Sustainable Energy and Efficient Use
of Energy Resources
Biomass / Biogas Cogeneration Systems
Piotr Lampart
Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk
ENERGY WEEK, Brussels, 22-26 March 2010
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN POLAND
transportation  150 TWh/yr,
heat  250 TWh/yr,
electric energy  140 TWh/yr, 2010
ELECTRIC POWER INSTALLED
35 GW 2010
OPPORTUNITIES FOR POWER GROWTH IN POLAND
modernisation of coal-fired plants  15-25 GW,
nuclear power  5-10 GW,
wind power (land/off shore)  5-15 GW,
biomass - 5-8 GW,
until yr 2030.
Biomass energy sector
Burning of biomass for heat production.
Also cogeneration of heat and electric energy
1 mln ha of willow primary energy 125 TWh/yr
at growing potential 25 ton/(ha yr), energetic value 18MJ/kg
Final energy: electric - 20 TWh, heat  90 TWh
Gasification of green plants, food / agriculture
industry waste, municipal waste, sewage.
Cogeneration of heat and electric energy
1 mln ha of corn primary energy 50 TWh/yr
at fermentation potential 5000 m3 CH4 /(ha yr), energetic value 36MJ/m3
Final energy: electric - 17 TWh, heat  30 TWh
Fermentation potential of organic waste  over 2 mld m3 / yr
BIOGAS STATIONS
Source: Host BV
OPPORTUNITIES
integrated systems of production of electric energy and heat,
cogeneration displaced to a location of heat demand,
biogas purified, upgraded and supplied to gas network
SMALL SCALE COGENERATION
Cogeneration cycle
for piston spark/diesel engine
Good points:
" High efficiency of electric energy production, also for part-load conditions,
" Quick start-up to nominal load,
" Possibility of operation in places located far from transmission lines and as emergency
systems,
" A variety of used fuels,
" Relatively low investment costs.
SMALL SCALE COGENERATION
based on gas turbines
Capstone 65 kW
Good / weak points of gas turbine cogeneration systems:
- long life expectancy,
- low maintanance requirements,
- quick start-up to nominal value,
- efficiency less by a few % than for piston engines,
- relatively high investment costs.
Organic Rankine Cycle Modules
freeze
Microturbine
Electric energy
receivers
ORC
90°C
Generator
biomass
Multi-fuel burner
hot water
Heat receivers
biogas
Low-boiling
Thermal
medium
oil
Advantages
Possibility to use low-temperature heat sources,
Possibility to use biomass and biogas,
50°C
Possibility to utilise recovery heat,
Modular construction,
Possibility of trigeneration
ORC
Cogeneration unit with ORC;
E  evaporator, TV  steam turbine, C  condenser, G  generator.
For individual customers For communal energy centres
Heat capacity 1000 kW
Heat capacity 20 kW
Electric power 200 kW
Electric power 4 kW
Now: modernisation of heat stations
Heat receivers
coal
biomass
Future: poligeneration mCHP ORC
electric energy
biomass
heat
biogas reactior
freeze
Combined cycle cogeneration systems:
piston engine + ORC system (top) ; gas turbine + ORC system (bottom);
electric efficiency production 40-50%
Complex poligeneration system
Micro CHP station
Source: D. Kardaś, E. Ihnatowicz, S. Bykuć
Multifuel burner and thermal oil tank Evaporator
Efficiencies:
electric energy 20%
overall efficiency 80%
Heat capacity 30kW
Max temperature 250C
Coil tube 40l
12
12
5  stage axial flow turbine
Source: K. Kosowski
- partial admission, - pressure drop from 16 to 1.8 bar
- 8 000 rev/min, - temperature drop from 150 to 90o C
TURBOGENERATOR (2-stage radial/axial turbine)
Source: Z. Kozanecki
TURBINE
ACTIVE AXIAL
GAS BEARINGS
MAGNETIC
+GENERATOR
BEARING
axial turbine inertia stress at 50000 rpm
radial turbine inertia stress at 50000 rpm
ACTIVE MAGNETIC THRUST BEARING TEST RIG
Source: Z. Kozanecki
characteristics of the active
magnetic thrust bearing
magnetic flux density at load 200 N
inertia stresses at 65000 rpm
Hybrid RES
Energy production systems that draw on
two or more energy sources
Good points:
- Overcome shortages of single source,
- Guarantee continuous supply,
- Guarantee less fuel consumption and emissions,
- HYRES promote RES.
Examples:
" wind turbine / PV / battery,
" wind turbine / compressor /
compressed air tank / gas turbine,
" wind turbine / PV / diesel engine / battery,
" PV / PEM,
" wind farm / hydro pumped-storage,
" spark engine / electric engine,
" solar panels / ground heat store /
heat pump / air-conditioning,
" solar panels / biomass boiler.
Source: Ashikaga Inst.Tech.
Innovation at IMP PAN  patent application
Source: P. Doerffer
" Main interest 1 - 3 kW
" Customer tailored 10  15 kW
W I N D
" Vertical axis
" Counter-rotating drums
" Upwind elements covered.
Hybrid systems:
photovoltaic + wind turbine + low-head hydro turbine
+ fuel cells + energy store
Low-head hydro turbine
Electric energy receivers
Solar air-conditioning
Photovoltaic
moduls
Low-temperature
Fuel cells PEM
Electric power 8 KW
Heat power 3 KW
Heat receivers
Wind turbine
WIND
Electric energy
8KW
storage and
Compressed air
conversion
store
3 KW
hydrogen
High Temperature
Fuel Cell SOFC (800°C)
Biogas reactor
oxygen
Biomethane
Production of H2
O2
Energy store
hydrogen + oxygen
HEATING /
CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS
solar collector  ground heat store 
 heat pump  air conditioning
Source: D. Butrymowicz
Qused
Qexcess
Heat pump
Ground heat store
Advantages:
- storing surplus heat in groung store,
- heat consumed by a ground heat pump;
- consumption of surplus heat by air-conditioning.
90oC
95oC
10oC
35oC
COP = 0.3÷0.6
Solar air-conditioning at IMPPAN.
Source: D. Butrymowicz