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17
16 18
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2. K?>;=8B5 420 ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE ?5@542865=8O 2?5@54, 70
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5 701K209B5 <5=OBL AB>9:C.
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45°
19 20
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(@8A. 23). @>4>;60O 2K?>;=OBL 783703>>1@07=K9 H03, A45;09B5 =5
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=NN ?5@54=NN AB>9:C.
21 22
45°
23
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845B5 2?5@54. 5>1E>48<> 2K?>;=OBL 4> 100 ?5@542865=89 70 B@5
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?@O<>;8=59=KE 0B0:, 0 B0:65 8A?>;L7>20BL A:@CG820=85 2 154@0E 4;O
CA8;5=8O C40@>2 @C:>9.
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2?@02>, ?@8=8<0O ;52>AB>@>==NN D@>=B0;L=CN 1>:>2CN AB>9:C
(@8A. 25). "5?5@L 20< =5>1E>48<> A>25@H8BL ?>2>@>B 2;52> A B5<,
GB>1K ?@8=OBL ?@02>AB>@>==NN D@>=B0;L=CN AB>9:C. ;O MB>3> =5
>1E>48<> A=0G0;0 @0725@=CBL ?@02CN AB>?C =0 90° 2;52>, ?@8=8<0O
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4=>2@5<5==> 2;52> ?>2>@0G8205BAO 8 :>@?CA. K ?@8=O;8 ?@02>
AB>@>==NN 1>:>2CN D@>=B0;L=CN AB>9:C (@8A. 26). "5?5@L A>25@-
24 25 26
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=5A:>;L:> A5:C=4 2 AB>9:0E, ?@>25@OO ?@028;L=>ABL 8E ?@8=OB8O.
>2>@>BK 2K?>;=O9B5 A=0G0;0 <54;5==>, =5 A?5H0. !> 2@5<5=5<
<>6=> 1C45B C25;8G8BL 1KAB@>BC ?>2>@>B>2. 5:><5=4C5BAO 2 45=L
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5@542865=85 A<5=>9 AB>9:8
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28
27
48B5 ?@02CN AB>?C : I8:>;>B:5 ;52>9 =>38 8, =5 >AB0=02;820OAL, ?5
@5<5AB8B5 55 2?@02>, AB02O =0 75<;N (@8A. 28). 5@5=5A8B5 F5=B@ BO
65AB8 =0 ?@02CN =>3C, ;52CN AB>=C ?>4BO=8B5 : I8:>;>B:5 ?@02>9
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4=NN AB>9:C (@8A. 29). "5?5@L 2K?>;=8B5 ?5@542865=85 87 ;52>AB>
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?>@O4:5. 0 B@5=8@>2:C ?>2B>@8B5 =5 <5=55 100 @07.
29
;O >B@01>B:8 2A5E 284>2 ?5@542865=89 F5;5A>>1@07=> 8A?>;L
7>20BL >BO3>I5=85, ?@8:@5?;O5<>5 : I8:>;>B:0< =>3.
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7=0=88 MB>3> C40@0.
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;0: 42830;AO 24>;L F5=B@0;L=>9 ;8=88 (@8A. 33). 520O @C:0 >B2>
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5< 18F5?A0, 4>;6=K <0:A8<0;L=> =0?@OGLAO ( @8A. 32).
30
31
A=>2=K5 <><5=BK
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;O5BAO.
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32 33
I. 0=5A5=85 C40@>2 2 2>74CE.
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@020O @C:0 >B2>48BAO : 3@C48. #40@ A>?@>2>6405BAO ?>2>@>B>< B5;0
35
34
36
37
45° 45°
2?@02> =0 45°. K 4>;6=K ?@8=OBL ;52>AB>@>==NN 1>:>2CN D@>=
B0;L=CN AB>9:C (@8A. 36). "5?5@L =0=5A8B5 C40@ ?@02>9 @C:>9, A>25@
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E@>==>ABLN 2K?>;=O5<KE 42865=89. >2>@>B :>@?CA0 8 C40@ 4>;6
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2>@0G820OAL =0 45° 2;52> 8, ?@8=8<0O ?@02>AB>@>==85 1>:>2K5
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39). 0B5< ?0@B=5@K >4=>2@5<5==> @072>@0G820NBAO 2?@02> =0 90° 8
2K?>;=ONB C40@ >C C= 'C9 ;52>9 @C:>9 (@8A. 40, 41). @>4>;
609B5 2K?>;=OBL C?@06=5=85, =0=>AO C40@K ?@02>9 8 ;52>9 @C:>9.
39
38
40
41
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53 54
55 56
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58 59
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704 (@8A. 68, 69).
45° 45° 45°
45° 45° 45°
61 63
62
45°
45°
45°
45° 45°
45°
64 66
65
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45° 45° 45°
45° 45°
135
136
134
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1
1
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?@8=8<0O ;52>AB>@>==NN 1>:>2CN D@>=B0;L=CN AB>9:C. 4=>2@5
<5==> A ?>2>@>B>< ?@020O @C:0 2K?>;=O5B 1;>: 0= !0C, 0 ;520O =0
=>A8B C40@ >C C= 'C9 (@8A. 142). 5@=8B5AL 2 8AE>4=>5 ?>;>65
=85, ?><5=O2 ?>;>65=85 @C: (@8A. 143). >25@=8B5AL 2;52> =0 45°,
?@8=8<0O ?@02>AB>@>==NN 1>:>2CN D@>=B0;L=CN AB>9:C. 4=>2@5
<5==> A ?>2>@>B>< ?@020O @C:0 =0=>A8B C40@ >C C= 'C9, 0 ;520O
2K?>;=O5B 1;>: 0= !0C.
45° 45° 45°
45° 45° 45°
141 143
142
>2B>@8B5 C?@06=5=85 ?> 20 @07, @072>@0G820OAL 2?@02> 8 2;52>.
4=>2@5<5==>ABL 70I8BK 8 0B0:8 405B 1>;LH5 H0=A>2 =0 ?>15
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144
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=O5B 1;>: 0= !0C, 0 ;520O =0=>A8B C40@ >C C= 'C9 (@8A. 147).
145 146
1
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2>AB>@>==59 AB>9:5. K?>;=82 8-10 ?5@5<5I5=89, @0725@=8B5AL =0
180°, ?@8<8B5 ?@02>AB>@>==NN ?5@54=NN AB>9:C 8 ?>2B>@8B5 :><
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150
151 152
2
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153
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7 8AE>4=>3> ?>;>65=8O (@8A. 154) 1KAB@> ?5@5<5AB8B5AL 2?5
@54, =0:@K20O A2>59 ?@02>9 @C:>9 2KAB02;5==CN 2?5@54 ;52CN @C:C
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154
155
156
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=0=>A8B C40@ >C C= 'C9 (@8A. 160). 0==0O :><18=0F8O 2K?>;-
45° 45° 45° 45°
45°
45°
157 159
158
160
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?@8=8<0O ?@02>AB>@>==NN ?5@54=NN AB>9:C. 4=>2@5<5==> A ?5@5
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162
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164
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165
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@8B5 ?> 20 @07, ?>2>@0G820OAL 2?@02> 8 2;52>.
45° 45° 45°
45° 45°
45°
1
2
166 168
167
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2
169
1
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171
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1
172 173
1
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174
175 176
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178
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180
45° 45°
181 182
183
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