Latin Grammar
®
BarCharts, Inc. WORLD S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE
REVISED
Summary of Latin Grammar
THE LATIN NUMERALS ORDINALS CAPITALIZATION
ALPHABET
0 nihil XX 20 viginti
20th vicen- Only the first word in a sentence and
1st primus, a, um
I 1 unus,a,um XXI 21 viginti unus, a, um proper nouns are capitalized. The capi-
7 septem
Latin does not have silent letters. The
simus, a, um
II 2 duo, duae, duo XXII 22 viginti duo, duae, duo talization can be used to emphasize:
Roman pronunciation of the alphabet 2nd secundus, a, um
III 3 tres,tria XXX 30 triginta
and the most common diphthongs are Urbs (the city), with a capital letter,
3rd tertius, a, um
IV 4 quattuor XXXI 31 triginta unus, a, um
as follows: means Rome.
6th sextus,a,um
4th quartus, a, um
V 5 quinque XXXII 32 triginta duo, duae, duo
a uh k k
4 quattuor
-
a ah l l VI 6 sex XL 40 quadraginta
5th quintus, a, um
ae eye m m VII 7 septem L 50 quinquaginta
CASE SYSTEM
6th sextus, a, um
au ow n n VIII 8 octo LX 60 sexaginta
b b o aw IX 9 novem LXX 70 septuaginta 7th septimus, a, um
1 0 t hMost Latin words are on a case system.
-
8 octo
c k/s o oh X 10 decem LXXX 80 octoginta
Each of the six cases defines the func-
8th octavus, a, um
decimus,a,um
d d p p
XI 11 undecim XC 90 nonaginta tion of a particular noun, pronoun, or
CASE
9th nonus, a, um
e eh qu kw
XII 12 duodecim C 100 centum adjective in a sentence. Each case is rec-
-
e ay r r
XIII 13 tredecim CC 200 ducenti, ae, a ognized by its ending.
10th decimus, a, um
f ef s ss
XIV 14 quattuordecim CCC 300 trecenti, ae, a Nominative: subject
SYSTEM
10 decem
11th undecimus, a, um
5 t h
g g (as in good) t t
XV 15 quindecim CCCC 400 quadringenti, ae, a Genitive: possession/origin/quality
h h (as in hotel) u/v w quintus,a,um
20th vicensimus, a, um
XVI 16 sedecim M 1,000 mille Dative: indirect object
i ih x ks
XVII 17 septendecim MM 2,000 duo milia Accusative: direct object
- 30th trecensimus, a, um
i ee z ts 9 novem
XVIII 18 duodeviginti 1,000,000 decies centena milia Ablative: prepositional object
i/j y 100th centensimus, a, um
XIX 19 undeviginti 2,000,000 viginti centena milia Vocative: direct address
Third Declension (-i stems) is also used for a small but
In nominative cases, the personal pronouns are only used to
WORD ORDER
important class of nouns. A thorough grammar should be
emphasize the subject. Most of the time, the personal pro-
Latin word order allows more freedom than most languages.
consulted for rules for this class.
nouns are included in the verb form.
For example, in English, the following sentence: Peter hits
Masculine & Feminine Neuter
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Paul cannot change its word order without changing its mean-
civis, civis (m) (the citizen) mare, maris (the sea)
Sing.
WORD ORDER
ing. The same Latin sentence: Petrus verberat Paulum may Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
(he, him) (she, her) (it)
Nom. is ea id
have the following word order without changing its meaning:
Nom. civis cives mare maria
Gen. eius eius eius
- - -
Paulum verberat Petrus, or even: Petrus Paulum verberat.
Gen. civis civium maris marium
Dat. ei ei ei
- -
Dat. civi civibus mari maribus
Acc. eum eam id
Acc. civem cives mare maria - - -
Abl. eo ea eo
-
NOUNS Abl. cive civibus mari maribus
Masc. Fem. Neut.
There are five declensions. A Latin word is identified with This is the general rule; there are a few exceptions.
Plur.
its declension by its genitive case. For this reason, a noun is
(they, them) (they, them) (they, them)
- (ii)
-
always presented with the nominative and genitive case: Fourth Declension (u-decl.), in most cases, is used for
Nom. ei eae ea
rosa, ae; dominus, i. masculine nouns and neuter nouns.
Gen. eorum earum eorum
- - - - - -
Dat. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis)
NOTE: The vocative, except in the second declension, is
Masculine Neuter
Acc. eos eas ea
- -
always the same as the nominative.
exercitus, us (the army) cornu, us (the wing of - - - - - -
Abl. eis (iis) eis (iis) eis (iis)
an army)
First declension (a-decl.), in most cases, is used for femi-
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
nine nouns.
Possessive Pronouns
-
Nom. exercitus exercitus cornu cornua
Sing. rosa, rosae (f.) Plur. - -
Gen. exercitus exercituum cornus cornuum
Possessive pronouns have the same terminations as the
-
(the rose)
-
Dat. exercitui exercitibus cornu cornibus
adjectives of the first and second declensions. They are not
Nom. rosa rosae
-
Acc. exercitum exercitus cornu cornua
used when the owner is obvious.
-
Gen. rosae rosarum
- -
-
Abl. exercitu exercitibus cornu cornibus
meus, mea, meum my, mine
Dat. rosae rosis
- tuus, tua, tuum your, yours
Acc. rosam rosas
-
- Fifth Declension (e-decl.) is mainly used for feminine nouns.
suus, sua, suum his, her, its, their, theirs
Abl. rosa rosis
noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours
Voc. rosa rosae
Feminine
vester, vestra, vestrum your, yours
Second Declension (o-decl.), in most cases, is used for
Sing. res, rei (f.) Plur.
masculine and neuter nouns.
Reflexive Pronouns
(the thing)
- -
Masculine Neuter Nom. res res
Their declension is the same as the personal pronoun,
-
-
dominus, i (the master) templum, i (the temple)
Gen. rei rerum
except that they have no nominative.
-
-
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Dat. rei rebus
First person: mei of myself
-
Acc. rem res
-
Second person: tui of yourself, thyself
Nom. dominus domini templum templa - -
Abl. re rebus
-
- - Third person: sui of himself, herself, itself
Gen. domini dominorum templi templorum
- -
- Sing. Plur.
Dat. domino dominis templo templis
Gen. sui sui
Acc. dominum dominos templum templa
- -
-
Dat. sibi sibi
Abl. domino dominis templo templis
- -
Acc. se or sese se or sese
Voc. domine domini templum templa
- -
PRONOUNS
Abl. se or sese se or sese
Third Declension (consonant decl.) is used for masculine,
Personal Pronouns
feminine and neuter nouns.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Masculine & Feminine Neuter Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Sing. Plur.
consul, is (m.) (the consul) fulgur, is (the thunder)
(I, me) (we, us) (you) (you)
(this) (these)
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. ego nos tu vos
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
-
-
Gen. mei nostrum tui vestrum
-
Nom. hic haec hoc hi hae haec
Nom. consul consules fulgur fulgura
- - -
(nostri) (vestri)
Gen. consulis consulum fulguris fulgurum Gen. huius huius huius horum harum horum
- -
- PRONOUNS -
Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis
Dat. consuli consulibus fulguri fulguribus Dat. huic huic huic his h-s h-s
i i
- - -
- -
Acc. consulem consules fulgur fulgura Acc. me nos te vos -
Acc. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
- - - -
- - - -
Abl. consule consulibus fulgure fulguribus
Abl. me nobis te vobis Abl. hoc hac hoc his his his
1
NOUNS
PRONOUNS
NOUNS
(Pronouns continued)
Sing. Plur.
ARTICLES ADVERBS
(that of yours) (those of yours)
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
There are no articles in Latin. The context tells you whether Most adverbs are formed by adding a suffix to the stem of
-
ADVERBS
Nom. iste ista istud isti istae ista -
to use the definite or the indefinite article in translation. the adjective. The suffix is e for the adjectives of the first
ARTICLES
- - -
Gen. istius istius istius (same terminations as
/second declension and -(i)ter for the adjectives of the third
- - -
Dat. isti isti isti docti, ae, a, at right)
declension, as follows:
Acc. istum istam istud
ADJECTIVES
- - -
Abl. isto ista isto
1st/2nd declension 3rd declension
-
doctus docte
Adjectives are divided into two patterns of declension.
-(wisely) fortis fortiter (bravely)
Sing. Plur. miser misere(miserably) vehemens vehementer (violently)
-
piger pigre (lazily) celer celeriter (quickly)
(that one over there) (those ones over there)
First/Second Declension Adjectives:
Other adverbs commonly used in Latin:
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Sing. (educated)
ubi where (you are) denique finally
Nom. ille illa illud (same terminations
- - - Masc. Fem. Neut.
quo where (you are going) hac through here
Gen. illius illius illius as docti, ae, a)
- - - Nom. doctus docta doctum ante in front, before nunc now
Dat. illi illi illi - -
Gen. docti doctae docti post in back, after raro rarely
Acc. illum illam illud
- -
Dat. docto doctae docto hic here ubique everywhere
- - -
Abl. illo illa illo
istic there postridie the next day
Acc. doctum doctam doctum
- - -
illic over there semper always
Abl. docto docta docto
Sing. Plur.
istac through there deinde then
Voc. docte docta doctum
(self) (selves)
tum then primum at first
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
alibi somewhere else noctu by night
Plur. (educated)
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum (same terminations
hodie today mox soon
- - - Masc. Fem. Neut.
Gen. ipsius ipsius ipsius as docti, ae, a) -
heri yesterday vespere in the evening
- - - Nom. docti doctae docta
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi cras tomorrow saepe often
- - -
Gen. doctorum doctarum doctorum
Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum - - - interdiu by day tandem at last
Dat. doctis doctis doctis
- - -
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso hinc from here olim one day
- - -
Acc. doctos doctas docta
- - -
Abl. doctis doctis doctis
-
Relative Pronouns
Voc. docti doctae docta
VERBS
In Latin, relative pronouns take their gender and number
Third Declension Adjectives:
Verbs can be in the active or passive voice:
from the noun to which they refer.
Active voice: Puellam amat. (He loves a young woman.)
-
Sing. (brave) Plur. (brave)
Passive voice: A puella amatur. (He is being loved by a young
Sing.
Masc/Fem. Neut. Masc/Fem. Neut. woman.)
Masc. Fem. Neut. -
Nom. fortis forte fortes fortia
- -
Nom. qui (that, who) quae quod (which)
Gen. fortis fortis fortium fortium Latin has a class of verbs called Deponents that are conju-
- - - -
Gen. cuius (whose) cuius cuius (of which)
gated only in the passive voice, but must be translated by an
Dat. forti forti fortibus fortibus
Dat. cui (to/for whom) cui cui (which)
active voice form: Patrem imitor. (I imitate my father.)
Acc. fortem forte fortes fortia
- - - -
Acc. quem (whom) quam quod (which)
Abl. forti forti fortibus fortibus
- - -
Abl. quo (whom) qua quo (which)
Verb Modes
Sing. (old) Plur. (old)
Plur.
1. Indicative: Expresses actual facts and situations.
Masc/Fem. Neut. Masc/Fem. Neut.
Masc. Fem. Neut. -
2. Subjunctive: Expresses actions that are hypothetical, com-
Nom. vetus vetus veteres vetera
-
Nom. qui quae quae
mands, wishes or regrets; also used in indirect discourse.
Gen. veteris veteris veterum veterum
- - - -
Gen. quorum quarum quorum 3. Imperative: Expresses orders or commands.
Dat. veteri veteri veteribus veteribus
Dat. quibus quibus quibus - 4. Supine: Expresses a goal or completes an adjective
Acc. veterem vetus veteres vetera
- -
(res iucunda auditu, a thing nice to hear).
Acc. quos quas quae
Abl. veteri veteri veteribus veteribus
5. Gerund: Similar to the use of the English gerund (tem-
Abl. quibus quibus quibus
pus legendi, reading time).
Demonstrative Adjectives
6. Participle: Verbal forms of many different uses.
Interrogative Pronouns
7. Infinitive: Similar to the use of the English infinitive.
See Demonstrative pronouns.
In Latin, interrogative pronouns take their gender and num-
The conditional mode does not exist in Latin.
ber from the noun to which they refer. Masculine and fem-
There are four verb Conjugations: First Conjugation,
Possessive Adjectives
inine interrogative pronouns have the same forms.
ending in -are. Second Conjugation, ending in - 
re; the
first vowel 
is long. Third Conjugation, ending in - 
re; the
See Possessive pronouns.
Sing.
first vowel 
is short. Fourth Conjugation, ending in -ire.
Masc. & Fem. Neut.
There is also the third (mixed) conjugation that borrows
(who?) (which?) endings from both the 3rd and the 4th groups.
COMPARATIVES &
Nom. quis quid
SUPERLATIVES
Gen. cuius cuius
Irregular Verbs
Dat. cui cui
The comparative form of the adjective is obtained by adding
Acc. quem quid The verb sum, esse, fui (to be) and its derivatives are irreg-
- -
the suffixes -ior or -ius to the stem of the adjective.
Abl. quo & qua quo ular verbs and should be learned separately.
Example: doctus (wise), doct (stem), doctior (wiser)
possum, posse to be able to
Plur.
absum, abesse to be away
Masc. & Fem. Neut.
Sing. Plur.
adsum, adesse to be present
(who?) (which?)
(wiser) (wiser)
obsum, obesse to be a hindrance, nuisance
Nom. qui quae
Masc/Fem. Neut. Masc/Fem. Neut.
praesum, praeesse to be in charge of, to be in control of
Gen. quorum quorum
Nom. doctior doctius doctiores doctiora supersum, superesse survive
Dat. quibus quibus
desum, deesse to lack
Gen. doctioris doctioris doctiorum doctiorum
Acc. quos quae
Dat. doctiori doctiori doctioribus doctioribus
Abl. quibus quibus
INDICATIVE:
Acc. doctiorem doctius doctiores doctiora
Present: (I am) sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
Abl. doctiori doctiori doctioribus doctioribus Imperfect: (I was) eram, eras, erat, eramus,
eratis, erant
PREPOSITIONS
Future: (I will be) ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
The superlative is formed by adding the suffixes -issimus, -
Perfect: (I have been) fui, fuisti, fuit, fuimus, fuistis,
issima, and -issimum (the most) to the stem of the adjec- fuerunt
Latin prepositions are less numerous than in English. They are
PREPOSITIONS
Pluperfect: (I had been) fueram, fueras, fuerat,
tive. The declension is then similar to doctus, -a, -um. There
followed by an accusative or an ablative, never by an infinitive.
fueramus, fueratis, fuerant
are many exceptions to this general rule.
Future Perfect:(I will have been) fuero, fueris, fuerit,
fuerimus, fueritis, fuerint
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
SUBJUNCTIVE:
INFINITIVE CLAUSE
Present: (I were) sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
Imperfect: (that I were) essem, esses, esset,
The ablative absolute is a frequent construction in Latin,
essemus, essetis, essent
ABSOLUTE The infinitive clause is another important feature of the
consisting of a noun and a participle or two nouns in the
alternatively: forem, fores, foret, foremus,
Latin language. Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI); the sub-
INFINITIVE-
Ablative Case. It expresses time, manner, cause, or circum- foretis, forent
ject of the infinitive clause is always expressed and is in the
ABLATIVE Perfect: (that I have been)fuerim, fueris, fuerit, fuerimus,
stances of the action of the sentence.
accusative case. Usually, it can be translated with a that-
fueritis, fuerint
-
Urbe capta, Romani non desperaverunt. (Once Rome was
clause.
CLAUSE
Pluperfect: (that I had been) fuissem, fuisses, fuisset,
taken, the Romans did not despair.) Scio vitam esse brevem. (I know that life is short.)
fuissemus, fuissetis, fuissent
2
ADVERBSS
ADJECTIVES
PRONOUNS
AND
SUPERLATIVES
COMPARATIVES
VERBS
Verb Conjugations
1st conjugation, active voice: amo, amare, amavi, amatum (to love) 1st conjugation, passive voice: amo
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE GERUND IMPERATIVE SUPINE PARTICIPLE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut. Present amor amer (be loved)
Present amo amem amans amans
amaris ameris amare
amas ames amandi ama amatum amantis amantis
amatur ametur
amat amet amando amanti amanti
amamur amemur
amamus amemus amandum amantem amans
amamini amemini amamini
amatis ametis amando amate amante amante
amantur amentur
amant ament amatu (or amanti) (or amanti)
Imperfect amabar amarer
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
amabaris amareris
Imperfect amabam amarem amantes amantia
amabatur amaretur
amabas amares amantium amantium
amabamur amaremur
amabat amaret amantibus amantibus
amabamini amaremini
amabamus amaremus amantes amantia
amabantur amarentur
amabatis amaretis amantibus amantibus
Future amabor amandus, a, um
amabant amarent
amaberis amator (about to be loved)
Future amabo amaturus, a, um
amabitur amator
amabis amato (about to love)
amabimur
amabit amato
amabimini
amabimus
amabuntur amantor
amabitis amatote
amabunt amanto Perfect amatus, a, um sum amatus, a, um sim amatus, a, um
Perfect amavi amaverim amatus, a, um es amatus, a, um sis (having been loved)
amavisti amaveris amatus, a, um est amatus, a, um sit
amavit amaverit amati, ae, a sumus amati, ae, a simus
amavimus amaverimus
amati, ae, a estis amati, ae, a sitis
amavistis amaveritis Note: Gerund, supine and
amati, ae, a sunt amati, ae, a sint
amaverunt amaverint
present participle conjuga- Pluperfect amatus, a, um eram amatus, a, um essem
Pluperfect amaveram amavissem
amatus, a, um eras amatus, a, um esses
tions are listed in this order:
amaveras amavisses
amatus, a, um erat amatus, a, um esset
amaverat amavisset
Nominative
amati, ae, a eramus amati, ae, a essemus
amaveramus amavissemus
amati, ae, a eratis amati, ae, a essetis
Genitive
amaveratis amavissetis
amati, ae, a erant amati, ae, a essent
amaverant amavissent Dative
Future amatus, a, um ero
Future amavero
Accusative
Perfect amatus, a, um eris
Perfect amaveris
amatus, a, um erit
Ablative
amaverit
amati, ae, a erimus
amaverimus
amati, ae, a eritis
amaveritis
amati, ae, a erunt
amaverint
-
2nd conjugation, active voice: moneo, monere, monui, monitum (to warn) 2nd conjugation, passive voice: moneo
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE GERUND IMPERATIVE SUPINE PARTICIPLE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut. Present moneor monear
Present moneo moneam monitum monens monens
moneris monearis monere
mones moneas monendi mone monentis monentis
monetur moneatur
monet moneat monendo monenti monenti
monemur moneamur
monemus moneamus monendum monentem monens
monemini moneamini monemini
monetis moneatis monendo monete monente monente
monentur moneantur
monent moneant monitu (or monenti) (or monenti)
Imperfect monebar monerer
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
monebaris monereris
Imperfect monebam monerem monentes monentia
monebatur moneretur
monebas moneres monentium monentium
monebamur moneremur
monebat moneret monentibus monentibus
monebamini moneremini
monebamus moneremus monentes monentia
monebantur monerentur
monebatis moneretis monentium monentium
Future monebor monendus, a, um
monebant monerent
moneberis monetor (about to be warned)
Future monebo moniturus, a, um
monebitur monetor
monebis moneto (about to warn)
monebimur
monebit moneto
monebimini
monebimus
monebuntur monentor
monebitis monetote
monebunt monento Perfect monitus, a, um sum monitus, a, um sim monitus, a, um
Perfect monui monuerim monitus, a, um es monitus, a, um sis
monuisti monueris monitus, a, um est monitus, a, um sit
monuit monuerit moniti, ae, a sumus moniti, ae, a simus
monuimus monuerimus
moniti, ae, a estis moniti, ae, a sitis
monuistis monueritis Note: Gerund, supine and
moniti, ae, a sunt moniti, ae, a sint
monuerunt monuerint
present participle conjuga- Pluperfect monitus, a, um eram monitus, a, um essem
Pluperfect monueram monuissem
monitus, a, um eras monitus, a, um esses
tions are listed in this order:
monueras monuisses
monitus, a, um erat monitus, a, um esset
monuerat monuisset
Nominative
moniti, ae, a eramus moniti, ae, a essemus
monueramus monuissemus
moniti, ae, a eratis moniti, ae, a essetis
Genitive
monueratis monuissetis
moniti, ae, a erant moniti, ae, a essent
monuerant monuissent Dative
Future monitus, a, um ero
Future monuero
Accusative
Perfect monitus, a, um eris
Perfect monueris
monitus, a, um erit
Ablative
monuerit
moniti, ae, a erimus
monuerimus
moniti, ae, a eritis
monueritis
moniti, ae, a erunt
monuerint
3rd conjugation, active voice: lego, legere, legi, lectum (to read) 3rd conjugation, passive voice: lego
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE GERUND IMPERATIVE SUPINE PARTICIPLE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut. Present legor legar
Present lego legam legens legens
legeris legaris legere
legis legas legendi lege lectum legentis legentis
legitur legatur
legit legat legendo legenti legenti
legimur legamur
legimus legamus legendum legentem legens
legimini legamini legemini
legitis legatis legendo legite legente legente
leguntur legantur
legunt legant lectu (or legenti) (or legenti)
Imperfect legebar legerer
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
legebaris legereris
Imperfect legebam legerem legentes legentia
legebatur legeretur
legebas legeres legentium legentium
legebamur legeremur
legebat legeret legentibus legentibus
legebamini legeremini
legebamus legeremus legentes legentia
legebantur legerentur
legebatis legeretis legentibus legentibus
Future legar legendus, a, um
legebant legerent
legeris legitor (about to be read)
Future legam lecturus, a, um
legetur legitor
leges legito (about to read)
legemur
leget legito
legemini
legemus
legentur leguntor
legetis legitote
legent legunto Perfect lectus, a, um sum lectus, a, um sim lectus, a, um
Perfect legi legerim lectus, a, um es lectus, a, um sis
legisti legeris lectus, a, um est lectus, a, um sit
legit legerit lecti, ae, a sumus lecti, ae, a simus
legimus legerimus
lecti, ae, a estis lecti, ae, a sitis
legistis legeritis Note: Gerund, supine and
lecti, ae, a sunt lecti, ae, a sint
legerunt legerint
present participle conjuga- Pluperfect lectus, a, um eram lectus, a, um essem
legeram legissem
lectus, a, um eras lectus, a, um esses
tions are listed in this order:
legeras legisses
lectus, a, um erat lectus, a, um esset
Pluperfect legerat legisset
Nominative
lecti, ae, a eramus lecti, ae, a essemus
legeramus legissemus
lecti, ae, a eratis lecti, ae, a essetis
Genitive
legeratis legissetis
lecti, ae, a erant lecti, ae, a essent
legerant legissent Dative
Future lectus, a, um ero
Future legero
Accusative
Perfect lectus, a, um eris
Perfect legeris
lectus, a, um erit
Ablative
legerit
lecti, ae, a erimus
legerimus
lecti, ae, a eritis
legeritis
lecti, ae, a erunt
legerint
3
(Conjugations continued)
3rd conjugation (mixed), -i stem, active voice: capio, capere, cepi, captum (to take) 3rd conjugation (mixed), -i stem, passive voice: capio
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE GERUND IMPERATIVE SUPINE PARTICIPLE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut. Present capior capiar
Present capio capiam capiens capiens
caperis capiaris capere
capis capias capiendi cape captum capientis capientis
capitur capiatur
capit capiat capiendo capienti capienti
capimur capiamur
capimus capiamus capiendum capientem capiens
capimini capiamini capimini
capitis capiatis capiendo capite capiente capiente
capiuntur capiantur
capiunt capiant captu (or capienti) (or capienti)
Imperfect capiebar caperer
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
capiebaris capereris
Imperfect capiebam caperem capientes capientia
capiebatur caperetur
capiebas caperes capientium capientium
capiebamur caperemur
capiebat caperet capientibus capientibus
capiebamini caperemini
capiebamus caperemus capientes capientia
capiebantur caperentur
capiebatis caperetis capientibus capientibus
Future capiar capiendus, a, um
capiebant caperent
capieris capitor (about to be taken)
Future capiam capturus, a, um
capietur capitor
capies capito (about to take)
capiemur
capiet capito
capiemini
capiemus
capientur capiuntor
capietis capitote
capient capiunto Perfect captus, a, um sum captus, a, um sim
Perfect cepi ceperim captus, a, um es captus, a, um sis captus, a, um
cepisti ceperis captus, a, um est captus, a, um sit
cepit ceperit capti, ae, a sumus capti, ae, a simus
cepimus ceperimus
capti, ae, a estis capti, ae, a sitis
cepistis ceperitis
capti, ae, a sunt capti, ae, a sint
ceperunt ceperint
Pluperfect captus, a, um eram captus, a, um essem
Pluperfect ceperam cepissem
captus, a, um eras captus, a, um esses
ceperas cepisses
captus, a, um erat captus, a, um esset
ceperat cepisset
capti, ae, a eramus capti, ae, a essemus
ceperamus cepissemus
capti, ae, a eratis capti, ae, a essetis
ceperatis cepissetis
capti, ae, a erant capti, ae, a essent
ceperant cepissent
Future captus, a, um ero
Future cepero
Perfect captus, a, um eris
Perfect ceperis
captus, a, um erit
ceperit
capti, ae, a erimus
ceperimus
capti, ae, a eritis
ceperitis
capti, ae, a erunt
ceperint
4th conjugation, active voice: audio, audire, audivi, auditum (to hear) 4th conjugation, passive voice: audio
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE GERUND IMPERATIVE SUPINE PARTICIPLE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut. Present audior audiar
Present audio audiam audiens audiens
audiris audiaris audire
audis audias audiendi audi auditum audientis audientis
auditur audiatur
audit audiat audiendo audienti audienti
audimur audiamur
audimus audiamus audiendum audientem audiens
audimini audiamini audimini
auditis audiatis audiendo audite audiente audiente
audiuntur audiantur
audiunt audiant auditu (or audienti) (or audienti)
Imperfect audiebar audirer
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
audiebaris audireris
Imperfect audiebam audirem audientes audientia
audiebatur audiretur
audiebas audires audientium audientium
audiebamur audiremur
audiebat audiret audientibus audientibus
audiebamini audiremini
audiebamus audiremus audientes audientia
audiebantur audirentur
audiebatis audiretis audientibus audientibus
Future audiar audiendus, a, um
audiebant audirent
audieris auditor (about to be heard)
Future audiam auditurus, a, um
audietur auditor
audies audito (about to hear)
audiemur
audiet audito
audiemini
audiemus
audientur audiuntor
audietis auditote
audient audiunto Perfect auditus, a, um sum auditus, a, um sim auditus, a, um
Perfect audivi audiverim auditus, a, um es auditus, a, um sis
audivisti audiveris auditus, a, um est auditus, a, um sit
audivit audiverit auditi, ae, a sumus auditi, ae, a simus
audivimus audiverimus
auditi, ae, a estis auditi, ae, a sitis
audivistis audiveritis
auditi, ae, a sunt auditi, ae, a sint
audiverunt audiverint
Pluperfect auditus, a, um eram auditus, a, um essem
Pluperfect audiveram audivissem
auditus, a, um eras auditus, a, um esses
audiveras audivisses
auditus, a, um erat auditus, a, um esset
audiverat audivisset
auditi, ae, a eramus auditi, ae, a essemus
audiveramus audivissemus
auditi, ae, a eratis auditi, ae, a essetis
audiveratis audivissetis
auditi, ae, a erant auditi, ae, a essent
audiverant audivissent
Future auditus, a, um ero
Future audivero
Perfect auditus, a, um eris
Perfect audiveris
auditus, a, um erit
audiverit
auditi, ae, a erimus
audiverimus
auditi, ae, a eritis
audiveritis
auditi, ae, a erunt
audiverint
CREDITS
THE ROMAN CALENDAR Price Code:
As of 46 B.C., the Roman calendar has had 365 1/4 days. Each given year was usually Contributing Editor: E. Del Chrol, M.A. U.S. $4.95 / CAN. $7.50
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designated by the names of the consuls in charge.
Ex: M. Tullio et D. Antonio consulibus
NOTE TO STUDENTS
When M. Tullius and D. Antonius were Consuls (63 B.C.)
This QuickStudy ® guide is an outline of the grammar taught in Latin courses. In some cases, schol-
ars disagree on spelling and/or translation; we have tried to include the most common versions. Due to
The Months
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January Januarius July Quintilis (Quinctilis)
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ROMAN
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All other days were designated according to the kalendas, nonas or idus.
Ex: Quarto die ante Nonas Januarias.
The fourth day before the nonae of January (January 2nd).
4