobular septa

liver, 904

lung, 839

Interlobular veins Cortical radiate veins,

969

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs),

944

Intermediate fibers, 323, 324
Intermediate filaments, 73
Intermembrane space, mitochondria, 934
Intermuscular septa, 340
Internal branch, accessory nerve, 499
Internal callus, 205, 208
Internal capsule, 482
Internal carotid artery, 467
Internal nares, 831
Internal oblique muscle, 355–356
Internal occipital crest, 464
Internal os, uterus, 1066
Internal respiration, 842
Internal root sheath, hair, 169
Internal thoracic artery, 695, 750, 1072
Internal thoracic vein, 762
Interneurons, 392
Internodal pathways, 696
Internodes, 395
Internus (muscle name), 341
Interoceptors, 391, 510
Interosseous membrane, 252, 260
Interphase, 100–101
Intersegmental reflex arcs, 450
Interspinales muscle, 351, 353–354
Interspinous ligament, 279
Interstitial cell(s), 617, 637, 638, 1046
Interstitial cell–stimulating hormone, 617
Interstitial fluid, 67

pH and ion composition, 651

vs. plasma, 653

Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

(ICOP), 736

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

(IHP), 735

Interstitial growth

bone, 195

cartilage, 131

Interstitial lamellae, 191
Interthalamic adhesion, 475
Intertransversarii muscle, 351, 353–354
Intertrochanteric crest, 259
Intertrochanteric line, 259
Intertubercular groove, humerus, 250
Intervals, electrocardiogram, 699
Interval training, 325
Interventricular artery,

anterior/posterior, 692, 727

Interventricular septum, 685
Interventricular sulcus,

anterior/posterior, 684

Intervertebral discs, 232, 277, 279–280
Intervertebral foramina, 233, 431
Intestinal artery, 757
Intestinal glands, 899
Intestinal juice, 901
Intestinal phase, gastric secretion, 896–897
Intestinal reflex, 548
Intestinal trunk, 779
Intestinal vein, 767
Intestinal villi, 899
Intestines.

See

Large intestine; Small

intestine

Intra-alveolar pressure, 845

Intracapsular ligaments, 271, 277, 279
Intracellular fluid (ICF; cytosol), 69, 72,

1010, 1012

Intradermal injections, 371
Intrafusal muscle fibers, 451
Intramembranous ossification, 196–198
Intramural ganglion, 539
Intramuscular (IM) injections, 371, 383
Intraocular pressure, 573, 574
Intrapleural pressure, 845
Intrapulmonary bronchi, 837
Intrapulmonary pressure, 845
Intraventricular foramen, 464
Intrinsic (muscle name), 341
Intrinsic factor, 661, 891, 893, 921
Intrinsic ligaments, 271
Intrinsic pathway, coagulation, 674
Intrinsic regulation, 12
Introns, 85
Inuit, heart disease in, 49
Invasion, 105, 107
Inversion, 276
In vitro fertilization, 1120
Iodine

absorption, 921

functions in human body, 30

thyroid hormones and, 624

Ion(s), 32.

See also specific ions

absorption, 920–921

reabsorption at distal convoluted termi-

nal, 988

reabsorption at proximal convoluted ter-

minal, 984–986

secretion at distal convoluted terminal,

988–989

in urine vs. plasma, 976

Ionic bonds, 32–33
Ionization, 41
Ion pumps, 95, 298
Ipsilateral reflex arcs, 453
Iris, 570
Iron

absorption, 921

functions, 953

functions in human body, 30

recommended daily intake, 953

recycling and storage, 659–660

reserves, 953

Iron-deficiency anemia, 660
Irregular bones, 185–186
Ischemia

compartment syndrome, 381

coronary, 694, 715

definition, 383

Ischial ramus, 254
Ischial spine, 254, 263
Ischial tuberosity, 254
Ischiocavernosus muscle, 357–358
Ischiofemoral ligament, 283
Ischium, 254
Islets of Langerhans.

See

Pancreatic islets

Isoleucine, 947
Isomers, 46
Isometric contractions, 316–317
Isoproterenol, 713
Isotonic contractions, 316, 317
Isotonic solution, 93
Isotopes, 30
Isotropic, 298
Isovolumetric contraction, 705
Isovolumetric relaxation, 706
Isozymes, 56
Isthmus

thyroid gland, 620

uterine tube, 1065

uterus, 1066

Itch sensation, 513

Jarvik, Robert, 681
Jaundice, 163, 176, 658, 677
Jejunum, 898
Joint(s), 268–289.

See also

specific joints

age-related changes, 286–288

amphiarthrosis, 268

appendicular skeleton, 287

axial skeleton, 280

classification, 268–269

diarthrosis, 268

immobilization, 288

introduction, 268

synarthrosis,268

synovial.

See

Synovial joint

Joint cavity, 137
Jugular foramen, 218, 220, 227
Jugular notch, 242
Jugular trunk, left/right, 779–780
Jugular vein, internal/external, 464, 467,

762

Jugular venous pulse (JVP), 762
Junctional folds, 304
Juvenile-onset diabetes.

See

Insulin-

dependent (type 1) diabetes

Juxtaglomerular cells, 742, 975
Juxtaglomerular complex, 975
Juxtamedullary nephrons, 972, 973

Kaposi sarcoma, 813
Karyotype, 1112
Karyotyping, 1117
Keloid, 176, 181
Keratin, 118, 161, 169
Keratinization, 161, 169
Keratinized epithelium, 118
Keratinocytes, 159
Keratohyalin, 161
Keto acid, 946
Ketoacidosis, 950, 962, 989, 1033
Ketone bodies, 950, 996
Ketonemia, 950, 962
Ketonuria, 962
Ketosis, 950, 962
Kidney(s), 966–975.

See also Renal

entries

in acid–base balance regulation,

1028–1030

age-related changes, 1002–1003

blood supply, 969–970

connective tissue layers, 967

endocrine functions, 635–637

gross anatomy, 967–968

innervation, 969

nephrons, 969–975

overview of function, 993–997

sectional anatomy, 968–969

Kidney dialysis (hemodialysis), 998,

1003

Kidney stones, 1002
Kidney transplantation, 998
Killer T cells.

See

Cytotoxic T (T

C

) cells

Kilocalorie, 956
Kinase, 610
Kinesin, 73, 390
Kinetic energy, 38
Kinetochore, 102
Kinocilium, 589
Klinefelter syndrome, 1119
Knee-jerk reflex.

See

Patellar reflex

Knee joint, 283–287

injuries, 286

muscles, 375–376

Krebs cycle.

See

TCA (tricarboxylic acid)

cycle

Kupffer cells, 791, 904
Kwashiorkor, 947
Kyphosis, 232

Labeled line, 509
Labetalol, 713
Labia, 882
Labia majora, 1071
Labia minora, 1071
Labor

dilation stage, 1105

expulsion stage, 1105–1106

initiation, 1105

placental stage, 1106

premature, 1107

true vs. false, 1105

Labor contractions, 1105
Lacrimal apparatus, 567–569
Lacrimal bone, 213, 225
Lacrimal canaliculi, 569
Lacrimal caruncle, 566
Lacrimal fossa, 219
Lacrimal gland, 219, 567
Lacrimal lake, 569
Lacrimal puncta, 569
Lacrimal sac, 223, 569
Lacrimal sulcus, 225, 227
Lactase, 917, 918
Lactation, 1072
Lacteals, 778, 899
Lactic acid, 320, 322
Lactic acidosis, 989, 1033
Lactic ion, 320
Lactiferous duct, 1072
Lactiferous sinus, 1072
Lactose, 917
Lactose intolerance, 918, 924
Lacunae

bone, 134, 189

cartilage, 131

trophoblastic channels, 1092

Lambdoid suture, 214
Lamella(e), 189, 191
Lamellated corpuscles, 168, 512–513
Lamina(e), vertebral, 232
Lamina densa (dense layer), 115
Lamina lucida (clear layer), 114
Lamina propria, 827, 876, 877, 879
Langerhans cells.

See

Dendritic cells

Lanugo, 171
Large bowel.

See

Large intestine

Large granular lymphocytes.

See

Natural

killer (NK) cells

Large intestine

absorption in, 913–914

cecum, 910–911

colon, 911

gross anatomy, 910–913

histology, 913

movements, 915

rectum, 913

Large ribosomal unit, 76
Large veins, 728
Laryngeal elevator muscles, 350–351
Laryngeal prominence, 832
Laryngeal spasms, 865
Laryngitis, 833
Laryngopharynx, 831
Larynx, 831–834

gross anatomy, 832–833

muscles, 345, 834

sound production, 833–834

LASIK (laser-assisted in-situ

keratomileusis), 577

Latent period, twitch, 313
Lateral apertures, 466
Lateral border, scapula, 247
Lateral canthus, 566
Lateral excursion, 350
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 444,

446

Lateral flexion, 277
Lateral ganglia, 533
Lateral geniculate nucleus, 476
Lateral masses, ethmoid, 222
Lateral meniscus, 284
Lateral nail folds, 175
Lateral nail grooves, 175
Lateral pathway, 522–523
Lateral rectus muscle, 348–349
Lateral rotators, 372
Lateral sulcus, 480
Lateral ventricle, 463
Latissimus dorsi muscle, 340, 363,

364–365

Lauric acid, 49
LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 944
Leads, electrocardiogram, 699
Leaflets (cusps), 687
Leak (passive) channels, 399, 403

INDEX

Left atrioventricular (AV) valve.

See

Mitral valve

Left atrium, 682
Left-handedness, 487
Left-to-right shunt, 768–769
Left ventricle, 682, 689–690
Leg.

See

Lower limb

Lens, 574–578
Lens fibers, 574
Lentiform nucleus, 482
Lentigos, 163
Leptin, 635, 638, 894, 1109
Lesser curvature, stomach, 891
Lesser horns, hyoid, 226
Lesser occipital nerve, 442
Lesser omentum, 877
Lesser wings, sphenoid, 222
Letrozole, 1073
Leucine, 947
Leukemia, 669, 677
Leukocytes.

See

White blood cells

Leukocytosis, 669, 677
Leukopenia, 669, 677
Leukotrienes, 607, 814
Levator anguli oris muscle, 346–347
Levator ani muscle, 357–358
Levator labii superioris muscle, 346–347
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle,

346–347, 567

Levator scapulae muscle, 360, 361
Levator veli palatini muscle, 350–351
Levers, 337–339
LH.

See

Luteinizing hormone

Lidocaine, 91
Life stages, 1108.

See also

Postnatal

development

Ligament(s), 126, 129

elbow joint, 283

femoral head, 283

intervertebral, 277, 279

knee joint, 283–286

shoulder joint, 281

synovial joints, 271

Ligament teres, 283
Ligamentum arteriosum, 689, 768
Ligamentum flavum, 279
Ligamentum nuchae, 236, 279
Ligands, 71
Ligases, 101
Light-adapted state, 583
Light chains, antibody, 805
Limbic lobe, 479
Limbic system, 478–480
Line (bone surface feature), 187
Linea alba, 355–356
Linea aspera, 259
Linear motion, 272–273
Linea terminalis, 256
Lines of cleavage, skin, 166–167
Lingual frenulum, 883
Lingual lipase, 883, 918
Lingual papillae, 564, 883
Lingual tonsils, 783
Linoleic acid, 944
Linolenic acid, 944
Lipases, 916, 918
Lipid(s)

catabolism, 941–942, 948

digestion and absorption, 917, 919

overview, 48–51, 53, 61

plasma membrane, 70

synthesis,944

transport and distribution, 944–946

in urine, 996

Lipid derivatives, 606–607, 608
Lipofuscin, 555
Lipogenesis, 944
Lipolysis, 941–942
Lipoprotein(s), 654, 724, 944–946
Lipoprotein lipase, 944
Liposuction (lipoplasty), 128, 144, 168
Liquids, 35
Liquor folliculi, 1064
Lithotripter, 1002

Liver

bile duct system, 906

gross anatomy, 903–904

hematological regulation, 907–908

histology, 904–906

lobules, 904

metabolic regulation, 906–907

physiology, 906–908

turnover times, 61

Liver spots (senile lentigos), 163
Load, 303
Lobar bronchi, 837
Lobes

liver, 903–904

lung, 835–836

renal, 969

thymus,786

thyroid gland, 620

Lobules

liver, 904

lungs, 838–839

testes, 1046

thymus,786

Local current, 406
Local hormones, 604
Local potentials.

See

Graded potentials

Local vasoconstrictors, 739
Local vasodilators, 739
Lockjaw, 304
Locus, 1112
Long bones, 185, 186
Longissimus (muscle name), 341
Longissimus capitis muscle, 353–354
Longissimus cervicis muscle, 353–354
Longissimus thoracis muscle, 353–354
Longitudinal arch, foot, 262
Longitudinal fasciculi, 482
Longitudinal fissure, cerebrum, 480
Longitudinal layer, digestive tract, 879
Long reflexes, 547, 881
Long-term memories, 550
Long thoracic nerve, 444
Longus (muscle name), 341
Longus capitis muscle, 353–354
Longus colli muscle, 353–354
Loop of Henle.

See

Nephron loop

Loose connective tissues, 124, 127–128
Lordosis, 232
Lou Gehrig disease, 524
Lovastatin, 943
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 944
Lower limb

arteries, 757, 759

bones, 258–262

joints, 287

muscles, 371–378

veins, 764–765

Lower motor neuron, 519–520
Lower respiratory system, 826

larynx, 831–834

lungs.

See

Lungs

primary bronchi, 834–835

trachea, 834–835

Low-frequency sound, 595
Lubrication

ingested material, 882

sexual arousal and, 1078

by synovial fluid, 270

Lumbar artery, 757
Lumbar curve, 231
Lumbar enlargement, 431
Lumbar plexus, 444–446
Lumbar puncture, 434, 456
Lumbar trunk, left/right, 779
Lumbar vein, 765
Lumbar vertebrae, 234, 236, 237
Lumbrical muscles, 370–371, 380
Lumen, 114
Luminal compartment, seminiferous

tubule, 1049

Lumpectomy, 1073
Lunate, 253
Lunate surface, acetabulum, 254
Lung cancer, 867, 869

Lung perfusion, 860
Lungs

alveolar ducts and alveoli, 839–841

blood supply, 841

bronchi, 837

bronchioles, 837–839

circulation to, 747–748

compliance, 844

gross anatomy, 836

lobes and surfaces, 835–836

lobules, 838–839

pleural cavities and pleural membranes,

841–842

pressure and airflow to, 843–844, 845

relationship to heart, 837

Lunula, 175
Luteal phase, ovarian cycle, 1062, 1076,

1077

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 606, 617,

620, 1056

androgen production and, 1057–1058

effects, 1080

regulation of secretion, 1080

Lutropin.

See

Luteinizing hormone

Luxation.

See

Dislocation

Lyme disease, 813
Lymph, 130, 777
Lymphadenopathy, 786, 820
Lymphatic capillaries, 778–779
Lymphatic duct, left/right, 779, 781
Lymphatic nodule, 783
Lymphatics.

See

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic system.

See

Lymphoid system

Lymphatic trunks, 779
Lymphatic vein, 778–780
Lymphatic vessels, 130–131, 777,

779–780

Lymphedema, 780, 820, 1015
Lymph glands, 785
Lymph nodes

cancer cells in, 786

function, 785–786

lymph flow through, 784–785

structure, 784, 785

Lymphocytes, 126, 655, 668–669, 670,

777.

See also

B cells; Natural killer

(NK) cells; T cells

life span and circulation, 782

production, 782–783

types, 780, 782

Lymphocytosis, 669
Lymphoid nodules, 783, 784
Lymphoid organs, 777, 783–788
Lymphoid stem cells, 651, 660, 671
Lymphoid system.

See also

Immune

system

body defenses and, 788–789

cancer and, 786

functions, 777–778

integration with other systems, 817–818

introduction, 11

lymphocytes.

See

Lymphocytes

organs, 783–788

overview, 154, 777, 778

prenatal development, 1101

tissues, 783

vessels, 778–781

Lymphoid tissues, 669, 777, 783
Lymphomas, 786, 820
Lymphopenia, 669
Lymphopoiesis, 669, 782
Lymphotoxins, 801, 814
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 554
Lysine, 919, 947
Lysosomal storage diseases, 80
Lysosome, 69, 79–80
Lysozyme, 569, 789, 885, 1108

Macrocytic anemia, 661
Macrophage-activating factor (MAF), 814
Macrophages, 125, 791, 812
Macula adherens (desmosome), 114
Macula densa, 975
Maculae, 589

Macula lutea, 571
Magnesium

absorption, 921

functions in human body, 30, 953

recommended daily intake, 953

in urine, 996

Magnesium balance, 1021, 1022
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 24
Magnus (muscle name), 341
Major (muscle name), 341
Major calyx, 969
Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC), 799

Male climacteric, 1079
Male pattern baldness, 171, 181
Male pronucleus, 1089
Male reproductive system

accessory glands, 1053–1054

age-related changes, 1079–1080

bulbo-urethral glands, 1053, 1054

disorders, 1059

ductus deferens, 1052–1054

endocrine functions, 638–639

epididymis, 1051–1052

external genitalia, 1055, 1056

hormonal regulation, 1056–1058, 1080

integration with other systems,

1080–1082

introduction, 11

overview, 156, 1042, 1043, 1045

parasympathetic effects, 545

penis, 1055–1056

prostate gland, 1053, 1054

at puberty, 1111

reproductive tract, 1051–1054

scrotum, 1045–1046

semen, 1055–1056

seminal glands (vesicles), 1053, 1054

smooth muscle in, 328

spermatic cords, 1045

spermatogenesis, 1047–1050

sympathetic effects, 545

testes, 1043–1047

urethra.

See

Urethra

Male sexual function, 1078
Malignant melanoma, 163, 164, 181, 1118
Malignant tumor, 105, 107
Malleolus, medial/lateral, 259
Malleus, 586
Malnutrition, 950
Maltase, 917, 918
Maltose, 917
Mamillary bodies, 476, 478
Mammary glands, 174, 1071–1072

lactation and, 1108–1109

in pregnancy, 1104

Mammography, 1073, 1081
Mammotropin.

See

Prolactin

Management, 263
Mandible, 213, 225–226, 263, 264
Mandibular canal, 226
Mandibular foramen, 226, 227
Mandibular fossa, 220
Mandibular groove, 884
Mandibular notch, 226
Manganese, 953
Manubrium, 242
Marasmus, 947
Marfan syndrome, 126, 202, 208, 1118
Marginal arteries, coronary, 692
Margination, 666
Marrow cavity, 188
Masseter muscle, 348–349
Mass movements, 915
Mass number, 30
Mast cells, 126, 812
Mastectomy, 1073, 1081
Mastication, 348–350, 885, 887–888
Mastoid fontanelle, 229
Mastoid process, 220
Matrix

connective tissue, 124

hair, 169

mitochondria, 80

Matter, states of, 35–36
Maturation promoting factor, 104, 105
Mature Graafian follicle, 1064
Maturing face, cisterna, 77
Maturity, 1087
Maturity-onset diabetes.

See

Non-insulin-

dependent (type 2) diabetes

Maxillae, 213, 223–224
Maxillary sinuses, 223
Maxillary vein, 762
Maximus (muscle name), 341
M cells, 583
M-CSF, 672
Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 733
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

concentration (MCHC), 661

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 661
Meatus, inferior/middle/superior, 829
Mechanically gated channels, 403–404
Mechanical processing, digestion, 875
Mechanoreceptors, 510, 511–514
Meconium, 1108
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 444
Medial border, scapula, 247
Medial canthus, 566
Medial geniculate nucleus, 476
Medial lemniscus, 516
Medial meniscus, 284
Medial pathway, 522–523
Medial rectus muscle, 348–349
Median aperture, 466
Median cubital vein, 653
Median eminence, 615
Median nerve, 254, 444
Mediastinal artery, 756
Mediastinum, 682
Medical terminology, 5
Medium-sized arteries, 722
Medium-sized veins, 728
Medulla

hair, 169

lymph node, 785

ovary, 1061

renal, 969

suprarenal.

See

Suprarenal medulla

thymus,786

Medulla oblongata, 461, 462, 469–471,

861

Medullary cavity, 188
Medullary cords, 785
Megakaryocytes, 673
Meibomian gland, 566
Meiosis, 100, 1046

in oogenesis, 1061–1062

in spermatogenesis, 1048–1049, 1050

Meiosis I, 1049, 1050, 1062
Meiosis II, 1049, 1050, 1062
Meissner corpuscles.

See

Tactile

corpuscles

Melanin, 72, 126, 162
Melanocyte(s), 126, 160, 162
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),

163, 617–618, 620

Melanosomes, 162
Melanotropin.

See

Melanocyte-

stimulating hormone

Melatonin, 475, 630–631
Membrane

cutaneous.

See

Skin

mucous, 135–136

plasma.

See

Plasmamembrane

serous, 136

synovial, 137

types, 135

Membrane attack complex (MAC), 793
Membrane flow, 80
Membranous labyrinth, 587
Membranous organelles, 69, 72
Membranous urethra, 1000
Memory, 550–552

brain regions involved in, 550–551

cellular mechanisms, 551–552

immunologic, 798

loss of, 551

Memory B cells, 804, 812
Memory consolidation, 550
Memory engram, 552
Memory T

C

cells, 801, 812

Memory T

H

cells, 802, 812

Menarche, 1070
Meningeal layers, dura mater, 464
Meninges

cranial, 464–465

spinal, 433–435

Meningitis, 433, 456
Meniscus (articular disc), 252, 271
Menopause, 1061, 1070, 1079
Menses, 1068–1069, 1076
Menstrual cycle.

See

Uterine cycle

Mental foramen, 226, 227
Mentalis muscle, 346–347
Mental protuberance, 225
Merkel cells, 160, 512
Merkel disc, 512
Merocrine secretion, 121, 122
Mesangial cells, 974
Mesencephalic aqueduct.

See

Aqueduct of

midbrain

Mesencephalon, 461, 462, 474–475
Mesenchymal cells, 125, 127
Mesenchyme, 126–127
Mesenteric artery, inferior/superior, 536,

722, 757

Mesenteric vein, inferior/superior, 766, 767
Mesenteries, dorsal/ventral, 877, 878
Mesentery proper, 877
Mesoappendix, 911
Mesocolon, 877
Mesoderm, 1093
Mesothelium, 118
Mesovarium, 1060
Messenger RNA (mRNA), 76, 84–86
Metabolic acidosis, 1033–1034,

1035–1036, 1037

Metabolic alkalosis, 1034, 1035–1036,

1037

Metabolic generation, of water, 1016
Metabolic rate, 957
Metabolic turnover, 61, 930
Metabolism

absorptive state, 949

aerobic, 81, 319, 932, 940

amino acids, 946–947

carbohydrates, 932–941

cellular, 930–931

definition, 36, 930

energy gains and losses, 955–957

hormonal effects, 949

lipids, 941–946

postabsorptive state, 949–950

proteins, 946–948

Metabolites, 40
Metabotropic effects, 418
Metacarpal bones, 253, 254
Metalloproteins, 654
Metaphase, mitosis, 102
Metaphase plate, 102
Metaphyseal vessels, 199
Metaphysis, 188
Metaplasia, 144
Metarteriole, 726
Metastasis, 105, 107
Metatarsal bones, 261–262
Metatarsus, 261
Metencephalon, 462
Methionine, 947
Metopic (frontal) suture, 219
Metoprolol, 694, 713
MHC (major histocompatibility

complex), 799

MHC proteins, 799–800
Micelles, 51–52, 919
Microcephaly, 230, 242
Microcytic anemia, 661
Microfilaments, 73
Microglia, 395, 791
Micromole (µmol), 31
Microphage-chemotactic factor, 814

Microphages, 126, 667, 790–791
Microscopic anatomy, 7
Microtubules, 73
Microvilli, 69, 74, 113
Micturition.

See

Urination

Micturition reflex, 1001–1002
Middle ear (tympanic cavity), 220,

586–587

Middle piece, spermatozoon, 1050
Migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), 813
Milk let-down reflex, 618, 1108–1109
Milk teeth, 886
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), 846
Millimole (mmol), 31, 61
Milliosmoles, 980
Millivolt (mV), 99
Mineralocorticoids, 627, 630, 639
Minerals, 952–953.

See also specific

minerals

Minimal volume, 850
Minimus (muscle name), 341
Minor (muscle name), 341
Minor calyx, 969
Minoxidil (Rogaine), 171
Miscarriage, 1104
Mitochondria

ATP production, 934–939

inheritable disorders, 81

structure and function, 69, 80–81

Mitosis, 100, 102–103, 1048
Mitotic rate, 104
Mitral valve, 689
Mitral valve prolapse, 715
Mixed exocrine glands, 121
Mixed nerves, 431
M line, 298
Modality, 509
Moderator band, 689
Molarity, 43
Mole (mol), 31, 62
Molecular motors, 73
Molecular weight, 36
Molecule, 32
Monaxial joint, 273
Mongolism.

See

Down syndrome

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 537
Monocyte-chemotactic factor (MCF), 814
Monocyte–macrophage system, 791
Monocytes, 668, 670
Monoglyceride, 50
Monohydrogen phosphate, 1027
Monosaccharides, 45–46, 48, 918–919
Monosomy, 1119
Monosynaptic reflexes, 450–452
Monounsaturated fatty acid, 48
Monozygotic twins, 1107
Mons pubis, 1071
Morula, 1091
Motilin, 909
Motility

gastric, 895

spermatozoa, 1052

Motion, dynamic, 272–273
Motion sickness, 591, 599
Motor end plate, 304
Motor homunculus, 522
Motor neurons, 391
Motor nuclei, 435
Motor speech area, 486
Motor unit, 315
Mountain sickness, 869
Mouth

muscles, 346–347

M phase, 101
M-phase promoting factor (MPF), 104,

105

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 24
MSH.

See

Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone

Mucin(s), 57, 121, 884
Mucins, 884
Mucosa

digestive tract, 877–879

nasal, 831

oral, 882

respiratory, 827

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

(MALT), 783

Mucous (goblet) cells, 122
Mucous connective tissue, 126–127, 127
Mucous glands, 121
Mucous membranes (mucosae), 135–136
Mucus, 57, 121
Mucus elevator, 827
Müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts,

1050

Müllerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), 1050
Multicellular exocrine glands, 122
Multicellular glands, 122
Multi-CSF, 672, 673
Multifidus muscle, 353–354
Multinucleate, 138, 296
Multipennate muscle, 336–337
Multiple births, 107
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2,

1118

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 397, 815
Multipolar neurons, 391
Multiunit smooth muscle cells, 330
Mumps, 885, 924
Muscarine, 541–542
Muscarinic receptors, 541–542
Muscle cell

turnover times, 61

Muscle contraction.

See

Contraction

Muscle fibers, 138, 301

intrafusal/extrafusal, 451–452

skeletal.

See

Skeletal muscle fibers

Muscles listed

abductor digiti minimi, 370–371,

379–380

abductor hallucis, 379–380

abductor pollicis brevis, 370–371

abductor pollicis longus, 368–369

adductor brevis, 372–374

adductor hallucis, 379–380

adductor longus, 372–374

adductor magnus, 372–374

adductor pollicis, 370–371

anal sphincter, 357–358

anconeus, 365–368

arrector pili, 169

biceps brachii, 252, 283, 318,

365–367

biceps femoris, 372, 375–376

brachialis, 341, 365, 366–368

brachioradialis, 365–368

buccinator, 341, 345

bulbospongiosus, 357–358, 1071

ciliary, 570

coccygeus, 357–358

coracobrachialis, 361, 363–365

corrugator supercilii, 346–347

cremaster, 1045

dartos, 1045

deltoid, 337, 360–365

depressor anguli oris, 346–347

depressor labii inferioris, 346–347

detrusor, 1000

diaphragm, 355

digastric, 351–352

dorsal interosseus, 370–371, 379–380

erector spinae, 351

extensor carpi radialis, 366, 367–370

extensor carpi ulnaris, 366, 367–370

extensor digiti minimi, 368–369

extensor digitorum, 337, 368–369

extensor digitorum brevis, 379–380

extensor digitorum longus, 376, 377–378

extensor hallucis longus, 376, 377–378

extensor indicis, 368–369

extensor pollicis, brevis/longus, 368–369

external oblique, 355–356

fibularis, brevis/longus, 376–379

flexor carpi radialis, 365–367

flexor carpi ulnaris, 365–367

flexor digiti minimi brevis, 370–371,

379–380

INDEX

Muscles listed

(continued)

flexor digitorum, superficialis/

profundus, 368–369

flexor digitorum brevis, 379–380

flexor digitorum longus, 377–378

flexor hallucis brevis, 379–380

flexor hallucis longus, 377–378

flexor pollicis brevis, 370–371

flexor pollicis longus, 368–369

gastrocnemius, 339, 372, 377–378

gemelli, 373–374

genioglossus, 341

geniohyoid, 351–352

gluteus maximus, 371, 373–374

gluteus medius, 372, 374

gluteus minimus, 372, 374

gracilis, 372, 373–374

hyoglossus,350

iliacus, 372, 373–374

iliococcygeus, 357–358

iliocostalis cervicis, 353–354

iliocostalis lumborum, 353–354

iliocostalis thoracis, 353–354

iliopsoas, 372

inferior oblique, 355–356

inferior rectus, 348–349

infraspinatus, 281, 363–365

intercostal, 241, 355–356, 847

internal oblique, 355–356

interspinales, 351, 353–354

intertransversarii, 351, 353–354

ischiocavernosus, 357–358

laryngeal elevators, 350–351

lateral rectus, 348–349

latissimus dorsi, 340, 363, 364–365

levator anguli oris, 346–347

levator ani, 357–358

levator labii superioris, 346–347

levator palpebrae superioris, 346–347,

567

levator scapulae, 360, 362

levator veli palatini, 350–351

longissimus capitis, 353–354

longissimus cervicis, 353–354

longissimus thoracis, 353–354

longus capitis, 353–354

longus colli, 353–354

lumbricals, 370–371, 379–380

masseter, 348–349

medial rectus, 348–349

mentalis muscle, 346–347

multifidus, 353–354

mylohyoid, 225, 351–352

nasalis, 346–347

oblique, 355–356, 847

obturators, 372, 374

occipitofrontalis, 346–347, 348

omohyoid, 351–352

opponens digiti minimi, 370–371

opponens pollicis, 370–371

orbicularis oculi, 346–347, 566–567

orbicularis oris, 341, 345

orbicularis oris muscle, 346–347

palatal, 351

palatoglossus, 350

palmar interosseus, 370–371

palmaris brevis, 370–371

palmaris longus, 365, 366–368

papillary, 687, 688

pectinate, 687

pectineus, 372, 373–374

pectoralis, 337, 847

pectoralis major, 363, 364–365

pectoralis minor, 361, 363

pharyngeal constrictors, 350–351

piriformis, 372, 373–374

plantar interosseous, 379–380

plantaris, 372, 377–378

platysma, 346–347, 348

popliteus, 375–376

procerus, 346–347

pronator quadratus, 366, 367–368

pronator teres, 366, 367–368

psoas major, 372, 373–374, 997

pterygoid, 349–350

pubococcygeus, 357–358

pupillary, 570

quadratus femoris, 373–374

quadratus lumborum, 353–354

quadratus plantae, 379–380

quadriceps femoris, 372, 375–376

rectus abdominis, 340, 341, 355–356,

847

rectus femoris, 337, 341, 372, 375–376

rhomboid, 360, 362

risorius muscle, 346–347

rotatores, 351, 353–354

sartorius, 372, 375–376

scalene, 355–356

semimembranosus, 372, 375–376

semispinalis capitis, 353–354

semispinalis cervicis, 353–354

semispinalis thoracis, 353–354

semitendinosus, 372, 375–376

serratus anterior, 361, 363, 847

serratus posterior, 355–356

soleus, 372, 377–378

spinalis cervicis, 353–354

spinalis thoracis, 353–354

splenius capitis, 353–354

splenius cervicis, 353–354

stapedius, 587

sternocleidomastoid, 351–352, 847

sternohyoid, 352

sternothyroid, 352

styloglossus,350

stylohyoid, 351–352

subclavius, 361, 363

subscapularis, 281, 363–365

superior oblique, 348–349

superior rectus muscle, 348–349

supinator, 367–368, 369

supraspinatus, 281, 363–365

temporalis, 219, 341, 348–349

temporoparietalis muscle, 346–347, 348

tensor fasciae latae, 372, 373–374

tensor tympani, 587

tensor veli palatini, 350–351

teres major, 340, 362, 363–365

teres minor, 281, 363–365

thyrohyoid, 352

tibialis, anterior/posterior, 376, 378

trachealis, 834

transverse perineal muscle, 357–358

transversus abdominis, 355–356, 847

transversus thoracis, 355–356, 847

trapezius, 359–360, 362

triceps brachii, 318, 340, 363, 364–365,

367–368

vastus intermedius, 375–376

vastus lateralis, 364, 375–376

vastus medialis, 372, 375–376

zygomaticus major, 346–347

zygomaticus minor, 346–347

Muscle spindles, 451–452
Muscle tissue, 138, 294

cardiac.

See

Cardiac muscle tissue

skeletal.

See

Skeletal muscle tissue

smooth.

See

Smooth muscle tissue

Muscle tone, 316
Muscular arteries, 722
Muscular compression, 734
Muscular dystrophies, 331, 1118
Muscularis externa, 880
Muscularis layer, vagina, 1070
Muscularis mucosae, 879
Muscular system, 336–383

age-related changes, 378–380

integration with other systems, 381

introduction, 10, 336

muscle types, 336–337

overview, 152

prenatal development, 1100

at puberty, 1110

Musculocutaneous nerve, 444
Mutations, 88, 1116
Myasthenia gravis, 331

Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

829

Myelencephalon, 462
Myelin, 395
Myelinated axon, 395, 396
Myelin sheath, 395
Myelocytes, 669, 671
Myelography, 456
Myeloid stem cells, 651, 660, 671
Myeloid tissue.

See

Red bone marrow

Myenteric plexus, 880
Myenteric reflexes.

See

Short reflexes

Mylohyoid line, 225
Mylohyoid muscle, 225, 351–352
Myoblasts, 296
Myocardial infarction (MI), 702, 715
Myocardium, 684
Myoepithelial cells, 173, 1109
Myofacial pain syndrome, 226
Myofibrils, 297–298, 301
Myofilaments, 297
Myoglobin, 323
Myogram, 313
Myometrium, 1066
Myopia, 577, 599
Myosatellite cells (satellite cells), 138,

295

Myosin, 73, 74, 308–310
Myosin light chain kinase, 330
Myotatic reflexes, 450
Myotonic dystrophy, 1118
MyPyramid Plan, 951
Myxedema, 639, 644

NAD (nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide), 932

Nail(s), 174–175
Nail bed, 175
Nail body, 175
Nail root, 175
Na

+

–K

+

/2 Cl

⫺

transporter, 986

Naltrexone, 956
Nares, internal/external, 224, 830, 831
Nasal bones, 213, 224
Nasal cavity, 829
Nasal complex, 228–229
Nasal conchae, inferior/middle/superior,

213, 222, 223, 224, 829

Nasalis muscle, 346–347
Nasal mucosa, 831
Nasal septum, 214, 829
Nasal spine, anterior, 223
Nasal vestibule, 829
Nasolacrimal canal, 223, 227, 569
Nasolacrimal duct, 223, 569
Nasopharynx, 586, 831
Natriuretic peptides, 635, 637, 743, 982,

1014

Natural killer (NK) cells, 669, 780, 782,

792, 812

Naturally acquired active immunity, 796
Naturally acquired passive immunity,

797

Natural pacemaker.

See

Sinoatrial (SA)

node

Navicular, 261
N compounds, 952
Near point of vision, 576
Nearsightedness, 577
Nebulin, 300
Neck

gallbladder, 908

spermatozoon, 1050

tooth, 885

urinary bladder, 999

Neck (body part)

arteries, 753

muscles, 346–347, 350–352

veins, 761, 762

Neck (bone part), 187

femur, 258

humerus, anatomical/surgical, 250

rib, 241

Necrosis, 142, 144, 167, 796
Negative Babinski reflex, 455
Negative feedback, 14, 449, 613

Negative nitrogen balance, 952
Neonate

fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance,

1036

neonatal period, 1108–1109

respiratory changes at birth, 865–866,

1108

Neoplasm.

See

Tumor

Nephrolithiasis, 1002
Nephron(s)

age-related changes, 1002

anatomy, 969–975

functions, 972

types, 972–973

urine formation in, 976–978

Nephron loop (loop of Henle), 970–971,

972, 975, 979, 986–988

Nephropathy, diabetic, 634, 644
Nerve(s), 387.

See also specific body

regions and organs

cranial.

See

Cranial nerves

spinal.

See

Spinal nerves

Nerve deafness, 599
Nerve fiber, 295.

See also

Axon

Nerve growth factor (NGF), 105, 456
Nerve impulses, 413.

See also

Action

potentials

Nerve palsy, peripheral.

See

Peripheral

neuropathy

Nerve plexus(es), 440–446
Nerves listed.

See also

Cranial nerves

ansa cervicalis, 442

antebrachial cutaneous, 444

axillary, 444

cervical, 442

dorsal scapular, 444

femoral, 444, 446

femoral cutaneous, lateral/posterior, 444,

446

fibular, 444, 446

genitofemoral, 444, 446, 1045

gluteal, 446

great auricular, 442

iliohypogastric, 446

ilioinguinal, 446, 1045

lesser occipital, 442

long thoracic, 444

median, 254, 444

musculocutaneous, 444

obturator, 446

pectoral, 444

pelvic, 540

phrenic, 442

pudendal, 444, 446

radial, 250, 283, 444

renal, 969

saphenous, 446

sciatic, 254, 444

subscapular, 444

supraclavicular, 442

suprascapular, 444

thoracodorsal, 444

tibial, 444, 446

transverse cervical, 442

ulnar, 250, 444

vestibulocochlear, 589

Nerve tissue.

See

Neural tissue

Nervous system

age-related changes, 554–555

anatomical divisions, 387

autonomic.

See

Autonomicnervoussys-

tem

disorders, categorization, 556

exercise and, 383

functional divisions, 387–388

integration with other systems, 556–557

introduction, 10

overview, 152

prenatal development, 1100

at puberty, 1110

somatic.

See

Somaticnervoussystem

Net colloid osmotic pressure, 735
Net diffusion, 89
Net filtration pressure (NFP), 736–737

Net hydrostatic pressure (NHP), 735, 981
Neural circuits, 446–447
Neural cortex, 462
Neural integration

overview, 507

sensory pathways, 515–519

sensory receptors, 507–515

somaticnervoussystem.

See

Somatic

nervoussystem

Neural tissue, 140–141.

See also

Nervous

system

information processing, 419–425

neuroglia.

See

Neuroglia

neurons.

See

Neurons

response to injury, 397–398

synaptic activity, 413–416

Neural tube, 462
Neural tunic.

See

Retina

Neurilemma, 395–396
Neurilemmal cells, 395–396
Neurilemmocytes, 395–396
Neurocoel, 462
Neuroendocrine reflexes, 613
Neurofibrillary tangles, 555
Neurofibrils, 389
Neurofibromatosis, type 2, 1118
Neurofilaments, 389
Neuroglandular junction, 390
Neuroglia, 140, 141, 387

CNS, 392–395

PNS, 395–397

Neurohypophysis, 618–619
Neurological examination, 556
Neuromodulators

mechanisms of action, 418–419

representative, 420–421

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 304, 390
Neuronal pools, 446–447
Neurons, 140, 387

action potentials.

See

Action potentials

functional classification, 391–392

information processing by, 419, 422–423

response to injury, 397–398

structural classification, 390–391

structure, 388–390

transmembrane potential.

See

Transmembrane potential

turnover times, 61

Neuropeptides, 418, 421
Neuropeptide Y, 421
Neurotoxin, 425
Neurotransmitters, 304, 390, 414.

See

also specific neurotransmitters

activities, 417

brain function and, 554

mechanisms of action, 418–419

pain perception and, 511

representative, 417, 420–421

Neurotubules, 389
Neutral fats.

See

Triglycerides

Neutral solution, 43, 1023
Neutrons, 29
Neutrophilic band cell, 669
Neutrophilic myelocyte, 669
Neutrophils, 126, 667–668, 670, 795, 812
Newborn.

See

Neonate

Niacin, 955
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

(NAD), 932

Nicotine, 423, 425, 541, 709
Nicotinic acid.

See

Niacin

Nicotinic receptors, 541–542
Nifedipine, 713
Night blindness, 582, 599
Nipple, 1072
Nissl bodies, 389
Nitrate, absorption, 921
Nitric oxide (NO), 538

functions, 34

as neurotransmitter, 417, 418–419, 421

structure, 34

Nitrogen

functions in human body, 30

partial pressures, 851–852

Nitrogen balance, 952
Nitrogenous base, 58
Nitroglycerin, 882
Nitroxidergic synapse, 538
NK cells.

See

Natural killer (NK)

cells

NK (natural killer) cells, 669, 780, 782,

792, 812

NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) receptors,

552

Nociceptors, 509, 510–511
Nodal system.

See

Conducting system,

heart

Nodes of Ranvier, 395
Nomogram, 1035
Nondisplaced fracture, 206
Nonessential amino acids, 947
Non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes,

634, 644

Nonkeratinized epithelium, 118
Nonmembranous organelles, 69, 72
Nonpolar covalent bonds, 34–35
Nonshivering thermogenesis, 958
Nonspecific defenses, 667, 777

complement, 793

fever, 796

immunological surveillance, 791–792

inflammation, 793–796

interferons, 793

overview, 789, 790

phagocytes, 789–791

physical barriers, 789

Nonstriated involuntary muscle, 140
Nonstriated muscle, 328
Noradrenaline.

See

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine, 417, 420, 536

effects, 629–630

secretion, 629–630

Normal saline, 93, 107
Normoblast, 660
Normochromic, 667, 677
Normocytic, 661, 677
Normovolemic, 677
Nose

anatomy, 829–831

muscles, 346–347

olfactory organs, 562–563.

See also

Olfaction

Nostrils.

See

External nares

Nuchal lines, inferior/superior, 218
Nuclear envelope, 69, 82
Nuclear matrix, 83
Nuclear pore, 69, 82
Nucleases, 903, 918
Nuclei, nervous system

basal, 482–484, 523–524

hypothalamus, 478

limbic system, 479–480

medulla oblongata, 470–471

pons, 472

spinal cord, 435

thalamus, 475–476

Nucleic acids, 57–58, 61.

See also

DNA;

RNA

Nucleolus (nucleoli), 69, 83
Nucleoplasm, 83
Nucleosome, 83
Nucleotides, 58
Nucleus, 69

control of cell by, 88–89

information storage in, 83–84

structure, 82–84

Nucleus basalis, 550
Nucleus cuneatus, 471
Nucleus gracilis, 471
Nucleus pulposus, 277
Nurse (sustentacular) cells, 616, 637,

638, 1047, 1049–1050

Nursemaid’s elbow, 283
Nutrient(s), 40
Nutrient artery, 199
Nutrient foramina, 199
Nutrient pool, 930
Nutrient vein, 199

Nutrition.

See also

Diet

definition, 950

disease and, 955

food groups, 951–952

MyPyramid Plan, 951

nitrogen balance, 952

vitamins, 953–955

Nystagmus, 592, 599

Obesity, 962
Obestatin, 894
Obligatory water reabsorption, 990
Oblique (muscle name), 341
Oblique fissure, 835
Oblique layer, stomach, 891
Oblique muscle, 355–356, 847
Obturator artery, 757
Obturator foramen, 255, 263
Obturator muscle, externus/internus,

372, 374

Obturator nerve, 446
Obturator vein, 765
Occipital bone, 213, 218, 264
Occipital condyles, 218
Occipital crest, external/internal, 218,

464

Occipital fontanelle, 229
Occipital lobe, 480, 484
Occipital protuberance, external, 218
Occipital sinus, 762
Occipitofrontalis muscle, 346–347, 348
Occluding (tight) junction, 114, 115
Occlusal surfaces, 888
Ocular conjunctiva, 567
Oculomotor muscles, 348
Oculomotor nerve (N III), 492, 500
Odorant-binding proteins, 563
Odorants, 563
Off-center neurons, 583
Oil glands, 172
Olecranon, 251
Olecranon fossa, 250
Olfaction, 508, 562

age-related changes, 563–564

discrimination, 563–564

organs, 562–563

pathways, 563

receptors, 563

Olfactory bulbs, 491, 563
Olfactory cortex, 484, 563
Olfactory epithelium, 562
Olfactory foramina, 222, 227
Olfactory glands, 562
Olfactory nerve (N I), 491, 500
Olfactory organs, 562
Olfactory receptor(s), 223, 563
Olfactory receptor cells, 562
Olfactory region, 829
Olfactory tracts, 491
Oligodendrocytes, 395
Olivary nuclei, 471
Olives, 471
Omega-3 fatty acids, 49, 62
Omohyoid muscle, 351–352
On-center neurons, 583
Oncogenes, 105, 107
Oncotic pressure, 735
Oocyte, 1042

activation, 1088–1090

at ovulation, 1088

primary, 1062

secondary, 1062

Oogenesis, 1061–1064
Oogonia, 1061
Open fracture, 206
Ophthalmic artery, 753
Opioids, 418, 421
Opponens digiti minimi muscle,

370–371

Opponens pollicis muscle, 370–371
Opportunistic infections, 819
Opposition, 276
Opsin, 579–581
Opsonins, 793

Opsonization, 793, 808
Optic canal, 222, 227
Optic chiasm, 492
Optic disc, 572–573
Optic nerve (N II), 492, 500
Optic radiation, 584
Optic tracts, 492
Oral cavity, 882–888

anatomy, 882–883

functions, 882

pharynx, 350–351, 831, 888

salivary glands, 884–885

tongue, 883–884

Oral mucosa, 882
Ora serrata, 570
Orbicularis oculi muscle, 346–347,

566–567

Orbicularis oris muscle, 337, 341, 345
Orbit(s), 219, 228
Orbital complex, 228
Orbital fat, 569
Orbital fissure, inferior/superior, 222,

224, 227

Orbital process, 224
Orbital rim, 223
Orchiectomy, 1043, 1081
Organelles, 69, 72–81.

See also specific

organelles

Organic acids, 1024
Organic compounds, 40

classes, 61

functional groups, 46

Organism organizational level, 8, 9
Organizational levels, 8–9
Organ of Corti, 593–594
Organogenesis, 1099
Organ organizational level, 8, 9
Organ physiology, 7
Organ system organizational level, 8, 9
Organ systems.

See also specific systems

composition of human body, by weight,

150

introduction, 6, 8

overview, 151–156

Organ transplantation, 803, 998
Orgasm, 1078
Origin, muscle, 310, 339–340, 341
Oropharynx, 831
Osmolarity, 93
Osmoles, 980
Osmoreceptors, 1014
Osmosis, 91–92, 99, 735
Osmotic concentration.

See

Osmolarity

Osmotic pressure (OP), 92–93, 735
Osseous tissue.

See

Bone

Ossification, 194

endochondral, 195–198

intramembranous, 198

Ossification center, 198
Osteoarthritis, 287, 288
Osteoblasts, 190
Osteoclast-activating factor, 208
Osteoclasts, 190
Osteocytes, 134, 189–190
Osteogenesis, 190
Osteoid, 190
Osteolysis, 190
Osteomalacia, 204, 208
Osteon, 191
Osteopenia, 207, 208
Osteoporosis, 143, 207–208
Osteoprogenitor cells, 190
Otic ganglion, 494, 497, 539
Otitis media, 586, 599
Otolith, 589
Outer cortex, lymph node, 785
Outer membrane, mitochondria, 934
Outer segment, photoreceptor, 578
Oval window, 586, 588
Ovarian artery, 757, 1061, 1066
Ovarian cancer, 1065, 1081, 1118
Ovarian cycle, 1062–1064, 1075–1076
Ovarian follicles, 1062
Ovarian hilum, 1061

INDEX

Ovarian ligament, 1061
Ovarian vein, 765, 1061
Ovary(ies), 638, 1042, 1060–1061
Overhydration, 1017
Oviduct.

See

Uterine tube

Ovulation, 1064, 1088
Ovum, 1042
Oxidation, 936
Oxidative phosphorylation, 936, 937,

938

Oxygen

blood, 741–742

CSF, 741–742

delivery to tissues, 855–858, 860

functions in human body, 30

hemoglobin and, 656–657, 855–856

partial pressures, 851–852

structure, 34

Oxygen debt, 322
Oxygen–hemoglobin saturation curve,

855–856

Oxyhemoglobin, 656
Oxytocin (OXT), 606, 618–619, 620,

1105, 1109

Pacemaker cells, 140, 328, 697
Pacemaker potential, 697
Pacesetter cells, 330, 880
Pacinian corpuscles.

See

Lamellated

corpuscles

Packed cell volume (PCV), 655
Palatal muscles, 351
Palatine bones, 213, 224
Palatine processes, 223
Palatine tonsils, 783
Palatoglossal arch, 883
Palatoglossus muscle, 350
Palatopharyngeal arch, 883
Palmar arches, superficial/deep, 753
Palmar interosseus muscle, 370–371
Palmaris brevis muscle, 370–371
Palmaris longus muscle, 365, 366–368
Palmar vein, superficial/deep, 762
Palmar venous arches, 762
Palpebrae, 566–567
Palpebral conjunctiva, 567
Palpebral fissure, 566
Pampiniform plexus, 1045
Pancreas

endocrine functions, 631, 635

exocrine functions, 631

gross anatomy, 901–902

histology, 902

islets, 631–632, 635

physiology, 902–903

Pancreatic acini, 631, 902
Pancreatic alpha-amylase, 903, 916, 918
Pancreatic artery, 756
Pancreatic duct, 901
Pancreatic islets, 631–632, 635, 902
Pancreatic juice, 902
Pancreatic lipase, 903, 918
Pancreaticoduodenal artery,

superior/inferior, 757

Pancreaticoduodenal vein, 767
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 632, 635
Pancreatic vein, 766
Pancreatitis, 903, 924
Pantothenic acid.

See

Vitamin B

5

Papanicolaou, George, 118
Papilla(e)

dermal, 160

duodenal, 908

filiform, 564

hair, 169

lingual, 564

renal, 969

Papillary duct, 972, 975
Papillary layer, dermis, 166
Papillary muscles, 687, 688
Papillary plexus, 167
Pap test, 118
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 969
Paracrine communication, 604, 605

Paracrine factors, 604
Parafollicular cells.

See

C (clear) cells

Parahippocampal gyrus, 479
Parallel muscle, 336–337
Parallel processing, neural circuits, 447
Paralysis agitans.

See

Parkinson disease

Paramesonephric ducts, 1050
Paranasal sinuses, 228–229, 829
Paraplegia, 456
Parasympathetic blocking agents, 556
Parasympathetic division, ANS, 387–388,

531

activation, 541

comparison to sympathetic division,

543–545

functional effects, by system, 544–545

interaction with sympathetic division,

543–545

membrane receptors and responses,

541–542

neurotransmitter release, 541

organization and anatomy, 538–540, 543

overview, 541

Parasympathetic reflexes, 548
Parasympathomimetic drugs, 556
Parathyroid cells, 625, 627
Parathyroid glands, 203, 625–626
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

bone remodeling and, 201, 202

calcium balance and, 203–204, 625–626,

1022

disorders, 639

effects, 625–626, 627

in normal growth, 640

regulatory control, 627

Paraurethral glands, 1071
Paraventricular nucleus, 478, 618
Paravertebral ganglia, 533
Parenchyma, 126
Paresthesia, 513, 525
Parietal bones, 188, 213, 218–219
Parietal cells, 893
Parietal lobe, 480, 484
Parietal pericardium, 24, 684
Parietal peritoneum, 877
Parietal pleura, 24, 841
Parietal portion, serous membrane, 136
Parieto-occipital sulcus, 480
Parkinson disease, 107, 417, 484, 502,

524

Parotid duct, 884
Parotid salivary glands, 884
Pars distalis, 614
Pars intermedia, 614
Pars tuberalis, 614
Partial antigens, 807
Partial pressure, of gases, 851–852, 854
Partial-thickness burns, 179
Parturition, 1105
Passive (leak) channels, 399, 403
Passive immunity, 797
Patella(e), 186, 259
Patellar ligament, 286
Patellar reflex, 450–451, 456
Patellar retinacula, 286
Patellar surface, 259
Patellofemoral stress syndrome, 259
Patent ductus arteriosus, 768–769
Patent foramen ovale, 768–769
Pathogens, 777
Pathological physiology, 7–8
Pathologists, 144
Paxil, 417
P cells, 583
PCT.

See

Proximal convoluted tubule

P/D1 cells, 894
Pectinate muscles, 687
Pectineal line, 255
Pectineus muscle, 372, 373–374
Pectoral fat pad, 1072
Pectoral girdle

bones, 247–250

joints, 287

muscles, 362–363

Pectoralis major muscle, 363, 364–365
Pectoralis minor muscle, 361, 362, 847
Pectoralis muscle, 337
Pectoral nerves, medial/lateral, 444
Pediatrics, 1108
Pedicles, 232
Pelvic brim, 256
Pelvic cavity, 23, 24
Pelvic diaphragm, 357–358
Pelvic floor, 356–359
Pelvic girdle

age-related changes, 264

bones, 254–257

joints, 287

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 1079,

1081

Pelvic inlet, 256, 263
Pelvic nerves, 540
Pelvic outlet, 256
Pelvis, 256–257, 263

arteries, 757

muscles, 371–378

sex differences, 256–257

veins, 765

Penetrance, 1113
Penicillin, 807
Penis, 1055, 1056
Pennate muscle, 336–337
Pentose, 45
Pepsin, 894, 918
Pepsinogen, 894
Peptic ulcer, 894, 922, 924
Peptidases, 903, 918
Peptide, 53
Peptide bond, 53, 54
Peptide hormones, 606, 608
Perception, 508
Perforating canals, 191
Perforating fibers, 193
Perforins, 792, 814
Pericardial artery, 755
Pericardial cavity, 23, 24
Pericardial fluid, 684
Pericardial sac, 682, 684
Pericarditis, 136, 144, 684, 715
Pericardium, 24, 136, 684
Perichondrium, 130, 131
Perikaryon, 388–389
Perilymph, 587
Perimenopause, 1079
Perimetrium, 1066
Perimysium, 294
Perinephric fat capsule, 967
Perineum, 256, 359
Perineurium, 437
Perinuclear space, 82
Periodontal disease, 924
Periodontal ligament, 885
Periosteum, 130, 134, 189, 196–199
Peripheral adaptation, 509
Peripheral nerves

anatomy, 437–438

plexuses, 441–446

repair of injury, 437–438

Peripheral nervous system (PNS),

387–388, 430–431

Peripheral neuropathy, 438, 456, 634
Peripheral proteins, 71
Peripheral resistance (PR), 732
Peristalsis, 880–881
Peristaltic wave, primary/secondary, 890
Peritoneum, 136, 876–877
Peritonitis, 136, 144, 877, 924
Peritubular capillaries, 970, 972, 979
Peritubular fluid, 975
Permanent dentition, 886–887
Permeability, 89
Permissive effects, hormones, 640
Pernicious anemia, 661
Peroneal artery.

See

Fibular artery

Peroxisome(s), 69, 80
Perpendicular plate

ethmoid bone, 222

palatine bone, 224

Perspiration

control of, 174

insensible, 161

sensible, 161

PET (positron emission tomography), 24
Petrosal sinus, 762
Petrous part, temporal bone, 220
Peyer patches, 783–787, 901
PF-3, 674

p53

gene, 104

pH

blood, 44, 653, 856–857

body fluid, 43–44, 1023

cerebrospinal fluid, 741–742

control mechanisms, 1024–1027

definition, 43

enzyme function and, 57

gastric contents, 896–897

hydrogen ion concentration and, 44

interstitial fluid, 651

sweat, 173

urine, 993

Phagocyte-activating chemicals, 814
Phagocytes, 789–791
Phagocytic dust cells, 791
Phagocytosis, 97–98, 791
Phagosomes, 96
Phalanges, 253, 254, 262
Phantom limb pain, 518
Pharyngeal arches, 883
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles, 350–351
Pharyngeal phase, swallowing, 890
Pharyngeal tonsil, 783, 831
Pharyngotympanic tube.

See

Auditory

tube

Pharynx, 350–351, 831, 888
Phasic receptors, 509
Phenotype, 1112
Phenylalanine, 919, 947
Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 947
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 947, 962
Pheochromocytoma, 639
Phonation, 833
Phosphate balance, 1021, 1022
Phosphate buffer system, 1027
Phosphate group, 46, 51
Phosphate ion, 921
Phosphodiesterase (PDE), 581, 611
Phospholipase C (PLC), 611
Phospholipid(s), 51–52, 53
Phospholipid bilayer, 70
Phosphorus

functions in human body, 30, 953

recommended daily intake, 953

Phosphorylation, 60, 610
Photoreactive keratectomy (PRK), 577
Photoreception, 579–581
Photoreceptors, 571, 578
Phrenic artery, superior/inferior, 756
Phrenic nerve, 442
Phrenic vein, 765
Physical conditioning, 325–326
Physiology

vs. anatomy, 5–6

cell, 7

definition, 5

human, 7

organ, 7

pathological, 7–8

systemic,7

Pia mater, 435, 464
Pineal gland, 475, 584, 630
Pinealocytes, 630
Pinkeye, 567
Pinna.

See

Auricle

Pinocytosis, 97, 98
Piriformis muscle, 372, 373–374
Pisiform, 253
Pitch, sound, 594
Pituitary gland, 462

adenohypophysis (anterior lobe), 614–618

anatomy and orientation, 614

hormones, 615–620

hypothalamic control, 615, 616

portal system and blood supply, 615

posterior lobe, 618–619

Pituitary growth failure (pituitary

dwarfism), 202, 208, 639

Pivot joints, 277, 278
Placenta, 1091

blood supply, 767

circulation, 1098

endocrine functions, 1098

structure, 1097

Placental prolactin, 1098
Placental stage, labor, 1106
Placentation, 1091, 1095–1098
Plane(s)

anatomic, 19, 21

of movement, 268

Plantar arch, 757
Plantar artery, medial/lateral, 757
Plantar flexion, 262, 276
Plantar interosseous muscles, 379–380
Plantaris muscle, 377–378
Plantar reflex, 455–456, 456
Plantar vein, 764
Plantar venous arch, 764
Plaque

atherosclerotic, 694, 724–725

central nervous system, 555

definition, 677

dental, 886

Plasma, 130, 651

composition, 652, 653–655

vs. interstitial fluid, 653

solute concentrations, 976

Plasma cells, 655, 669, 782
Plasma expanders, 654
Plasma membrane, 69–72

carbohydrates, 71–72

composition, 69

drugs affecting, 91

functions, 67–70

lipids, 70

movement across, 90–99

proteins, 70–71

receptors, 609–611

structure, 70

Plasma proteins, 652, 653–655
Plasmin, 676, 677
Plasminogen, 677
Plasmocytes (plasma cells), 126
Plasticity, 330
Platelet(s), 130, 651, 670, 672–673
Platelet adhesion, 674
Platelet aggregation, 674
Platelet-derived growth factor (PGDF),

674

Platelet phase, hemostasis, 674
Platelet plug, 674
Platysma muscle, 346–347, 348
Pleura, 24, 136, 841
Pleural cavity, 23, 841
Pleural effusion, 136, 144
Pleural fluid, 841
Pleural rub, 136
Pleurisy, 842, 869
Pleuritis (pleurisy), 136, 144
Plexus of Auerbach, 880
Plexus of Meissner, 879–880
Plicae, 879
Plicae circulares, 899
Pneumocytes type I, 839
Pneumocytes type II, 839
Pneumonia, 841, 869
Pneumotaxic center, 471, 472, 861
Pneumothorax, 847, 869
PNS.

See

Peripheral nervous system

Podocytes, 974
Point mutation, 88
Poisoning, heavy-metal, 397
Polar body, 1062
Polar covalent bond, 35
Polarity, epithelium, 112, 113
Polar molecule, 41
Polio, 325, 331
Pollex, 254

Polycystic kidney disease, 1003, 1118
Polycythemia, 661
Polygenic inheritance, 1114, 1115
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

See

Neutrophils

Polypeptides, 54
Polysaccharides, 47, 48
Polyspermy, 1088
Polysynaptic reflexes, 450
Polyunsaturated fatty acid, 48
Polyuria, 634, 644
Pons, 461, 462, 470, 471–472, 861–862
Popliteal artery, 757
Popliteal ligaments, 286
Popliteal vein, 764
Popliteus muscle, 372, 375–376
Porta hepatis, 903
Portal areas, liver, 905
Portal hypertension, 906, 924
Portal system, 615
Portal vessels, 615
Positive Babinski reflex, 456
Positive chemotaxis, 667
Positive feedback, 14–16
Positive nitrogen balance, 952
Positron emission tomography (PET), 24
Postabsorptive state, 949–950
Postcentral gyrus, 484
Posterior cavity, eye, 569
Posterior chamber, eye, 573
Posterior column pathway, 515–517
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 286
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, 446
Posterior lobe

cerebellum, 472

pituitary gland, 618–619

Posterior median sulcus, 431
Postganglionic fibers, 392, 530, 543
Postnatal development, 1087

adolescence and maturity, 1109–1111

infancy and childhood, 1109, 1110

neonatal period, 1108–1109

senescence, 1111.

See also

Aging

stages, 1108

Postsynaptic membrane, 390
Postsynaptic neuron, 413
Postsynaptic potentials, 419, 423
Post-traumatic amnesia, 551, 556
Postural reflexes, 452
Potassium

absorption, 920–921

electrochemical gradient, 402

functions in human body, 30, 953

recommended daily intake, 953

secretion at distal convoluted tubule,

988–989

in urine, 996

Potassium balance, 1020–1021
Potassium channels, 700
Potential difference, 99, 401
Potential energy, 38, 99–100, 401–402
Potts fracture, 206
Pounds per square inch (psi), 846
Power stroke, cilium, 75, 76
Precapillary arteriole, 726
Precapillary sphincter, 726
Precentral gyrus, 484
Precipitation, of antigens, 808
Precocious puberty, 639, 642
Prednisone, 803
Pre-embryo, 1091
Prefrontal cortex, 486
Prefrontal lobotomy, 486
Preganglionic fibers, 392, 530, 543
Preganglionic neurons, 530, 532
Pregnancy.

See also

Labor; Prenatal

development

back pain in, 231

ectopic, 1092, 1120

maternal systems changes during, 1104

Rh factors in, 664–665

uterine growth during, 1103, 1104–1105

Preload, 711–712
Premature delivery, 1107

Premature labor, 1107
Premature menopause, 1079
Premotor cortex, 485
Prenatal development

first trimester, 1091–1099

overview, 1090, 1100–1101

second and third trimester, 1102–1105

stages, 1090

Preoptic area, hypothalamus, 478
Prepotential, 697
Prepuce

clitoris, 1071

penis, 1056

Preputial glands, 1056
Presbyopia, 577, 599
Pressure gradient, blood vessel, 730
Pressure points, 722, 772
Presynaptic facilitation, 424
Presynaptic inhibition, 424
Presynaptic membrane, 390
Presynaptic neuron, 413
Prevertebral ganglia, 533
Prickling pain, 510
Primary amenorrhea, 1070
Primary brain vesicles, 462
Primary bronchi, left/right, 834–835,

837

Primary curves, 231
Primary dentition, 886–887
Primary fissure, cerebellum, 472
Primary follicles, 1062
Primary memories, 550
Primary motor cortex, 484
Primary oocytes, 1062
Primary ossification center, 196
Primary response, antibody-mediated

immunity, 808–809

Primary sensory cortex, 484
Primary spermatocytes, 1046
Primary structure, protein, 54–55
Primary tumor, 105, 107
Prime mover, 340
Primitive streak, 1093
Primordial follicles, 1062
Principal cells, 625
P–R interval, 700
Procaine, 91
Procarboxypeptidase, 903
Procerus muscle, 346–347
Process (bone surface feature), 187
Prochlorperazine, 591
Procoagulants.

See

Clotting factors

Products of chemical reaction, 36
Proelastase, 903
Proenzymes, 674
Proerythroblasts, 660
Profundus (muscle name), 341
Progenitor cells, 669, 671
Progesterone, 617

functions, 638, 1064, 1080

in pregnancy, 1098, 1104–1105

regulatory control, 638, 1080

Progestins, 617, 637, 1064, 1080
Projection fibers, 482
Prolactin (PRL), 105, 606, 617, 620
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), 617
Prolactin-releasing factors (PRF), 617
Proliferative phase, uterine cycle, 1069,

1076

Prometaphase, mitosis, 102
Promethazine, 591
Promoter region, DNA, 84
Pronation, 276
Pronator quadratus muscle, 366,

367–368

Pronator teres muscle, 366, 367–368
Prone, 17
Pronucleus, male/female, 1089
Properdin, 793
Prophase, mitosis, 102
Propranolol, 694, 713
Proprioceptors, 391, 510, 511, 514
Prosencephalon, 462
Prostacyclin, 607, 674

Prostaglandins, 142, 604, 607, 668, 674

in inflammatory response, 793

in pregnancy, 1105

in seminal fluid, 1054

structure, 49–50

Prostate cancer, 1059, 1081, 1118
Prostatectomy, 1059
Prostate gland, 1053, 1054
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 1059,

1081

Prostatic acid phosphatase, 1059
Prostatic concretions, 1059
Prostatic fluid, 1054
Prostatic urethra, 1000
Prostatitis, 1054
Proteases, 76, 903, 916, 918
Proteasomes, 69, 76
Protectin, 792
Protein(s)

catabolism, 946–948

complete/incomplete, 952

digestion and absorption, 917, 919–920

fibrous, 54

functions, 51–53, 61

globular, 54

in human body, 51

plasma membrane, 70–71

shape, 54–56

sources, 61

structure, 53–54

synthesis, 86–88, 947–948

Protein buffer systems, 1025–1026
Protein C, 676
Protein deficiency diseases, 47, 962
Protein kinase C (PKC), 611
Proteinuria, 984, 1003
Proteoglycans, 57
Proteolytic enzymes, 894, 903
Prothrombinase, 675
Proton(s), 29
Proton acceptor, 44
Proton donor, 44
Protraction, 276
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

anatomy, 970–971, 972

functions, 972, 975, 979, 994

reabsorption and secretion at, 984–986

Prozac.

See

Fluoxetine

Pseudocholinesterase, 541
Pseudopodia, 97–98
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium,

118, 120

Pseudounipolar neurons, 390–391
Psoas major muscle, 372, 373–374, 997
PTC (phenylthiourea;

phenylthiocarbamide), 566

Pterygoid muscle, 349–350
Pterygoid plate, 222
Pterygoid processes, 222
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 495, 539
PTH.

See

Parathyroid hormone

Ptyalin.

See

Salivary amylase

Puberty, 1043, 1109–1111

apocrine sweat glands, 173

bone growth, 197, 201

female, 168, 638

hair changes, 171

male, 168, 629, 833

precocious, 639, 642

sebaceous glands, 172

testosterone levels in, 1058

Pubic symphysis, 255, 263
Pubis, 254
Pubococcygeus muscle, 357–358
Pubofemoral ligament, 283
Pudendal artery, 757
Pudendal nerve, 444, 446
Pudendal vein, 765
Pulmonary arterioles, 749
Pulmonary artery, left/right, 689, 722,

749

Pulmonary circuit, 682, 749, 853–854
Pulmonary embolism, 770, 772, 841, 869
Pulmonary lobules, 839

INDEX

Pulmonary plexus, 545
Pulmonary semilunar valve.

See

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary trunk, 689, 750
Pulmonary valve, 689
Pulmonary vein, left/right, 689, 749
Pulmonary ventilation, 843–851

air movement, 843–844

carbon dioxide transport, 858–859

definition, 843

gas exchange, 851–854

mechanics of breathing, 845, 847–849

oxygen transport, 855–858

pressure changes, 844–847

respiratory rates and volumes, 849–851

Pulp, spleen, 787
Pulp cavity, 885
Pulpitis, 924
Pulse (heartbeat), 733
Pulse (hormone release), 613
Pulse pressure, 733
Pulvinar nucleus, 476
Punnett square, 1114
Pupil, 570
Pupillary constrictor muscles, 570
Pupillary constrictor reflex, 583
Pupillary dilator muscles, 570
Pupillary reflex, 547, 548
Purines, 58, 421
Purkinje cells, 472, 519
Purkinje fibers, 698
Pus, 142, 668, 796
Putamen, 482
P wave, 699
Pyelogram, 997, 1003
Pyloric antrum, 891
Pyloric canal, 891
Pyloric glands, 894
Pyloric sphincter, 891
Pylorus, 891
Pyramidal cells, 484
Pyramidal system.

See

Corticospinal

pathway

Pyramids, 521
Pyrexia, 960.

See also

Fever

Pyridoxine.

See

Vitamin B

6

Pyrimidines, 58
Pyrogens, 796, 960
Pyruvate, 932
Pyruvic acid, 80, 932
Pyuria, 996

QRS complex, 699
Q–T interval, 700
Quadrate lobe, liver, 903
Quadratus femoris muscle, 373–374
Quadratus lumborum muscle, 353–354
Quadratus plantae muscle, 379–380
Quadriceps femoris, 372, 375–376
Quadriplegia, 456
Quadruplets, 1107
Quaternary structure, protein, 54–55
Quiet breathing, 847–849, 861–862

Rabies, 390, 425
Radial artery, 653, 750, 1068
Radial collateral ligament, 283
Radial fossa, humerus, 250
Radial groove, humerus, 250
Radial head, 252
Radial nerve, 250, 283, 444
Radial notch, 252
Radial tuberosity, 252
Radial vein, 762
Radiation, 958
Radioactive decay, 30
Radioisotopes, 30, 62

accumulation in bone, 200

Radiologist, 25
Radioulnar joint, distal/proximal, 252
Radius, 252–253
Rami communicantes, 438
Ramus (bone surface feature), 187

mandible, 226

pubis, ischial/inferior/superior, 254

Range of motion, 268
Raphe, 337, 883, 1045
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,

552–553

RBCs.

See

Red blood cells

Reabsorption

in capillary exchange, 735–737

in collecting system, 989

in distal convoluted tubule, 988–990

in proximal convoluted tubule, 984–986

in urine formation, 976–977

Reactant, 36
Recall of fluids, 737
Receptive field, 508
Receptive speech area, 486
Receptor(s), 12–13, 387, 448

sensory.

See

Sensoryreceptors

Receptor cascade, 609
Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 96–97
Receptor potential, 508
Receptor proteins, 71
Receptor site, 94
Receptor specificity, 508
Recessive inheritance, 1113, 1115
Reciprocal inhibition, 453
Recognition proteins, 71
Recommended daily intake (RDA)

fat-soluble vitamins, 954

minerals, 953

water-soluble vitamins, 955

Recovery period, muscle, 322
Recruitment, motor units, 315
Rectal artery, 757
Rectal vein, 766
Rectouterine pouch, 1060
Rectum, 912, 913
Rectus (muscle name), 341
Rectus abdominis muscle, 340, 341,

355–356, 847

Rectus femoris muscle, 337, 341, 372,

375–376

Red blood cells (RBCs), 130, 651, 670

abundance, 655

count, 661

crenation, 93

erythropoiesis, 660, 661, 782

formation, 657–660

hemoglobin.

See

Hemoglobin

hemolysis, 93, 658

oxygen transport, 855–858

production, 660–661

structure, 655–656

tests, 661, 667, 677

turnover, 657–660

in urine, 996

Red bone marrow, 192, 660
Red cones, 582
Red muscle, 324
Red muscle fibers, 323
Red nucleus, 474, 475
Red pulp, spleen, 787
Reduction, 936
Reductional division, 1049
Referred pain, 518
Reflex(es), 387, 444, 448–450.

See also

Cranial reflexes; Spinal reflexes;
Visceral reflex(es);

specific reflexes

Reflex arc, 448–449
Reflex centers, 470–471
Refraction, 575
Refractory period, action potential,

408–409, 701

Regeneration, 142, 143, 144
Regional anatomy, 6
Regulation

extrinsic, 12

homeostatic, 12

intrinsic, 12

Regulatory hormones, 612
Regulatory T cells.

See

Suppressor T cells

Regurgitation, cardiac, 690
Reinforcement, 455
Relative refractory period, 409

Relaxation, muscle, 310
Relaxation phase, twitch, 313
Relaxin, 257, 1098
Relay centers, 471
Releasing hormone (RH), 615
Remodeling, bone, 200
Renal artery, 757, 969
Renal calculi, 1002
Renal columns, 969
Renal compensation, 1028
Renal corpuscle, 969, 972, 973–974, 979
Renal cortex, 969
Renal failure, 998, 1003
Renal fascia, 967
Renal glycosuria, 986
Renal lobe, 969
Renal medulla, 969
Renal nerves, 969
Renal papilla, 969
Renal pelvis, 969
Renal physiology

filtration pressures, 980–981

glomerular filtration rate, 981–984

nephron loop and countercurrent multi-

plication, 986–988

overview, 978–980

reabsorption and secretion along the col-

lecting system, 989

reabsorption and secretion at the distal

convoluted tubule, 988–989

reabsorption and secretion at the proxi-

mal convoluted tubule, 984–986

summary, 993–997

urine formation, 976–978

urine volume and osmotic concentra-

tion, 990–992

vasa recta, 993

Renal pyramids, 969
Renal sinus, 969
Renal threshold, 977–978
Renal tubule, 969, 972
Renal vein, 765, 969
Renin, 637, 975
Renin–angiotensin system, 637, 982–983
Rennin, 894, 918
Replication, DNA, 100, 101
Repolarization, 406
Repressor genes, 104
Reproductive system

basic structures, 1042

female.

See

Female reproductive system

hormones, 1080–1081

integration with other systems,

1080–1082

male.

See

Male reproductive system

prenatal development, 1101

at puberty, 1111

Residual volume, 850
Resistance

definition, 732

membrane, 401

muscle contraction and, 303

Resistance phase, general adaptation

syndrome, 641–642

Resistin, 638
Respiration, 842–843.

See also

Respiratory physiology

Respiratory acidosis, 1030–1032,

1035–1036, 1037

Respiratory alkalosis, 1032–1033,

1035–1036, 1037

Respiratory bronchioles, 839
Respiratory burst, 667, 795
Respiratory centers, 861–862
Respiratory chain, 936–939
Respiratory compensation, 1028
Respiratory cycle, 846
Respiratory defense system, 827–829
Respiratory distress syndrome, 841, 869
Respiratory epithelium, 828
Respiratory membrane, 841, 853
Respiratory minute volume, 849
Respiratory mucosa, 827
Respiratory muscles, 847–848

Respiratory physiology

acid–base balance and, 1028

control of respiration, 860–865

gas exchange, 851–854

gas transport, 855–860

pulmonary ventilation, 843–851

Respiratory portion, respiratory tract,

826, 841

Respiratory pump, 737, 845
Respiratory rate, 849

neonate, 1108

in pregnancy, 1104

Respiratory reflexes, 862–865
Respiratory rhythmicity centers, 471,

861

Respiratory system

age-related changes, 866

changes at birth, 865–866

components, 827

exercise and, 381

functions, 826

integration with other systems, 866–868

introduction, 11, 826

lower.

See

Lowerrespiratorysystem

organization, 826–829

overview, 154

parasympathetic effects, 544

prenatal development, 1101

at puberty, 1111

pulmonary ventilation.

See

Pulmonary

ventilation

smooth muscle in, 328

sympathetic effects, 544

upper.

See

Upperrespiratorysystem

Respiratory tract, 826
Resting potential, 99, 399.

See also

Transmembrane potential

Resting tidal volume, 850
Rete testis, 1046
Reticular activating system, 475, 553
Reticular epithelial cells, 786
Reticular fibers, 126, 128
Reticular formation, 470, 474, 522
Reticular layer, dermis, 166
Reticular tissue, 128
Reticulocyte, 660
Reticulocyte count, 661
Reticulocytosis, 661
Reticuloendothelial system, 791
Reticulospinal tracts, 523
Retina, 571

detached, 573, 599

optic disc, 572–573

organization, 571–572

photoreceptor processing, 583

Retinal (retinene), 579
Retinitis pigmentosa, 579, 599, 1118
Retinoblastoma, 1118
Retinopathy, diabetic, 571, 599
Retraction, 276
Retroflexion, uterus, 1065
Retrograde amnesia, 551, 556
Retrograde flow, 390
Retroperitoneal, 877
Retrovirus, 819
Return stroke, cilium, 75, 76
Reverberation, neural circuits, 447
Reverse transcriptase, 819
Reversible reaction, 39
Rheumatic fever, 690
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 715
Rheumatism, 286–288
Rheumatoid arthritis, 287, 815
Rh factors, 662, 664–665
Rh negative, 662
Rhodopsin, 579
RhoGam, 665
Rhombencephalon, 462
Rhomboid muscle, major/minor, 360,

362

Rh positive, 662
Riboflavin.

See

Vitamin B

2

Ribonucleic acid.

See

RNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 76

Ribosomes, 69, 76
Ribs, 239–242
Rickets, 165, 204, 208
Right atrioventricular valve (AV).

See

Tricuspid valve

Right atrium, 682, 687
Right lymphatic duct, 780
Right vein, 687–689
Right ventricle, 682, 689–690
Rigor mortis, 311, 331
Ringer solution, 654
Risorius muscle, 346–347
Rivinus duct, 884
RNA

vs.DNA,59

messenger.

See

Messenger RNA

ribosomal, 76

structure, 59

transfer, 86

types, 58

RNA polymerase, 84
RNA processing, 85
Rods, 571, 578–579
Root

hair, 169

lung, 834

nail, 175

penis, 1056

tongue, 883

tooth, 885

Root canal, 885, 924
Root hair plexus, 169, 512
Root sheath, hair follicle, 169
Rotation, 273, 275–276
Rotator cuff, 282, 364, 383
Rotatores muscle, 351, 353–354
Rotaviruses, 1108
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), 69,

77

Round ligament

liver, 903

uterus, 1045, 1066

Round window, 588
Rubrospinal tracts, 523
Ruffini corpuscles, 512–513
Rugae

stomach, 891

urinary bladder, 999

vagina, 1070

Rule of nines, 179
Runner’s knee, 259
R wave, 699

Saccule, 588, 589, 591
Sacral artery, middle/lateral, 757
Sacral canal, 238
Sacral cornua, 238
Sacral crest, median/lateral, 238
Sacral curve, 231
Sacral foramina, 238
Sacral hiatus, 238
Sacral plexus, 444–446
Sacral promontory, 238
Sacral tuberosity, 238
Sacral vein, 765
Sacrum, 231, 237–238, 263
Saddle joints, 277, 278
Sagittal plane, 19, 21
Sagittal sinus, inferior/superior, 464, 762
Sagittal suture, 214
Saliva, 884–885
Salivary amylase, 884, 885, 916, 918
Salivary glands, 495, 884–885
Salivatory nuclei, 885
Saltatory propagation, 411–412
Salts, 45, 1023
Salty taste, 564
SA (sinoatrial) node, 696, 697, 710–711
Saphenous nerve, 446
Sarcolemma, 297
Sarcomere, 298–299, 301, 302, 311–312
Sarcoplasm, 297
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 298
Sartorius muscle, 372, 375–376

Satellite cells, 395
Saturated fatty acid, 48–49
Saturation limit, enzyme, 56–57
Scab, 175, 176, 181
Scalene muscles, 355–356
Scalp.

See

Epicranium

Scaphoid, 253
Scapula, 247, 249–250
Scapular spine, 250
Scar (fibrous) tissue, 143, 175
Schizophrenia, 554, 556
Schwann cells, 395–396
Sciatic nerve, 254, 444, 446
SCID.

See

Severe combined

immunodeficiency disease

Scientific method, 8
Sclera, 569
Scleral venous sinus, 573
Scoliosis, 232
Scopolamine, 591
Scotomas, 576, 599
Scrotal cavity, 1045
Scrotum, 1042, 1045–1046
Scurvy, 201, 208
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 631,

644

Sebaceous follicles, 172
Sebaceous glands, 172
Seborrheic dermatitis, 172, 181
Sebum, 172
Secondary active transport, 95–96, 99
Secondary amenorrhea, 1070
Secondary brain vesicles, 462
Secondary bronchi, 837
Secondary curves, 231
Secondary dentition, 886–887
Secondary follicles, 1064
Secondary memories, 550
Secondary oocyte, 1062
Secondary ossification center, 197
Secondary processes, 974
Secondary response, antibody-mediated

immunity, 809

Secondary spermatocytes, 1047, 1049
Secondary structure, protein, 54–55
Secondary tumor, 105, 107
Second-class lever, 338–339
Second-degree burn, 179
Second heart sound, 706
Second messenger, 418, 609
Second-order neuron, 514
Second trimester, 1090

changes in maternal systems, 1104

changes in uterus, 1103–1105

fetal development, 1102–1103

overview by system, 1100–1101

Secretin, 897, 909, 910
Secretion

in collecting system, 989

digestive, 875

at distal convoluted tubule, 988–990

modes, 121, 122

at proximal convoluted tubule, 984–986

in small intestine, 901

types, 121

in urine formation, 976–977

Secretory phase, uterine cycle,

1069–1070, 1076

Secretory piece, immunoglobulin, 807
Secretory sheet, 122
Secretory vesicles, 77
Section, 19
Sectional planes, 19
Segmental arteries, 969
Segmental blocks, 1066
Segmental bronchi, 837
Segmentation, 880, 881
Segments, electrocardiogram, 699
Seizure, 489, 502
Selectively permeable membrane, 89
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

(SSRIs), 417, 554

Selenium, 953
Sellaris joints.

See

Saddle joints

Sella turcica, 221, 614
Semen, 1042, 1055–1056
Semicircular canals, 588
Semicircular ducts, 588, 589–590
Semilunar ganglion, 494
Semilunar valves, 690
Semimembranosus muscle, 372,

375–376

Seminal fluid, 1055
Seminal glands (vesicles), 1053, 1054
Seminalplasmin, 1054
Seminiferous tubules, 1046
Semispinalis capitis muscle, 353–354
Semispinalis cervicis muscle, 353–354
Semispinalis thoracis muscle, 353–354
Semitendinosus muscle, 372, 375–376
Senescence, 1111.

See also

Aging

Senile cataracts, 575
Senile dementia, 555, 556
Senile lentigos (liver spots), 163
Senility, 555
Sensation, 508
Sense organs, 508
Sensible perspiration, 161, 1016
Sensitization

B cells, 804–805

Rh factor, 662

Sensory association areas, 484
Sensory coding, 509
Sensory ganglia, 391
Sensory homunculus, 517
Sensory neurons, 391
Sensory nuclei, 435
Sensory pathway, 507

somatic, 515–520

visceral, 519

Sensory processing centers, 507
Sensory receptors, 507–508.

See also

Special senses

adaptation, 509–510

classification, 510–514

information interpretation, 509

stimuli detection, 508–509

Sepsis, 179, 181
Septa

testes, 1046

thymus,786

Septal cells, 839
Septum pellucidum, 463
Serial processing, neural circuits, 447
Serosa, 136, 880
Serotonin, 417, 420, 674
Serous glands, 121
Serous membranes, 136
Serratus anterior muscle, 361, 362, 847
Serratus posterior muscle, 355–356
Sertoli cells.

See

Nurse (sustentacular)

cells

Serum, 654
Serum enzyme assay, 1059
Sesamoid bones, 186
Severe combined immunodeficiency

disease (SCID), 815, 820, 1118

Sex cells, 67
Sex chromosomes, 1112
Sex differences

blood volume, 653

body composition, 1011–1012

hematocrit, 655

pelvis, 256–257

skeletal system, 262–263

Sex hormones.

See also

Androgen(s);

Estrogen(s)

effects on bone, 201, 202

in normal growth, 640

Sex-linked characteristics, 1117
Sex-linked inheritance, 1116–1117
Sexual arousal, 548, 1078
Sexual function

female, 1078–1079

male, 1078

Sexual intercourse, 1042, 1077–1079
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),

1079, 1081

Shaft

femur, 258

penis, 1056

rib, 241

Shallow breathing, 847
Sharpey fibers, 193
Shingles, 440, 456
Shiver, 959
Shivering thermogenesis, 958
Shock, 746, 772
Short bones, 186
Short reflexes, 547, 882
Short-term memories, 550
Shoulder girdle.

See

Pectoral girdle

Shoulder joint, 250, 281–282
Shoulder separation, 281
Siamese twins, 1107
Sickle cell anemia, 657, 658, 677, 1113,

1118

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome),

862, 869

Sigmoid artery, 757
Sigmoid colon, 911
Sigmoid mesocolon, 877
Sigmoid sinus, 762
Sign, 13, 25
Silent heart attack, 702
Simple columnar epithelium, 118, 120
Simple cuboidal epithelium, 118, 119
Simple diffusion, 91
Simple epithelium, 117
Simple fracture, 206
Simple gland, 123
Simple inheritance, 1113, 1115
Simple squamous epithelium, 117
Simple sugars, 45–46
Single covalent bond, 34
Sinoatrial (SA) node, 696, 697, 710–711
Sinus(es), 187

skull, 214

Sinusitis, 242
Sinusoidal capillaries, 726
Sinusoids

liver, 904

structure and function, 726

Skatole, 914
Skeletal muscle(s), 140

actions, 240, 339, 341

age-related changes, 378–380

atrophy, 324

blood supply, 295

connective tissue organization, 294–296

functions, 294

hormones and, 322

hypertrophy, 324–325

insertions, 310, 339–340, 341

names, 341–343

nerves, 295

origins, 310, 339–340, 341

overview, 343–345

parasympathetic effects, 544

physical conditioning and, 325–326

sympathetic effects, 544

tension production, 314

Skeletal muscle fibers, 296–303, 686

atrophy, 325

control, 304

development, 296

distribution, 324

hypertrophy, 324–325

muscle performance and, 323–326

sliding filament theory, 301–303

structure, 296–301

tension production, 311–314

types, 323–324

Skeletal muscle tissue, 138–139, 294–326

vs. cardiac muscle tissue, 329, 684, 686

connective tissue organization, 294–296

contraction.

See

Contraction, skeletal

muscle

functional organization, 301

functions, 140

metabolism, 318–322

vs. smooth muscle tissue, 329

INDEX

Skeletal system.

See also

Bone

age-related changes, 264

axial skeleton, 212–242

functions, 185, 288

integration with other systems, 288–289

introduction, 10, 185

overview, 151

prenatal development, 1100

at puberty, 1110

sex differences, 262–263

Skene glands, 1071
Skill memories, 550
Skin.

See also

Integumentary system

abnormalities, 178

age-related changes, 177–178

dermis, 166–168

epidermis, 159–166

functions, 158–159

hypodermis, 168

injury repair, 175–176

innervation, 168

lines of cleavage, 166–167

parasympathetic effects, 544

structure, 158

sympathetic effects, 544

thick, 159, 160

thin, 159

water immersion, 161

Skin cancers, 164
Skin graft, 179, 181
Skin turgor, 166
Skull, 213–230

age-related changes, 264

anterior view, 216

cranial bones, 213, 218–223

facial bones, 213–214, 223–226

fontanelles, 229–230

foramina and fissures, 226–227

horizontal section, 217

infant, 229–230

inferior view, 216

joints, 280

lateral view, 215

nasal complex, 228–229

orbital complex, 228

posterior view, 215

sagittal section, 217

sex differences, 263

superior view, 215

sutures, 214

Sleep, 552–553
Sleep disorders, 553
Sliding filament theory, 301–303
Slipped disc, 279, 280
Slow-adapting receptors, 509
Slow fibers, 323, 324
Slow oxidative (SO) fibers, 323
Slow potassium channels, 700
Slow sodium channels, 700
Slow-twitch oxidative fibers, 323
Small intestine

gross anatomy, 898–899

histology, 899–901

movements, 901

secretions, 901

Small ribosomal unit, 76
Small saphenous vein, 764
Smegma, 1056
Smoking

respiratory performance and, 866

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER),

69, 76

Smooth muscle tissue, 138–140

vs. cardiac muscle tissue, 329

control of contractions, 330

excitation–contraction coupling, 330

functions, 328

length–tension relationships, 330

vs. skeletal muscle tissue, 329

structure, 328–329

tone, 330

Sneezing, 865
SNS.

See

Somatic nervous system

Sodium (Na

+

), 33, 953

absorption, 920–921

electrochemical gradient, 402

functions in human body, 30, 953

reabsorption at distal convoluted tubule,

988, 990

reabsorption at proximal convoluted

tubule, 985–986

reabsorption in collecting system, 989

recommended daily intake, 953

in urine, 996

Sodium balance

disorders.

See

Hypernatremia;

Hyponatremia

ECF volume and, 1018–1020

factors affecting, 1018

regulation, 1019–1020

Sodium bicarbonate, 1027
Sodium channels

activation, 407

fast/slow, 700

inactivation, 407–408

Sodium chloride, 33
Sodium hydroxide, 44
Sodium–potassium ATPase, 95, 402, 409
Sodium–potassium exchange pump, 95,

96, 402, 409

Soft keratin, 169
Soft palate, 831, 883
Soleus muscle, 372, 377–378
Solids, 35
Solitary nucleus, 471, 519
Solute, 41
Solute concentration, 43
Solvent, 41
Soma.

See

Cell body, neuron

Somatic cells, 67.

See also

Cell(s)

Somatic motor association area, 485
Somatic motor neurons, 392
Somatic motor pathways, 507
Somatic motor system.

See

Somatic

nervous system (SNS)

Somatic nerve

corticospinal tract, 521–522, 523

Somatic nervous system (SNS), 387,

519–520

basal nuclei, 523–524

cerebellum, 524

comparison to autonomic nervous sys-

tem, 529–530, 549

corticobulbar tract, 521, 523

corticospinal pathway, 520–522

lateral pathway, 522–523

levels of processing and motor control,

524–525

medial pathway, 522–523

motor homunculus, 522

Somatic reflexes, 450
Somatic sensory association area, 484
Somatic sensory neurons, 391
Somatic sensory pathways, 515–519
Somatocrinin.

See

Growth

hormone–releasing hormone

Somatomedins, 617
Somatostatin.

See

Growth

hormone–inhibiting hormone

Somatotropin.

See

Growth hormone

Sound, 594–595
Sounds of Korotkoff, 772
Sour taste, 564
Spatial summation, 422–423
Special circulation, 747
Special senses, 508, 562

gustation.

See

Gustation

hearing.

See

Hearing

olfaction.

See

Olfaction

prenatal development, 1100

vision.

See

Vision

Specific defenses, 667, 777, 789.

See also

Immunity

Specificity

enzyme, 56

immunologic, 797

Specific resistance, 789
Speech area, 486

Spermatic cords, 1045
Spermatids, 1047
Spermatogenesis, 1046

follicle-stimulating hormone and,

1056–1057

mitosis and meiosis, 1048–1049, 1050

overview, 1047–1048

spermiogenesis, 1049–1050

Spermatogonia, 1046
Spermatozoa, 1042, 1050–1051, 1055
Sperm count, 1055
Spermiation, 1049
Spermiogenesis, 1048, 1049–1051
Sperm receptors, 1088
S phase, interphase, 101
Sphenoid, 213, 221–222
Sphenoidal fontanelle, 229
Sphenoidal sinus, 221, 222
Sphenoidal spine, 222
Sphenopalatine ganglia, 494
Sphincter(s), 328, 336–337
Sphincter of Oddi, 908
Sphincter vesicae.

See

Urethral sphincter,

internal/external

Sphygmomanometer, 772
Spicules, 198
Spina bifida, 242
Spinal accessory nerve.

See

Accessory

nerve

Spinal anesthesia, 434
Spinal cord

gross anatomy, 431–433

sectional anatomy, 435–437

Spinal curves, 231
Spinalis cervicis muscle, 353–354
Spinalis thoracis muscle, 353–354
Spinal meninges, 433–435
Spinal meningitis, 433
Spinal nerves, 387, 431

anatomy, 437–438

peripheral distribution, 438–439

plexuses, 440–446

Spinal reflexes, 430, 450

brain’s effect on, 454–456

monosynaptic, 450–452

polysynaptic, 452–454

reinforcement and inhibition, 455–456

voluntary movement and, 455

Spinal root, accessory nerve, 499
Spinal tap, 434, 456, 466
Spindle fibers, 102
Spine.

See

Vertebral column

Spine (bone surface feature), 187
Spinoaccessory nerve.

See

Accessory

nerve

Spinocerebellar ataxia, 1118
Spinocerebellar pathway, 518–519,

520–521

Spinocerebellar tracts, anterior/posterior,

519, 520–521

Spinothalamic pathway, 517–518,

520–521

Spinothalamic tracts, anterior/lateral,

516–517, 520–521

Spinous process, vertebrae, 233
Spiral arteries, 1068
Spiral-CT, 25
Spiral fracture, 206
Spiral ganglion, 597

Spirulina,

952

Splanchnic nerve, 534
Spleen, 786–788

anatomy, 786–787, 788

functions, 786

histology, 787–788

injury, 788

Splenectomy, 788
Splenic artery, 756
Splenic flexure, 911
Splenic vein, 766
Splenius capitis muscle, 353–354
Splenius cervicis muscle, 353–354
Split-thickness graft, 179
Spongy bone, 192–193

Spongy urethra, 1000
Spontaneous abortion, 1104
Spontaneous mutation, 1116
Sports drinks, 325, 1020
Sports injuries, 286, 372.

See also

Athletes

Spot desmosomes, 114, 115
Sprain, 271
Squamous cell carcinoma, 164, 181
Squamous epithelium, 116, 117–118
Squamous part, temporal bone, 220
Squamous suture, 214
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake

inhibitors), 417, 554

Stapedius muscle, 587
Stapes, 586
Starches, 47
Starling, Ernest H., 712
Starling law of the heart, 712
Start codon, 87
State of equilibrium, 16
States of matter, 35–36
Stato-acoustic nerve.

See

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Statoconia, 589
Stellate reticuloendothelial cells.

See

Kupffer cells

Stem cells (basal cells), 104

epidermal, 160

epithelial, 116

gustatory, 564

lymphoid, 651, 660, 671

myeloid, 651, 660, 671

olfactory, 562

therapeutic uses, 107

Stensen duct, 884
Stent, cardiac, 695
Stercobilinogens, 658, 914
Stercobilins, 659, 914
Stereocilia, 589
Sterile, 1043
Sternal end, clavicle, 247
Sternoclavicular joint, 247
Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 351–352,

847

Sternohyoid muscle, 352
Sternothyroid muscle, 352
Sternum, 239, 242
Steroid-binding proteins, 654
“Steroid creams,” 629
Steroid hormones, 50–51, 53, 607–608,

1074.

See also specific hormones

Stethoscope, 706
Stimulus, 12
Stimulus frequency, 313
Stomach, 891–897

digestion and absorption in, 897

gastric glands, 893–894

gross anatomy, 891–892

histology, 891–893

pyloric glands, 894

regulation of activity, 894–897

Stop codon, 87
Straight artery, 1065
Straight sinus, 762
Stratified columnar epithelium, 120, 121
Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 118, 119
Stratified epithelium, 117
Stratified squamous epithelium, 117, 118
Stratum, 159
Stratum corneum, 161
Stratum germinativum (stratum basale),

160

Stratum granulosum, 161
Stratum lucidum, 161
Stratum spinosum, 161
Streptokinase, 702
Stress, 640, 816–817
Stress incontinence, 1002
Stress response.

See

General adaptation

syndrome

Stretch marks, 166
Stretch reflex, 449, 450–451
Striated involuntary muscle, 140

Striated voluntary muscle, 138
Striations, 299
Strict dominance, 1113
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident), 467,

501, 555, 747, 754, 772

Stroke volume (SV), 706–708, 711–713
Stroma

ovarian, 1061

reticular tissue, 126

Stromal cells, 782
Strong acid, 1023
Strong base, 44, 1023
Structural proteins, 52.

See also

Protein(s)

Student’s elbow, 271
Sty, 566
Styloglossus muscle, 350
Stylohyoid ligaments, 226
Stylohyoid muscle, 351–352
Styloid process

radius, 253

skull, 220, 264

ulna, 252

Stylomastoid foramen, 221, 227
Subacromial bursa, 282
Subarachnoid space, 434, 464
Subatomic particles, 29
Subcapsular space, 784
Subclavian artery, 722, 748, 750
Subclavian trunk, left/right, 779–780
Subclavian vein, 748, 762
Subclavius muscle, 361, 364
Subcoracoid bursa, 282
Subcutaneous injection, 168, 371
Subcutaneous layer.

See

Hypodermis

Subdeltoid bursa, 282
Subdural hemorrhage, 466, 502
Subdural space, 434
Sublingual ducts, 884
Sublingual salivary glands, 884
Subluxation, 272
Submandibular ducts, 884
Submandibular ganglion, 494, 495, 539
Submandibular salivary glands, 225, 884
Submucosa

digestive tract, 879–880

trachea, 834

Submucosal glands, 900
Submucosal plexus, 879–880
Subscapular bursa, 282
Subscapular fossa, 250
Subscapularis muscle, 281, 362, 365–366
Subscapular nerve, 444
Subserous fasciae, 137–138
Substance P, 418, 421, 511
Substantia nigra, 474, 475
Substrate-level phosphorylation, 936
Substrates, 56
Sucrase, 917, 918
Sucrose, 46, 47, 917
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS),

862, 869

Sudoriferous glands, 172
Sulci, 462
Sulcus (bone surface feature), 187
Sulfadiazine, 468
Sulfate ion, 921
Sulfisoxazole, 468
Sulfur, 30
Summation, 422–423
Summation of twitches, 313–314
Sunblock, 164
Sunburn, 179
“Sunless tan,” 618
Sun protection factor (SPF), 164
Superficial anatomy, 17
Superficial epithelium, eye, 566–567
Superficial fasciae.

See

Hypodermis

Superficialis (muscle name), 341
Superficial lymphatics, 779
Superficial reflexes, 450
Superior border, scapula, 247
Superior colliculus, 474, 522, 592
Superior ganglion, 497, 498

Superior mesenteric artery, 536
Superior mesenteric ganglion, 534
Superior oblique muscle, 348–349
Superior rectus muscle, 348–349
Superior vena cava, 687, 758, 762, 764
Superoxide anions, 668
Supination, 276
Supinator muscle, 367–368, 369
Supine, 17
Supporting connective tissues, 124,

131–134

Suppression (genetic), 1114
Suppression factors, 801, 814
Suppressor/inducer T cells, 782
Suppressor T (T

S

) cells, 782, 801, 812,

819

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 478
Supraclavicular nerve, 442
Supraoptic nucleus, 478, 618
Supra-orbital foramen, 219, 227
Supra-orbital margin, 219
Supra-orbital notch, 219
Suprarenal artery, 757
Suprarenal cortex, 616, 627–629
Suprarenal gland, 627–630
Suprarenal medulla, 533, 536, 629–630
Suprarenal vein, 765
Suprascapular nerve, 444
Supraspinatus muscle, 281, 364, 365
Supraspinous fossa, 250
Supraspinous ligament, 279
Surface anatomy, 6
Surface antigens, 661
Surface features, bone, 186–187
Surface tension, 35, 840
Surfactant, 839
Surgical neck, humerus, 250
Suspensions, 42
Suspensory ligament

breast, 1072

lens, 570

ovary, 1061

uterus, 1065–1066

Sustentacular cells.

See

Nurse

(sustentacular) cells

Sutural bone, 185, 186, 214
Suture, 214, 268, 269
Swallowing, 832, 889–890
Swallowing center, 890
Swallowing reflex, 548, 890
Sweat, 173, 1020.

See also

Perspiration

Sweet taste, 564
Sympathetic activation, 536
Sympathetic blocking agents, 556
Sympathetic chain ganglia, 533, 534
Sympathetic division, ANS, 387–388, 531

activation, 536

comparison to parasympathetic division,

543–545

functional effects, by system, 544–545

interaction with parasympathetic divi-

sion, 543–545

neurotransmitters and, 536–538

organization and anatomy, 532–536, 543

overview, 538

Sympathetic ganglion, 438
Sympathetic nerves, 438, 534, 535
Sympathetic reflexes, 548
Sympathomimetic drugs, 556
Symphysis, 268, 269
Symport, 94
Symptom, 13
Symptoms, 25
Synapse, 389–390

activity, 413

chemical, 414

cholinergic, 414–416

electrical, 414

nitroxidergic, 538

Synapsis, 1048
Synaptic cleft, 304, 390
Synaptic communication, 605
Synaptic delay, 416
Synaptic fatigue, 416

Synaptic knob, 390
Synaptic membrane, 390
Synaptic terminal, 304, 389
Synaptic vesicles, 390
Synarthrosis, 268
Synchondrosis, 268
Syncytial trophoblast

(syncytiotrophoblast), 1092

Syncytium, functional, 327
Syndesmosis, 268, 269
Syndrome of inappropriate diuretic

hormone secretion, 639

Syneresis, 676–677
Synergist (muscle), 340
Synergistic effect, hormones, 640
Synesthesia, 561
Synostosis, 268, 269
Synovial fluid, 137, 270–271
Synovial joint, 269–277

accessory structures, 271

movements, 272–277, 278

stabilization, 271–272

structure, 270–272

types, 277, 278

Synovial membranes, 137, 269
Synovial tendon sheath, 369
Synthesis, 38
Systemic anatomy, 6
Systemic arteries, 750–757
Systemic circuit, 682

arteries, 750–757

partial pressures in, 853–854

veins, 758–767

Systemic physiology, 7
Systemic veins, 758–767
Systole, 703, 704–706
Systolic pressure, 733

Tachycardia, 698, 715
Tactile corpuscles, 168, 512
Tactile discs, 168
Tactile disease, 512
Tactile receptors, 511–513
Taeniae coli, 911
Tail

epididymis, 1052

pancreas, 901

spermatozoon, 1050

thick filament, 300

Tail fold, 1098
Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot), 262, 264
Talus, 260
Tamoxifen, 1073
Tanning bed, 164
Target cells, 604
Tarsal bones, 260–261
Tarsal glands, 566
Tartar, 886
T

4

assay, 957.

See also

Thyroxine

Taste buds, 564
Taste hairs, 564
Taste pore, 564
Taste receptors, 564–565
Taste sensations, primary, 564
Tattoos, 176
Tay–Sachs disease, 425, 1118
TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, 80–81,

319, 934–935, 940

T cells, 669, 780, 782

activation, 801–804

antigen presentation, 799–800

antigen recognition, 800–802

CD4, 801, 802–803

CD8, 801

helper, 782, 798, 812, 819

inflammatory, 782

memory, 801, 802, 812

suppressor, 782, 801, 812, 819

types, 798–799

Tear gland.

See

Lacrimal gland

Tears, 567–569
Tectorial membrane, 593–594
Tectospinal tracts, 522, 523
Tectum, 474, 522

Teeth, 885–888

age-related changes, 264

dental succession, 886–887

sex differences, 263

structure, 885–886

types, 886

Teeth grinding, 226
Tegmentum, 475
Telencephalon, 462
Telodendria, 389
Telomerase, 106
Telomeres, 104
Telophase, mitosis, 103
Temperature

body.

See

Body temperature

effect on diffusion rate, 90

effect on enzymes, 57

effect on hemoglobin, 857

regulation.

See

Thermoregulation

Template strand, DNA, 84
Temporal bone, 213, 219–220
Temporalis muscle, 219, 341, 348–349
Temporal lines, inferior/superior, 219
Temporal lobe, 480, 484
Temporal processes, 225
Temporal summation, 422–423
Temporal vein, 762
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 226
Temporoparietalis muscle, 346–347,

348

Tendinous inscriptions, 340, 355–356
Tendon(s), 124, 126, 129, 271, 295
Tendon reflex, 452
Tension, 182, 303
Tensor fasciae latae muscle, 372,

373–374

Tensor tympani muscle, 587
Tensor veli palatini muscle, 350–351
Tentorium cerebelli, 464–465
Teratogens, 1113
Teres (muscle name), 341
Teres major muscle, 340, 362, 363–365
Teres minor muscle, 281, 362, 364–365
Terminal bronchioles, 837
Terminal cisternae, 298
Terminal ganglion, 539
Terminal hairs, 171
Terminal lymphatics.

See

Lymphatic

capillaries

Terminal segment, aorta, 756
Terminal web, 73

Terminologia Anatomica,

5

Tertiary bronchi, 837
Tertiary follicle, 1064
Tertiary memories, 550
Tertiary structure, protein, 54–55
Testes, 1042

descent, 1043–1044

endocrine functions, 638

histology, 1046–1047

structure, 1046

Testicular artery, 757, 1045
Testicular cancer, 1043
Testicular vein, 765
Testosterone, 617, 637, 1046

integumentary system and, 1109–1110

muscle metabolism and, 322

production, 1057–1058

structure, 51

Testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG),

654

Tetanus

complete, 314

disease, 304, 331

incomplete, 314

Tetracycline, 468
Tetrad, 1048
Tetraiodothyronine.

See

Thyroxine

Tetralogy of Fallot, 769
Tetrose, 45
Thalamic nuclei, 475–476
Thalamus, 461, 462, 475–476
Thalassemia, 657, 658, 677
Thecal cells, 1064

INDEX

Therapeutic abortion, 1104
Thermal inertia, 41
Thermoreceptors, 509, 510, 511
Thermoregulation, 14–16, 174, 957–961

blood in, 651

in burn patient, 179

disorders, 961

heat conservation, 958

heat gain/loss regulation, 958–959

heat generation, 958–959

heat transfer mechanisms, 958

hypothalamus in, 14, 15

individual variations, 960

integumentary system in, 174

muscle activity and, 322

negative feedback in, 14, 15

organ systems involved, 16

skeletal muscle and, 294

Theta waves, 488–489
Thiamine.

See

Vitamin B

1

Thiazides, 991
Thick filaments, 297, 300–301, 302
Thick segment, nephron loop, 975
Thick skin, 159, 160
Thigh.

See

Lower limb

Thin filaments, 74, 297, 300, 302
Thin segment, nephron loop, 975
Thin skin, 159
Third-class lever, 338, 339
Third-degree burn, 179
Third heart sound, 706
Third-order neuron, 514
Third trimester, 1090

changes in maternal systems, 1104

changes in uterus, 1103–1105

fetal development, 1102–1103

overview by system, 1100–1101

Third ventricle, 463
Thirst center, 478
Thoracentesis, 842
Thoracic aorta, 755
Thoracic cage, 239–242, 280
Thoracic cavity, 22–24
Thoracic curve, 231
Thoracic duct, 779, 781
Thoracic vein, internal, 762
Thoracic vertebrae, 234, 236–237
Thoracoabdominal pump.

See

Respiratory pump

Thoracodorsal nerve, 444
Thoracolumbar division, ANS.

See

Sympathetic division, ANS

Thoroughfare channel, 726
Threonine, 947
Thrombin, 675
Thrombocyte(s), 672.

See also

Platelet(s)

Thrombocyte-stimulating factor, 673
Thrombocytopenia, 672
Thrombocytopoiesis, 673
Thrombocytosis, 672
Thrombomodulin, 676
Thrombopoietin, 673
Thromboxane A

2

, 674

Thromboxanes, 607
Thrombus, 677, 684, 770, 772
Thymic (Hassall) corpuscles, 786
Thymic lobes, 786
Thymine, 58
Thymosin(s), 105, 635, 786
Thymus, 635, 637, 786–787
Thyrocervical trunk, 750, 841
Thyroglobulin, 622
Thyrohyoid muscle, 352
Thyroid-binding globulins (TBGs), 623,

654

Thyroid-binding prealbumin

(TBPA), 623

Thyroid cartilage, 620, 832
Thyroid follicles, 622–623, 627
Thyroid gland

anatomy, 620–622

C cells and calcitonin, 624

follicles, 622–623, 627

hormones.

See

Thyroidhormone(s)

Thyroid hormone(s)

functions, 623–624, 627

iodine and, 624

muscle metabolism and, 322

in normal growth, 640

regulatory control, 627

Thyroiditis, 815
Thyroid peroxidase, 623
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

606, 616, 620, 959

Thyrotoxicosis, 644
Thyrotropin.

See

Thyroid-stimulating

hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),

616, 959

Thyroxine (T

4

), 201, 202, 608, 623, 639,

957

Tibia, 259–260
Tibial artery, posterior/anterior, 757
Tibial collateral ligament, 286
Tibialis muscle, anterior/posterior,

376–377, 378

Tibial nerve, 444, 446
Tibial tuberosity, 259
Tibial vein, anterior/posterior, 764
Tic douloureux, 494, 502
Tickle sensation, 513
Tidal volume, 846, 850
Tight (occluding) junction, 114, 115
Timolol, 713
Tissue(s)

age-related changes, 143

composition of human body, 150

connective.

See

Connective tissue(s)

definition, 7, 112

epithelial.

See

Epithelium

inflammation, 142–143

membranes.

See

Membrane(s)

muscle, 138–140.

See also

Cardiac mus-

cle tissue; Skeletal muscle tissue;

Smooth muscle tissue

neural.

See

Neural tissue

regeneration, 143

response to injury, 141–143

types, 112

Tissue cholinesterase, 541
Tissue factor.

See

Factor III

Tissue organizational level, 8, 9, 112.

See

also

Tissue(s)

Tissue perfusion, 737–738
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 677,

702

Tissue repair, 795–796
Titin, 299
TMJ syndrome, 226, 242
Tolerance, immunologic, 798
Tongue, 350, 564–566, 883–884
Tonicity, 93
Tonic receptors, 509
Tonsillitis, 783, 820
Tonsils, 783–784
Tooth.

See

Teeth

Torr, 846
Total lung capacity, 851
Total peripheral resistance, 730–731,

732

Trabeculae

lymph nodes, 784

pulmonary, 838

spongy bone, 192

Trabeculae carneae, 689
Trabecular artery, 787
Trabecular bone, 188
Trabecular vein, 787
Trace elements, 30
Trachea, 834–835
Tracheal cartilages, 834
Trachealis muscle, 834
Tracheostomy, 833, 869
Tracts, CNS, 437
Traits, 1112
Transamination, 946
Transcortin, 627, 654
Transcription, 84

Transducin, 581
Transduction, 508
Trans face, cisterna, 77

Trans

fatty acids (TFAs), 49

Transferrin, 654, 659
Transfer RNA (tRNA), 86
Transfusion(s), 658, 677

compatibility testing, 664

cross-reaction, 664–665

Transfusion reaction, 662
Transitional epithelium, 118, 119, 997
Translation, 86
Translocation, 1116
Translocation defect, 1119
Transmembrane potential, 99–100,

398–400

changes in, 403

chemical gradients and, 400

electrical gradients and, 400–401

electrochemical gradients and, 401–402

overview, 403

sodium–potassium exchange pump, 402

Transplantation.

See

Organ

transplantation

Transport globulins, 654
Transport maximum (T

m

), 977–978

Transport proteins, 52.

See also

Protein(s)

Transport vesicles, 77
Transposition of great vessels, 769
Transrectal prostatic ultrasound, 1059
Transthyretin, 623, 654
Transudate, 136
Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP),

1059

Transverse (muscle name), 341
Transverse acetabular ligament, 283
Transverse arch, foot, 262
Transverse cervical nerve, 442
Transverse colon, 911
Transverse costal facets, vertebrae, 236
Transverse fibers, 472, 473
Transverse foramina, vertebrae, 234
Transverse fracture, 206
Transverse mesocolon, 877
Transverse perineal muscle, 357–358
Transverse plane, 19, 21
Transverse processes, vertebrae, 233
Transverse section, 19
Transverse sinus, 465, 762
Transverse tubules (T tubules), 297
Transversus abdominis muscle, 355–356,

847

Transversus thoracis muscle, 355–356,

847

Trapezium, 253
Trapezius muscle, 359–360, 362
Trauma.

See

Injury(ies)

Treppe, 313
Tretinoin (Retin-A), 166
TRH.

See

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Triacylglycerols.

See

Triglycerides

Triad, 298
Triaxial joint, 273
Triazolam, 551
Tricarboxylic acid cycle.

See

TCA

(tricarboxylic acid) cycle

Triceps brachii muscle, 318, 340, 365,

366–367

Trick knee, 286
Tricuspid valve, 686
Trigeminal nerve (N V), 494, 500
Trigeminal neuralgia.

See

Tic douloureux

Triglycerides

blood levels, 943

catabolism, 538, 617, 875, 919, 941

formation, 50, 633

storage, 50

structure and function, 50

Trigone, 999
Triiodothyronine (T

3

), 623

Trimesters, 1090
Triose, 45
Tripeptide, 53

Triplet code, 83, 87
Triplets, 1107
Triquetrum, 253
Trisaccharides, 916
Trisomy, 1119
Trisomy 21.

See

Down syndrome

Tritium, 29, 30
Trochanter, 187

femur, greater/lesser, 258

Trochlea, 187

humerus, 250

tibia, 260

Trochlear nerve (N IV), 493, 500
Trochlear notch, 251
Trophoblast, 1091
Tropic (trophic) hormones, 615
Tropomyosin, 300
Troponin, 300
Troponin I, 702
Troponin T, 702
True labor, 1105
True pelvis, 256
True ribs, 239
Trunk(s)

arteries, 755–757

lymphatic, 779–780

spinal nerves, 442

systemic arteries, 750

veins, 763

Trypsin, 903, 918
Trypsinogen, 903
Tryptophan, 606, 608, 947
TSH.

See

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

T tubules.

See

Transverse tubules

Tuberal nuclei, 476, 478
Tubercle, 187

humerus, greater/less, 250

pubic, 254

rib, 241

Tuberculosis, 829, 869
Tuberosity, 187

humerus, deltoid, 250

iliac, 255

ischial, 254

radial, 252

tibial, 259

d-Tubocurarine, 425
Tubular fluid, 971
Tubular glands, 123
Tubulin, 73
Tumor(s), 105, 107.

See also

Cancer

Tumor necrosis factors, 791, 813, 814
Tumor-specific antigens, 792
Tunica albuginea, 1046, 1061
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia), 720,

721

Tunica intima (tunica interna), 720, 721
Tunica media, 720, 721
Tunica vaginalis, 1045
Turbulence, 730, 732
Turner syndrome, 1119
Turnover times, 61
TURP (transurethral prostatectomy),

1059

T wave, 699
Twins, 1107
Twitch, 312–313
Two-point discrimination test, 513, 525
Tympanic cavity (middle ear), 220,

586–587

Tympanic duct, 593
Tympanic membrane, 220, 585–586
Tympanic reflex, 501
Type I fibers, 323
Type II-A fibers, 324
Type II-B fibers, 323
Type AB blood, 662–663
Type A blood, 662–663
Type A fibers, axon, 413, 510
Type B blood, 662–663
Type B fibers, axon, 413
Type C fibers, axon, 413, 510
Type O blood, 662–663
Tyrosine, 162, 606, 919

Ubiquinone, 938
Ubiquitin, 76
Ulcer, 167, 181
Ulna, 251–252
Ulnar artery, 750
Ulnar collateral artery, 750
Ulnar collateral ligament, 283
Ulnar head, 252
Ulnar nerve, 250, 444
Ulnar notch, 252
Ulnar recurrent artery, 753
Ulnar vein, 762
Ultrasound, 25
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 163
Umami, 565
Umbilical artery, 767, 999, 1098
Umbilical cord, 1098
Umbilical ligaments, middle/lateral, 999
Umbilical stalk, 1098
Umbilical vein, 767, 1098
Unconsciousness, 552
Unicellular exocrine glands, 122
Unicellular glands, 122
Uniparental disomy, 1115
Unipennate muscle, 336–337
Unipolar neurons, 390–391
Universal donors, 666
Universal recipients, 666
Unmyelinated axon, 395, 396
Unsaturated fatty acid, 48–49
Upper limbs

arteries, 752

bones, 250–254

joints, 287

muscles, 360–371

veins, 762

Upper motor neuron, 519–520
Upper respiratory system, 826, 829–831

nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses,

829–831

overview, 830

pharynx, 831

Up-regulation, 609
Uracil, 58
Urea, 907, 946, 976, 989, 996
Urea cycle, 946
Ureteral openings, 998
Ureters, 966, 997–998
Urethra, 966, 1000–1001, 1054
Urethral orifice, external, 1000
Urethral sphincter, internal/external,

357–358, 999–1000

Uric acid, 976, 996
Uridine triphosphate (UTP), 940
Urinalysis, 993, 996, 1003
Urinary bladder, 966, 998–999
Urinary obstruction, 998, 1003
Urinary retention, 1003
Urinary system

age-related changes, 1002–1003

anatomy, 968

functions, 966

integrationwithothersystems,1003–1004

introduction, 11, 966

kidney.

See

Kidney(s)

overview, 155, 968

parasympathetic effects, 545

prenatal development, 1101

smooth muscle in, 328

sympathetic effects, 545

urine transport, storage, and elimination,

997–1002

Urinary tract, 966
Urination, 548, 966, 1001–1002
Urine, 966

characteristics, 993

color, 993

composition, 993, 996

formation, 976–980

osmotic concentration, 990–992

solutes in, 976

transport, storage, and elimination,

997–1002

volume regulation, 990–991

Urobilin, 996
Urobilinogens, 658, 914
Urobilins, 659, 914
Urogastrone, 900
Urogenital diaphragm, 357–358, 1001
Urogenital triangle, 357–358
Urokinase, 702
Uterine artery, 1066
Uterine cavity, 1066
Uterine cycle

hormonal regulation, 1076, 1077

menses, 1068–1069

overview, 1068, 1069

proliferative phase, 1069

secretory phase, 1069–1070

Uterine tube, 1042, 1065
Uterine wall, 1066–1068
Uterosacral ligaments, 1065
Uterus, 1042

anatomy, 1065–1068

changes in pregnancy, 1103–1105

histology, 1068

suspensory ligaments, 1065–1066

UTP (uridine triphosphate), 940
Utricle, 588, 589, 591
Uvea, 569–571
Uvula, 883

Vaccination.

See

Immunization

Vaccine, 797, 820

mumps,885

tetanus, 315

Vagina, 1042, 1070–1071
Vaginal branches, blood vessels, 1070
Vaginal canal, 1070
Vaginal smear, 1071
Vaginitis, 1071, 1081
Vagus nerve (N X), 497–499, 500, 863
Valine, 947
Valium.

See

Diazepam

Valsalva maneuver, 741
Valves

cardiac, 690–691

lymphatic, 778–779

venous, 722, 728–729

Valvular heart disease (VHD), 690, 715
Variable segments, antibody, 805
Varicella-zoster virus, 440
Varicose veins, 729, 772
Varicosity, sympathetic, 536–537
Vasa recta, 973, 979, 993, 995
Vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF), 727

Vascular phase, hemostasis, 673–674
Vascular resistance, 731, 732
Vascular spasm, 673
Vascular tunic, 569–571
Vas deferens.

See

Ductus deferens

Vasectomy, 1081
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 909,

910

Vasoconstriction, 618, 722
Vasoconstrictors, 739
Vasodilation, 722
Vasodilators, 739
Vasomotion, 727–728
Vasomotor center, 471, 739
Vasomotor reflex, 548
Vasomotor tone, 739
Vastus intermedius muscle, 375–376
Vastus lateralis muscle, 371, 375–376
Vastus medialis muscle, 375–376
Veins, 130, 720

abdomen, 763, 765

vs. arteries, 721–722

brain, 758, 761–762

chest, 763

head and neck, 758, 761–762

hepatic portal system, 766–767

lower limbs, 764–765

pelvis, 765

structure, 720–721

systemic, 758, 760

types, 728

upper limbs, 762

valves, 728–729

Veins listed

antebrachial, 762

arcuate, 969

axillary, 762

azygos, 762

basilic, 762

brachial, 762

brachiocephalic, 762

cardiac, 687, 692–693

central retinal, 573

cephalic, 762

cerebral, 762

colic, 766, 767

cortical radiate, 969

cystic, 767

digital, 762, 764

esophageal, 762

facial, 762

femoral, 764

fibular, 764

gastric, 767

gastroepiploic, 766, 767

gluteal, 765

gonadal, 765

great cerebral, 762

great saphenous, 695, 764

hemiazygos, 762

hepatic, 765

hepatic portal, 766

ileocolic, 767

iliac, 765

inferior vena cava, 687, 762, 764

intercostal, 762

interlobar, 969

intestinal, 767

jugular, 464, 467, 762

lumbar, 765

maxillary, 762

median cubital, 653

mesenteric, 766, 767

obturator, 765

ovarian, 765, 1061

palmar, 762

pancreatic, 766

pancreaticoduodenal, 767

phrenic, 765

plantar, 764

popliteal, 764

pudendal, 765

pulmonary, 689, 749

radial, 762

rectal, 766

renal, 765, 969

sacral, 765

small saphenous, 764

splenic, 766

subclavian, 748, 762

superior vena cava, 687, 758, 762, 764

suprarenal, 765

temporal, 762

testicular, 765

thoracic, 762

tibial, 764

trabecular, 787

ulnar, 762

umbilical, 767, 1098

vertebral, 762

Vellus hairs, 171
Venipuncture, 653, 677
Venoconstriction, 729
Venous pressure, 730, 732, 734
Venous reserve, 729
Venous return, 711, 728, 734, 744
Venous valves, 722, 728–729
Ventral body cavity, 22–23
Ventral ramus, 438
Ventral respiratory group (VRG), 861
Ventral root(s), 431
Ventricle

brain, 392, 463–464

heart, 682, 689–690

Ventricular diastole, 706–707

Ventricular ejection, 705
Ventricular systole, 704–706
Venules, 720, 728
Verapamil, 713
Vermiform appendix.

See

Appendix

Vermis, 472
Vernix caseosa, 172
Versatility, immunologic, 797–798
Vertebrae, 231, 232–233

age-related changes, 264

cervical, 234–236

coccyx, 239

lumbar, 236–237

regional differences, 236

sacrum, 237–238

thoracic, 236–237

Vertebral arch, 232
Vertebral artery, 467, 750
Vertebral body, 232
Vertebral canal, 232
Vertebral column, 231–239

joints, 280

muscles, 351–354

regions, 234–239

spinal curvature, 231

vertebral anatomy, 232–233

Vertebral foramen, 232
Vertebral ribs, 241
Vertebral vein, 762
Vertebra prominens, 236
Vertebrates, 2
Vertebrochondral ribs, 241
Vertebrosternal ribs, 239
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs),

944

Vesicles

brain, 462

definition, 96

Vesicouterine pouch, 1060
Vesicular transport, 96–98
Vestibular branch, vestibulocochlear

nerve, 496, 589

Vestibular complex, 588
Vestibular duct, 593
Vestibular folds, 833
Vestibular ganglia, 589
Vestibular glands, greater/lesser, 1071
Vestibular ligaments, 833
Vestibular nuclei, 414, 496, 522, 589
Vestibule, 345

female external genitalia, 1071

inner ear, 588

nasal, 829

oral cavity, 882

Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), 496,

500, 589, 597–598

Vestibulo-ocular reflexes, 501
Vestibulospinal tracts, 522, 523, 592
Viagra, 1078
Villi, 1092
Villikinin, 909
Virus(es), 811, 820
Visceral epithelium, 974
Visceral motor neurons, 392
Visceral motor system.

See

Autonomic

nervous system

Visceral pericardium, 24, 684
Visceral peritoneum, 877, 1061
Visceral pleura, 24, 841
Visceral portion, serous membrane, 136
Visceral reflex(es), 450, 547–549
Visceral reflex arc, 547
Visceral sensory neurons, 391
Visceral sensory pathways, 519
Visceral smooth muscle cells, 330
Visceral smooth muscle tissue, 880
Viscosity, 731, 732
Visible Human Project, 7
Vision, 508

accommodation, 575–576

accommodation problems, 577

age-related changes, 576

image reversal, 576, 578

light and dark adaptation, 583

INDEX

Vision

(continued)

refraction, 575

visual acuity, 576

visual pathways, 583–585

visual physiology, 578–582

Visual acuity, 576
Visual association area, 485
Visual axis, eye, 571
Visual cortex, 484
Visual pathways, 583–585
Visual pigments, 578–579
Vital capacity, 851
Vitamin(s)

absorption, 921

fat-soluble, 921, 953–954

water-soluble, 921, 954–955

Vitamin A

bone growth and, 201

deficiency/excess, 954

functions in human body, 954

recommended daily intake, 954

in visual physiology, 579

Vitamin B

1

, 955

Vitamin B

2

, 955

Vitamin B

5

, 914, 955

Vitamin B

6

, 946

Vitamin B

12

absorption, 661, 893

bone growth and, 201

deficiency/excess, 661, 955

functions in human body, 955

recommended daily intake, 955

Vitamin C, 955
Vitamin D, 636
Vitamin D

3

, 165, 201, 636

Vitamin deficiency disease, 954
Vitamin E, 954
Vitamin K

absorption in large intestine, 913

in blood clotting, 676

bone growth and, 201

deficiency/excess, 914, 954

functions in human body, 954

recommended daily intake, 954

Vitamin toxicity, 954
Vitiligo, 163
Vitrectomy, 571
Vitreous body, 573–574
Vitreous chamber, 569
Vocal cords, 83
Vocal folds, 833
Vocal ligaments, 833
Volatile acid, 1023
Volt (V), 99
Voltage-gated channels, 403–404
Volume depletion, 1020
Volume of packed red cells (VPRC), 655
Vomer, 213, 224
Vulva, 1071

Wadlow, Robert, 202
Wallerian degeneration, 397–398
Wandering macrophages.

See

Free

macrophages

Waste products

concentration, 16

processing in large intestine, 914

Water

absorption, 920

allocation of losses, 1016

balance, 1016.

See also

Fluid balance

digestive secretion and absorption, 920

distribution of gains, 1016–1017

facultative reabsorption, 991

functions, 61

in human body, 41

metabolic generation, 1016

properties, 41

reabsorption at nephron loop, 986

reabsorption at proximal convoluted

tubule, 985

reabsorption in collecting system, 989

reabsorption in large intestine, 913

in solutions, 41–42

structure, 35, 36

weight loss and, 1017

Water channels (aquaporins), 93, 991
Water depletion.

See

Dehydration

Water excess, 1017
“Water follows salt,” 1014
Water intoxication, 1017
Water receptors, 565
Water-soluble vitamins, 921, 954–955
Water vapor, 852
Wavelength, 594
Wave summation, 313–314
WBCs.

See

White blood cells

Weak acid, 44, 1023
Weak base, 44, 1023
Weaning, 1109
Weight loss, water and, 1017
Wernicke area, 486
Wharton ducts, 884
Wharton’s jelly, 126–127
Whiplash, 234, 242
White blood cells (WBCs), 130, 651, 666

abundance, 666

circulation and movement, 666–667

differential count, 669

production, 669, 672

types, 652, 667–669

in urine, 996

White column, posterior/anterior/lateral,

437

White fat, 127
White matter, 395

cerebellum, 473

cerebrum, 481–482

medulla oblongata, 471

mesencephalon, 474

pons, 471

spinal cord, 437

White muscle, 324
White muscle fibers, 323
White pulp, spleen, 787
White ramus, 438, 534
Whole blood, 651
Wisdom teeth, 887
Withdrawal reflexes, 452–453
Work, 36
Wormian bone, 185, 186, 214
Wright stain, 666

X chromosome, 1116
Xerosis, 161
Xiphoid process, 242
X-linked characteristics, 1117
X-rays, 25

Yamaguchi, Kristi, 262
Y chromosome, 1116
Yellow bone marrow, 185, 192, 660
Yolk sac, 1094
Yolk stalk, 1095

Zinc, 953
Z line, 299
Zoloft, 417
Zona fasciculata, 628–629, 630
Zona glomerulosa, 627–628, 630
Zona pellucida, 1064
Zona reticularis, 29, 630
Zone of overlap, 298
Zostavax, 440
Zygomatic arch, 220
Zygomatic bone, 213, 224–225
Zygomaticofacial foramen, 225, 227
Zygomatic process, 220
Zygomaticus major muscle, 346–347
Zygomaticus minor muscle, 346–347