Index
Abrams, Burton, 101 5. See also Ascal institutions
ADA vote ratings. See political and rules
ideology budgets, state
Aizenman, Joshua, 42, 44 convergence in expenditures, 85,
Alesina, Alberto, 151n. 1 88 91, 95, 123 27
Alt, James, 100, 151n. 7 determinants of, 85, 88, 95, 96,
103 13, 116 18, 152n. 7
balanced budget rules, 4, 73, 99 100, major spending components of,
105 7, 110 17, 131, 133, 140, 102 3, 119 27, 128 37, 152n. 1
149n. 4. See also Ascal institu- size and growth of expenditures,
tions and rules 82 95, 96, 140, 150n. 2
Barro, Robert J., 27, 28, 29, 74, uncertainty in (see budgets, state,
145n. 5 volatility in)
Benson, Bruce, 147n. 11, 148n. 1 volatility in, 4, 96, 99, 103 9,
Bernanke, Ben S., 42 111 12, 113 18, 127, 130 33,
Berry, William D., 152n. 3 138, 141, 151n. 2
Besci, Zsolt, 57, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, budgets, U.S., 82 85, 95, 102, 140
146n. 6, 147n. 11, 148nn. 1, 3, 12,
149n. 4 Canjels, Eugene, 143n. 5
Besley, Timothy, 71, 115 Canto, V., 147n. 11, 148n. 1
biennial budgeting. See budget Carter, John, 100
cycles Case, Anne, 115
Black, Fischer, 43 Caselli, Francesco, 144 45n. 4
block grants, multiyear, 140 Chin, Y. D., 147n. 11, 148n. 1,
Bohn, Henning, 99, 151n. 7 149n. 4
Brealey, Richard A., 145n.1 Coleman, Wilbur John, 144 45n. 4
Buchanan, James M., 145n. 7 COPE vote ratings. See political
budgetary planning, efAciency in, ideology
96 98, 140 41 Crain, Nicole V., 152n. 7
budgetary process, 3, 4, 64 65, 97, Crain, W. Mark, 101, 102, 145n. 4,
99, 102, 140. See also Ascal 148n. 1, 151nn. 6, 7
institutions and rules
budget cycles, 4, 102 3, 105 7, 109, Dawson, John W., 44, 145n. 2
112 14, 116, 131, 133, 140, 151n. Dewey, Davis R., 146n. 1
163
164 Index
Dougan, William, 101 Ascal policy, 30, 73, 96, 100, 118, 138,
Dye, Thomas, 147n. 11, 148n. 1 149. See also Ascal institutions
and rules
Easterly, William, 29, 143n. 5 Fording, Richard C., 152n. 3
economic performance, state
comparisons of growth rates, Garrett, Elizabeth, 151n. 4
10 17 Genetski, R. J., 147n. 11, 148n. 1,
comparisons of living standards, 149n. 4
16, 18 24 Gilligan, Thomas, 117, 151n. 7
convergence and divergence in, Gold, Steven D., 149n. 1
3, 25 29, 64, 138, 144n. 1, Goss, E. P., 148n. 1
144 45n. 4, 145n. 5 Grier, Kevin, 32, 43
determinants of, 43 49, 57, 64 72,
139, 145n. 4, 146n. 8, 148n. 1 Hall, Robert, 145n. 2
effect on state expenditures, Hanson, Russell L., 152n. 3
103 5, 111, 117 Helms, L. Jay, 147n. 11, 148nn. 1, 3
effect on state revenues and highway spending by state govern-
taxes, 112 16 ments, 119 28, 130 34, 136 37
interaction with tax and expendi- Holcombe, Randall G., 149n. 1
ture limitations, 111 13, 115, Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, 100
117
measures of, 10 23, 32 42, 47, 48, ideology. See political ideology
82, 85, 143n. 1 increasing returns, 29, 30
unemployment rates, 103 5, 128, Inman, Robert, 99, 151n. 7
152n. 7 item veto, 4, 100 101, 105 7, 111,
volatility in, 3, 24, 31 49, 138, 141, 113 16, 131, 133, 140, 151n. 4.
146nn. 7 9 See also Ascal institutions and
education levels, impact on eco- rules
nomic performance, 33, 34, 46,
48, 49. See also budgets, state, Johnson, Ronald N., 147n. 11,
determinants of 148n. 1
education spending by state govern- Jones, Charles, 145n. 2
ments, 119 28, 130 34, 136 37,
150n. 1 Kearns, Paula, 102 3, 112
Eichengreen, Barry J., 101, 111 Knight, Brian, 102
Elder, Harold, 101 Koester, Reinhard B., 57, 58, 64,
electronic commerce, 140 146n. 6, 147n. 11, 148nn. 1, 3
excess burden of taxation, 74 Kormendi, Roger, 32, 43, 44, 57, 58,
expenditures, state government. See 64, 146n. 6, 147n. 11, 148nn. 1, 3
budgets, state Krause, George A., 151n. 2
Krehbeil, Keith, 117
Ascal institutions and rules, 4, 96, Krooss, Herman E., 146n. 1
99 103, 105 18, 130 31, 140 41, Krugman, Paul, 29
149n. 3 Kydland, Finn E., 74
Index 165
Lambros, Louis, 43 levels and growth in, 33, 34, 45,
lame ducks, 114 15, 152nn. 8, 11 48, 49, 152n. 7
Landes, William, 151n. 6 residing in urban areas, 33, 34, 45,
Lee, Katherine J., 145n. 4, 148n. 1 48, 49, 128, 130
Levinson, Arik, 145n. 5, 149n. 4 pork barrel politics, 102
Lowry, Robert C., 100, 151n. 7 Posner, Richard, 151n. 6
Lucas, Robert E., 74 Poterba, James, 100, 117, 151n. 1,
151n. 7
Mankiw, Gregory, 144n. 2 Prescott, Edward C., 74
Marion, Nancy, 42, 44 Pritchett, Lant, 144n. 2
Matsusaka, John G., 151n. 7 public welfare spending. See welfare
McGuire, Phillip, 32, 43, 44, 147n. spending by state governments
11, 148n. 1
mean-variance criterion, 1, 2, 3, 31, Ramey, Garey, 32, 34, 43, 44, 145nn.
47, 48, 96, 138, 140 2, 5, 146n. 8
Miller, James C., 101, 102 Ramey, Valerie, 32, 34, 43, 44, 145nn.
Mirman, Leonard, 43 2, 5, 146n. 8
Moore, Geoffrey, 43 Rebelo, Sergio, 29, 143n. 5
Mullen, J. K., 57, 62, 64, 70, 147nn. 6, Reuben, Kim, 101
7, 11, 148nn. 1, 3, 149n. 4 revenues, government, 48, 50. See
Myers, Stewart C., 145n. 1 also revenues, state govern-
ment; taxes, state
Nardinelli, Clark, 147n. 11, 148n. 1 revenues, state government. See also
neoclassical growth model, 29, 30, taxes, state
138, 144n. 1 major sources of, 50 51
reliability (see revenues, state
Perotti, Roberto, 151n. 1 government, volatility in)
Phillips, J. M., 148n. 1 volatility in, 3, 4, 73, 139, 149n. 4,
Pindyck, Robert S., 42 150n. 5
Plaut, T. R., 147n. 11, 148n. 1 Ringquist, Evan J., 152n. 3
Pluta, J. E., 147n. 11, 148n. 1 risk-return. See mean-variance
police and corrections spending by criterion
state governments, 119 28, Romans, T., 147n. 11, 148n. 1
130 34, 136 37, 152n. 1 Romer, Christina, 145n. 5, 149n. 4
political ideology, 4, 119, 127 37, Romer, David, 144n. 2
152n. 3, 153nn. 4, 6 Romer, Paul, 29
political partisanship, 100, 152n. 3 Rosen, Harvey, 71
population, state, 33, 34, 45, 46 47,
48, 49, 128. See also budgets, Sala-i-Martin, X., 27, 145n. 5
state, determinants of; eco- Schap, David, 100
nomic performance, state, de- Shadbegian, Ronald J., 101, 111, 117
terminants of Smith, Adam, 73, 149n. 1
age distribution of, 33, 34, 45, 48, Sobel, Russell S., 149n. 1
49, 130 Stephenson, E. Frank, 44, 145n. 2
166 Index
Stokey, N. L., 74 volatility in, 73 81, 139, 149n. 1,
Studenski, Paul, 146n. 1 149 50n. 4
Subrahmanyam, G., 147n. 11, term limits, 152n. 11. See also lame
148n. 1 ducks
supermajority voting requirements, Tollison, Robert D., 157
102, 105 7, 111, 113, 114, Tullock, Gordon, 32, 43
115 16, 131, 133. See also Ascal
institutions and rules United States
economic slowdown, 5 9, 24
tax and expenditure limitations, 4, economy (see United States,
101, 105 7, 111 12, 113 17, 131, income)
133, 140. See also Ascal institu- federal expenditures and rev-
tions and rules enues, 65, 140
taxes, state. See also revenues, state income, 1, 2, 5, 6, 12, 24, 43
government income volatility, 42 43, 145n. 5
average tax rates, estimates of, standard of living (see United
57 63, 146n. 5, 148n. 12 States, income)
composition of, 50 54, 63, 139,
146n. 2, 150n. 5 Von Hagen, Juergen, 151n. 1
convergence in, 54 57, 63
corporate taxes, 50 57 Wallace, Miles S., 147n. 11, 148n. 1
diversiAcation of, 77 80 Wallis, John Joseph, 146n. 1
economic consequences of, 64 72 Wasylenko, M. J., 147n. 11, 148n. 1
income taxes, 4, 50 57, 71, 139, Watson, Mark W., 29, 143n. 5
147n. 7 Webb, R. I., 147n. 11, 148n. 1
interdependency among states, 66 Webber, Carolyn, 137
marginal tax rates, estimates of, Weil, D., 144n. 2
57 63, 147n. 10, 148nn. 2, 12, Wei Yu, 147n. 11, 148n. 1
149n. 6 welfare spending by state govern-
progressivity or regressivity ments, 119 28, 130 34, 136 37,
of, 1, 4, 57, 62 64, 147n. 8, 152n. 1
148nn. 3, 12 Wildavsky, Aaron, 137
reliability of (see taxes, state, Williams, M., 57, 62, 64, 70, 147nn. 6,
volatility in) 7, 11, 148nn. 1, 3, 149n. 4
sales taxes, 3, 50 57, 71, 139, 140,
147n. 7, 149n. 6 Yoon, Yong, 145n. 7
stability of (see taxes, state,
volatility in) Zarnowitz, Victor, 43