Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
o0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L1: 14
o0 X o0 Yg0Y0 Ź0_0W0 o0L0O0[0D0 g0Y00 (Ź0_0W0o0)k0m0�0[0D0g0Y00 "X o0" is often dropped.
Watashi wa gakusee desu. (Watashi wa) ni-nensee desu.
X o0 {N desu / V / Adj.}
'(As for me,) I'm a student.' '(As for me,) I'm a sophomore.'
topic marker; contrast
L2: 37
'as for (X)'; "0~0`0U0�0o0L0O0[0D0X0�0B0�0~0[0�00
'(X), at least'
Yamada-san wa gakusee ja arimasen.
'(As for) Mr. Yamada(, he) is not a student.'
'Mr. Yamada is not a student, (at least).'
D0]0L0 M0�0F0
L5: 100
M0n0F0o0 Ł_ W0K0c0_0g0Y00g0�0
0ĘN�e o0r0~0g0Y00
'(As for) yesterday, I was busy, but I have a lot of free time today, (at least).'
n0
L11: 217
(B0j0_0o0)�0O0ł0�0�0�0ł0 �Ś0~0Y0K00
'(As for you,) do you often drink coffee?'
n0
ł0o0
D0D0H0
0(ł0�0�0�0o0) \0�0\0�0�Ś0~0[0�00
a0�0 n0
g0�0
0J06� o0 �0O0�Ś0~0Y00
'No, I don't drink [coffee] at all, (at least), but I often drink tea, (at least).'
M0�0F0 Ź0_0W0 h0 W0�0K0�0 D0
L11: 217
ĘN�e ( �y o0) óVłf (� k0 L�M0~0Y00
D0
k0k0o0
g0�0
0LL k0o0 L�M0~0[0�00
(another particle) o0
'(As for me,) I'll go to the library today, but I won't go to LL, (at least).'
W0�0v0�0 �0
L11: 217
(B0j0_0o0)F0a0g0 �e^� ł0 ��0~0Y0K00
'(As for you,) do you read the newspaper at home?'
�0 h0 W0�0K0�0 �0
g0g0o0
D0D0H0
0(F0a0g0o0) ��0~0[0�00g0�0
0óVłf (� g0o0 ��0~0Y00
(another particle) o0
'No, I don't read it [at home, (at least) ], but I do at the library, (at least).'
K0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L1: 15
K0 (X o0 Y g0Y0)K00 (B0j0_0o0)�00F0L0O0[0D0g0Y0 K00
1 question marker (Yes/No-Q) (Anata wa) ryuugakusee desu ka.
'Is X Y?' 'Are you an international student?'
L1: 15
(X o0 QW g0Y0)K00 [0�0�0�0 o0j0�0 g0Y0 K00
question marker (WH-Q) Senmon wa nan desu ka.
'QW is X?' 'What is your major?'
L2: 35
i0Ś0L00a0S0U0�0n0K0U0g0Y0K00
(QW . . . )K00
Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka.
question marker (WH-Q)
'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?'
'QW . . . ?' W00F0~0d0 j0k0
L3: 54
1�+g o0_0D0f0D0 UO ł0W0~0Y0K00
'What do you usually do on the weekend?'
K0�0S0O0 _0D0Ź0�0 D0
L10: 190
K0 X K0 Y
ÓżVK0 �S~nk0L�O0d0�0�0g0Y00
2 alternative
'I intend to go to Korea or Taiwan.'
'X or Y'
1
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
�0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L2: 37
�0 (X)�0(Y g0Y00) �0ó0ę0�0U0�0o0L0O0[0D0g0Y00 Ź0_0W0�0L0O0[0D0 g0Y00 o0 �0
1 Mearii-san wa gakusee desu. Watashi mo gakusee desu.
(X)�0{N desu / V / Adj.}
'Mary is a student.' 'I'm a student, too.'
similarity
Ź0_0W0 h0Q0D0 K0 K0
L4: 81
'also'; ł0 �0
( �y o0) Bf� ł0 �ŚD0~0W0_00 K0U0�0 �ŚD0~0W0_00
'. . ., too';
'I bought a watch.' 'I also bought an umbrella.'
'. . ., either'
Ź0_0W0 M0�0F0 D0
L4: 81
( �y o0)ĘN�e LL k0 L�M0~0[0�0g0W0_00
h0 W0�0K0�0 D0
k0k0�0
óVłf (� k0 �0 L�M0~0[0�0g0W0_00
(another particle) �0
'I didn't go to LL today. I didn't go to the library, either.'
j0k0 y0d0 j0k0 j0k0
L7: 135
�0 QW �0
ĘNUOł0W0f0D0~0Y0K00  %R k0UO�0W0f0D0~0[0�00 UO �0 - in a negative
L8: 159
2 emphasis
'What are you doing now?' - 'I'm not doing anything in particular.' sentence only
'(not) any'
M0�0F0
L10: 197
QW (another particle) �0
ĘN�ei0S0K0k0L�O0�  F0F0�0
0i0S0k0�0L�K0j0D00
'Will you go anywhere today?'  'No, I will not go anywhere.'
n0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L1: 16
n0 Noun 1 n0 Noun 2 H0D0T0 n0[0�0[0D0 0a0S0U0�0 n0K0p0�0
1 N 1 specifies N 2 eego no sensee Michiko-san no kaban
'N1's N2'; 'an English teacher' 'Michiko's bag'
'N1 N2'; 'a teacher of English'
'N2 {of/at/in/for/by/on} N1'
h0F0M0�0F0n0`0D0L0O0 cf. h0F0M0�0F0`0D0L0O0
Tookyoo no daigaku Tookyoo daigaku
'a university in Tokyo' 'the University of Tokyo'
s0�0F0D0�0 {0�0"0 0N0
N2 = location word L4: 78
�ub
o0,gK\n0 óSg0Y00
'The hospital is to the right of the bookstore.'
{0�0"0 s0�0F0D0�0 B0D0`0
,gK\o0�u b
h0ą0�0Ń0�0 n0 �� g0Y00
'The bookstore is between a hospital and a supermarket.'
y0�0M0�0F0 y0�0M0�0F0
L8: 160
�e,gś�n0 �R7_ ł0W0~0Y00 cf. �e,gś�ł0 �R7_ W0~0Y00
'I do Japanese language study.' 'I study the Japanese language.'
s0�0
N2 may be omitted. L10: 190
A: HSMRh0HSŚ_n0 żO L0B0�0~0Y0L0 . . . 0
'We have a morning flight and an afternoon flight, but . . .'
s0�0 m0L0
B: HSMRn0( żO )ł0J0 XŚ D0W0~0Y00
'A morning (flight), please.'
Special uses of n0
J0�0L0O0 M0 Y0
L8: 157
n0 V-short n0
(�yo0)ó}ił0^�O0n0L0}YM0g0Y00
2 nominalizer
'I like listening to music.'
'-ing'
X0 W0�0 K0
NEVER say: L10: 195
n0 Adj. n0
A: �0F0śŹłfł0�ŚD0~0W0_0K00
Adj.n0 Noun �! WRONG
3 pronoun
'Have you already bought a dictionary?'
'one'
X0 W0�0 K0
B: H0H0
0\U0D0{śŹłf � n0}ł0�ŚD0~0W0_00
'Yes, I bought a small {dictionary / one}.'
y0�0 �0 X0 W0�0 K0
C: H0H0
0 żO )Rj0{śŹłf � n0}ł0�ŚD0~0W0_00 MUST retain na in na-Adj.
'Yes, I bought a useful {dictionary / one}.'
2
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
L0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L2: 35
L0 (X o0) (subject)L0~ i0Ś0L00a0S0U0�0n0K0U0g0Y0K00 o0 does not mark QW.
1 subject marker Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka.
no English equivalent 'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?'
Ź0_0W0 k0{0�0T0 Ź0
L4: 75
Do NOT use ł0.
( �y o0)�e,gś� L0 RK0�0~0Y00
'I understand Japanese language.'
L4: 77
S0S0k0D0l0 L0D0~0Y00 (place) k0 (animate thing)
'There is a dog here.'
L0D0~0Y0
B0]0S0k0s0�0F0D0�0L0B0�0~0Y00
(place) k0 (inanimate thing)
'There is a hospital over there.'
L0B0�0~0Y0
K00
L7: 138
(someone/something)o0
ŹNP[U0�0o0 ę� L0 w�D0g0Y00
(body part/attribute) L0
'Kyoko has long hair.'
(adjective)
u0_0�0
L7: 140
(someone/something) L0
S0i0�0L0ŚN�ND0~0Y00
#-counter (NO Particle)
'There are two children.' 'I have two children.'
{D0~0Y0�B0�0~0Y0}
M0�0F0`0D0 j0�0k0�0
(B0j0_0o0) DQ_ L0 UO�ND0~0Y0K00
'How many brothers and sisters do you have?'
K0m0
L8: 153
Do NOT use ł0.
(�yo0)J0Ńę L0D0�0~0Y00
'I need money.'
B0m0 Y0
(X= someone/something) L8: 157
�Y o0{,g�,gł0���0n0}L0 }YM0g0Y00
X o0(someone/something)L0
'My older sister likes {books / reading books}.'
{Y0M0/M0�0D0}g0Y0
B0k0 H0D0 T0 H0D0 T0 o0j0 x0_0
X o0(something)L0{X0�0F0Z0/
DQo0{ ń�ś��ń�ś�ł0q�Y0n0}L0 NKbg0Y00
x0_0}g0Y0
'My older brother is bad at {English / speaking English}.'
o0X0 o0X0
L9: 173
NBfk0Ń0�0Ć0Ł0�0L0 �Y~0c0_00 (something)L0�Y~0�0
'The party began at 7:00.' cf.
o0X0
{someone/something}L0
cf. NBfk0Ń0�0Ć0Ł0�0ł0 �Y�0_00
o0X0
'We began the party at 7:00.'
(something)ł0�Y�0�0
K0Ź0
L12: 229
(someone/something)o0
(�yo0)n0i0L0 n M0~0W0_00
(body part/attribute)L0
'I got thirsty.'
(verb)
X0 W0�0 "0Y0
L7: 145
L0 (clause 1)L0
0(clause 2)0 Comma (
0) must be
S0n0śŹłfo0�[ D0g0Y0L0
0B0~0�0�0O0B0�0~0[0�00
2 contrast
AFTER L0.
'This dictionary is cheap, but it is not very good.'
'(clause 1), but (clause 2).'
m0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
[0�0�0�0 v0�0L0O0
L2: 38
m0 (sentence)m00 NO comma (
0) before m0
\��o0�e f[g0Y0 m00
confirmation
Senmon wa bungaku desu ne.
agreement
'Your major is literature, right?'
casual exclamation
_0K0
Tag-Q ؚ D0g0Y0 m00
(e.g.) Takai desu ne.
'isn't it?' 'is it?' 'It's expensive, isn't it!'
'don't you?' 'do you?'
'right?' 'you know'
3
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
�0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L2: 38
�0 (sentence)�00 J0D0W0D0 g0Y0 �00 NO comma (
0) before �0
certainty; assertion Oishii desu yo.
'I tell you'; 'I assure you'; 'It's delicious, I assure you.'
'I'm telling you'
ł0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L2: 30
ł0 (direct object)ł0(transitive V) ]0n0h0Q0D0ł0O0`0U0D00
1 direct object marker Sono tokee o kudasai.
No English equivalent 'Give me that watch (close to you).'
L2: 31
S0Ś0ł0J0m0L0D0W0~0Y00
Kore o onegai-shimasu.
'I will have this one.' lit. 'I request (that you do) this one.'
n0
L3: 57
_0D0f0D0M0c0U0f0�0g0ł0�0�0�0ł0 �Ś0~0Y00
'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.'
M0c0f0 �0�0~0D0
L5: 96
(someone/something)ł0
RKb ł0 �V�gO0`0U0D00
#-counter (NO Particle)
'Give me four stamps.'
O0`0U0D0
O0�0~0 F0�0f0�0
L8: 160
(�yo0) Ę� ł0 K�� W0~0Y00
'I drive a car.'
O0�0~0 F0�0f0�0
(�yo0) Ę� n0 K�� ł0W0~0Y00
'I drive a car.' lit. 'I do car-driving.'
L11: 215
m0S0o0�0�0Ż0ł0�Ś0_0L0c0f0D0~0Y00 (someone /something)o0
'A cat wants to drink milk.'
(someone /something)ł0
V-stem {_0L0�0�_0L0c0
cf. (�yo0)4l{L0�ł0}�Ś0_0D00
f0D0�0}
'I want to drink water.'
d0N0 f0D0 J0
L6: 117
ł0 (starting point)ł0(intransitive V)
!kn0�0ą0 \Pg0�0ą0ł0 M
�0~0Y00
2 detachment;
'I will get off the bus at the next bus stop.'
starting point where some
L0c0S0F0 "0Y0
L6: 117
movement begins
M0n0F0f[ !hł0 O 0~0W0_00
'out'; 'off;'; 'from'
'I was absent from school yesterday.'
H0M0 r0L0W0P0a0 g0
L6: 280
řn0qg ćS ł0 śQf0O0`0U0D00
'Please go out the east exit of the station.'
X00N0�0F0
L11: 212
�cmił0�0�0c0_0S0h0L0B0�0~0Y0K00
'Have you ever cut classes?'
0a0 Ź0_0
L6: 130
ł0 (passing point)ł0(intransitive V)
B0n0 S� ł0 !n c0f0O0`0U0D00
3 space where some
'Please cross that street (over there).'
(unidirectional) movement
"0~00a0 B0�0
L10: 303
occurs
J0X0D0U0�0o0w�D0 q\ S� ł0 ikD0f00^�0~0W0_00
'in'; 'on'; 'across'
'The old man went home by walking on the long mountain road.'
x0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
O0 X0 L0c0S0F0 D0
L3: 61
x0 (place)x0 x0 may be replaced by k0.
]NBfk0f[!h x0 L�M0~0Y00
direction
'I will go to school at 9:00.'
goal of movement
'to'
4
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
k0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
O0 X0 L0c0S0F0 D0
L3: 61-62
k0 (time / date)k0 Do NOT use k0:
]NBf k0 f[!hk0L�M0~0Y00
M0�0F0
1 a specific point in time
'I will go to school at 9:00.'
ĘN�ek0 B0W0_0k0
'at'; 'on'
~0D0k0a0 ~0D0p0�0
k0a0�0F0s0 H0D0L0 0
�k �ek0 �k ifk0
�e�f�e k0 f;uł0��~0Y00
D0d0k0
'I will see a movie on Sunday.'
O0 X0 L0c0S0F0 D0
L3: 60
k0 (place)k0 k0 may be replaced by x0.
]NBfk0f[!hk0 L�M0~0Y00
2 direction ; destination;
'I will go to school at 9:00.'
goal of movement
'to'
n0
L5: 99
k0 (place)k0
�0ą0k0 WNc0f0O0`0U0D00
3 destination
'Please get on the bus.'
'in'; 'on'; 'to'
~0D0p0�0 O0 X0 u0ć0 o0D0
L6: 117
�kif]NBfk0J0�ŚBTk0 eQ �0~0Y00
'I take a bath at 9:00 every night.'
L9: 173
q\NHQuo0�0O0Ć0�0Ó0k0 śQ~0Y00
'Professor Yamashita often appears on TV.'
a0K0 "0~0 n0|0 Y0
L11: 212
ŃŹO0n0 q\ k0 {v �0n0L0}YM0g0Y00
'I like climbing a nearby mountain.'
�00F0L0O0
L11: 213
ń0�0ę0ą0k0 Yuf[W0_0S0h0L0B0�0~0Y0K00
'Have you ever been to England for study?'
S0F0H0�0
L4: 75
k0 (place)k0
lQW k0 P[i0�0L0D0~0Y00
4 location of existence
'Children are in the park.'
'in'; 'at'; 'on'; 'for'
`0D0L0O0
�0�0�0ż0'Y f[o0i0S0k0B0�0~0Y0K00
'Where is the University of Minnesota?'
D0 Y0 Y0Ź0
L6: 116
iP[k0 ż^ c0f0O0`0U0D00
'Please seat yourself in a chair.'
B0k0 h0F0M0�0F0 Y0
L7: 135
DQo0qgŹNk0 OO�0g0D0~0Y00
'My older brother lives in Tokyo.'
�ko0'YM0D0O>y k0d0h0�0f0D0~0Y00
'My mother {works for / is employed at} a big company.'
K0m0 "0Y0 h0
L10: 193
J0Ńę L0j0K0c0_0K0�0
0 �[ D0�0Ć0�0k0 Ęl~0c0_00
'I didn't have money, so I stayed at a cheap hotel.'
[0D0 X0 M0�0F00
L12: 229
(�yo0)�e,gn0 ?e lk0 � sTL0B0�0~0Y00
'I {am interested in / have an interest in} Japanese politics.'
5
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
k0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
Ź0_0W0 S0F0H0�0 h0�0 B0
L4: 75
k0 (X o0) (indirect object)k0(direct
( �y o0) M0n0F0 lQW g0 �S`0a0k0 OD0~0W0_00
5
object ł0) V
'I saw my friend in the park yesterday.'
target; recipient
Ź0_0W0 {0�0`0 f0 L00 K0
'to'; 'for'
( �y o0) ,g0uU0�0k0 Kb } ł0 łfM0~0W0_00
'I wrote a letter to Ms. Honda.'
Ź0_0W0 _0j0K0 X0K0�0 M0
L5: 99
( �y o0) 0u-NU0�0k0Bf�� ł0 ^�M0~0W0_00
'I asked Mr. Tanaka the time.'
h0W0�0K0�0 {0�0 K0H0
L6:116-117
(B0j0_0o0) óVłf(� k0 ,g ł0 �ŹW0~0W0_0K00
'Did you return the book to the library?'
h0�0 g0�0Ź0
(�yo0) �S`0a0k0 �
q� ł0K0Q0~0W0_00
'I made a phone call to my friend.'
H0D0T0 J0W0
Y00~0[0�00(�yk0)a0�0c0h0ń�ś� ł0YeH0f0O0`0U0D00
'Excuse me. Please teach me English a little.'
K0^0O0 K0
L10: 190
(�yo0) ś[�e k0J00"0R0 ł0 �ŚD0~0W0_00
'I bought a souvenir for my family.'
W0�0F0K0D0 W0�0F0K0D0
L11: 213
(�yo0) 0u-NU0�0k0,g0uU0�0ł0 9}�N W0~0W0_00 X k0 Y ł0 9}�N Y0�0
'I introduced Ms. Honda to Mr. Tanaka.'
'introduce Y to X'
B0m0 K0m0 K0
L6: 117
k0 (someone)k0(something)ł0
(�yo0) �Y k0J0Ńę ł0 P�0~0W0_00
6 source
'I borrowed money from my older sister.'
'by'; 'from'
B0k0
L9: 173
(�yo0) DQ k0M0c0w0 ł0�0�0c0_00
'I received a ticket from my older brother.'
�0D0W00F0�0�0S0F0 D0
L6: 128
k0 (something) k0
eg1� �eL� k0 L�M0~0Y00
7 purpose; role
'I will go on a trip next week.'
'for'; 'as'
K0 L11: 217
J00"0R0 k0J0K0W0ł0�ŚD0~0Y00
'I will buy snacks as a souvenir.'
�0�0ą0�0ó0k0�0�0ń0k0L�M0~0Y00
'We'll go to Hawaii for our honeymoon.'
L7: 140
k0 (V-stem) k0 motion V i0S0k0B0]0s0 k0 L�M0~0W0�0F0K00
8 purpose of movement 'Where shall we go to have fun?'
'to (V-infinitive)'
6
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
g0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
n0
L3: 60
g0 (place)g0
_0D0f0D0M0c0U0f0�0g0ł0�0�0�0ł0�Ś0~0Y00
1 place of action
'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.'
'at; in; on'
o0_0�0
cf. L11: 212
6ro0qgŹNn0O>yg0 �P D0f0D0~0Y00
(workplace)k0d0h0�0�0
'My father works at a company in Tokyo.'
`0D0L0O0
L4: 77
g0 (place)g0
'Yf[ g0 ł0ó0�0�0�0L0B0�0~0Y00
2 place of event
'There is a concert at the university.'
'at'; 'in'; 'on'
a0 K0f0d0 j0K0 D0a0p0�0o0"0
L10: 194
g0 (something )g0
�0ą0h0�
Ę�h00WNDłn0-N g0
0i0Ś0L0 N ju � D0g0Y0K00
3 scope; range
'Among bus, train and subway, which [one] is the fastest?'
'in'; 'among'
D0a0p0�0 y0�0M0�0F0
S0n0Ż0�0ą0(n0-N) g0 0u-NU0�0L0 N ju�0O0 �R 7_ W0~0Y00
'Mr. Tanaka studies most in this class.'
o0�0
L10: 193
g0 (something)g0
Ż0�0�0�0�0�0�0�0g0Ubc0f0�0D0D0g0Y0K00
4 means / instruments to do
'May I pay by credit card?'
something
'by'; 'in'; 'on'; 'with'; 'using'
�e,gś� g0 q�W0~0W0�0F00
'Let's talk in Japanese!'
(�yo0)_0D0f0D0o0W0g0T0o0�0ł0�Śy0~0Y00
'I usually eat meals with chopsticks.'
0Z0F00 ą0F0�0D0
L11: 210
g0 (something)g0
�0�0�0ż0o0M0Ś0D0j0 Vn g0 g Tg0Y00
5 reason; cause
'Minnesota is famous for beautiful lakes.'
'because of'; 'due to'; 'for'
s0�0F0M0 D0a0k0a0
6ro0�ul g0 N�e �N�Nł0O0~0W0_00
'My father got a day off of work because of illness.'
P0�0D0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
f0D0 h0�0 D0a0 X0 K0�0 ~0
L4: 75
P0 (number-counter)P0�0D0 P0�0D0 may be replaced by
�0ą0 \Pg0�S`0a0ł0 NBf �� P0�0D0 _a0~0W0_00
�0 (demonstrative adj.)P0�0D0 O0�0D0.
'I waited for my friend at a bus stop for about an hour.'
approximate extent
D0
H0M0
L10: 190
'about'
qgŹNř~0g0i0n0P0�0D0K0K0�0~0Y0K00
'How long(, approximately,) will it take to get to Tokyo Station?'
7
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
h0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
k0O0 "0U0D0 K0
L4: 81
h0 noun h0 noun
ą0�0Ń0�0g0�� h0 �ę܃ł0�ŚD0~0Y00
1 exhaustive listing
'I will buy meat and vegetables at the supermarket.'
'and'
{0�0"0 s0�0F0D0�0 B0D0`0
,gK\o0�u b
h0 �0Ń0�0�0n0 �� g0W0_00
'The bookstore was between a hospital and a department store.'
D0�0F0h0 H0D0L0 0 D0
L4: 81
h0 (someone/something)h0 h0 � h0D0c0W0�0k0
ąY o0h0�0`0a0h0 f;uł0��k0L�M0~0W0_00
2 partner that does something
'My younger sister went to see a movie with her friend.'
w/ the subject of a clause
�0D0m0�0 Q0c0S0�0
L7: 135
'with'; 'from'
egt^�0�0ń0�0�0ó0�0h0 P}ZZW0~0Y00
'I will marry with my boyfriend next year.'
L11: 213
�0�0ą0�0�0�0h0Q0�0K0W0_0O0B0�0~0[0�00
'I don't want to quarrel with my roommate.'
"0~0�0h0 K0n0X0�0 Ź0K0
L12: 229
q\,gU0�0o0|_ sY h0 %R Ś0_00
'Mr. Yamamoto {broke up with / separated from} his girlfriend.'
J0�0
L8: 155
h0 (clause) h0
(�yo0)WSU0�0o0f[u`0 h0`D0~0Y00
3 quotative marker
'I think (that) Mr. Minami is a student.'
'that'
0a0S0 D0
S�P[U0�0o0-NżVk0L�M0_0D0h0 �c0f0D0~0Y00
'Michiko {says / is saying} that she wants to go to China.'
~0g0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
M0c0w0
L5: 99
~0 (ending point)~0g0
R&{o0�0�0�0 ~0g0D0O0�0g0Y0K00
temporal /spatial limit
g0
'As for a ticket, how much is it (to get) as far as Chicago?'
'as far as'; 'till'; 'to': 'up to'; 'until';
y0�0M0�0F0
'through'
�VBfK0�0kQBf ~0g0 �R 7_ W0~0W0_00
'I studied from 4:00 to 8:00.'
K0�0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
D0]0 X0 K0�0
L6: 121
K0 (situation clause)0(reason K0�0 MUST be
%`N0~0W0�0F00Bf �� L0B0�0~0[0�0K0�00
immediately AFTER
�0 clause) K0�00
'Let's hurry! (It's) because we don't have time.'
(reason clause)
1
(reason clause) K0�0
0
X0 K0�0 D0]0
L7: 285
(situation clause)0 Bf �� L0B0�0~0[0�0K0�0
0 %`N0~0W0�0F00
L9: 177
'Because we don't have time, let's hurry!'
reason; explanation 'We don't have time, so let's hurry!'
'because (reason clause)';
'(reason clause), so . . .'
J0D0W0D0�0ń0ó0L0B0�0~0Y0K0�0
0�Ś0k0M0~0[0�0K00
'I have good-tasting wine, so won't you come have a drink?'
'Won't you come have a drink? (It's) because I have good-tasting wine.'
B0U0 p0�0 y0�0M0�0F0
L5:
K0 (starting point)K0�0
g K0�0 if~0g0 �R 7_ W0~0W0_00
additional
temporal /spatial starting point
�0
'I studied from morning till night.'
'from'
2
L0c0S0F0 K0H0
L7: 285
f[!hK0�0 0^c0f0
0X00O0k0L�M0~0Y00
'I come home from school and go to cram school.'
8
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
�0�0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
B0_0_0
comparison of two items L10: 194
�0 (someone/something)�0�0
�0�0ń0n0{0F0L0�0�0�0ż0�0�0
f K0D0g0Y00
basis of comparison
�0
'Hawaii is warmer than Minnesota.'
'{more ~ / -er) than'
�0Z0K0
L10: 197
�e,gś�o0MR �0�0 ć
W0O0j0�0~0W0_00
'Japanese language has gotten more difficult than before.'
`0Q0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
r0h0
L11: 213
`0 (number-counter)`0Q0
(�yo0)�0�0T0ł0Nd0 `0Q0 �Śc0_00
limit
Q0
'I bought only one apple.'
'just'; 'only'
u0_0�0
f[uL0ŚN�N`0Q0eg_00
'Just two students came.'
"0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L11: 216
"0 noun "0 noun ą0�0Ń0�0g0Ó0�0�0"0 �0�0�0ą0ł0�ŚF0d0�0�0`00 cf. (noun) h0 (noun)
inexhaustive listing 'I intend to buy beer and juice, (and things like that) at a supermarket.'
'and (, and things like that)'; 'and
so forth'; 'for example'
j0i0
P Structural patterns Examples Notes GENKI
L12: 313
j0 (someone/something)j0i0 �0�0�0"0H0�0t0d0 j0i0L0D0�0~0Y00 (X "0) Y j0i0
exemplification 'We need notebooks, pencils, and so on.'
i0
'and so on'; 'and the like';
'for example'; 'etc.'
M0n0F0�0�0�0j0i0(ł0)�ŚD0~0W0_00
'I bought notebooks, etc. yesterday.'
The contents of this table have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota, the publisher of GENKI or
the authors of GENKI. The author of this table is solely responsible for any errors or inaccuracies contained in this
table.
This table may be revised as necessary. The author encourages the users to discuss with their classmates and/or instructors,
should they have grammatical questions on particles. If you have any comments or questions regarding this table, contact Keiko
Emmett at < [e-mail] >. (created: March 15, 2005; 1st revision: July 20, 2005; 2nd revision: Aug. 6, 2006)
9
Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)
References
Banno, Eri, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane and Chikako Shinagawa. 1999. Genki: An integrated course in elementary Japanese I.
Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1986. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 1 Lessons 1-15.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.
Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1987. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 2 Lessons 15-30.
Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1987. Japanese: The spoken Language Part I. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1988. Japanese: The spoken Language Part II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1990. Japanese: The spoken Language Part III. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Kojien (Japanese language dictionary, Fifth edition). 1997. Izuru Shinmura (ed.) Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. Nihon bunpoo kenkyuu ('Research on Japanese grammar'). Tokyo: Taishukan.
Makino, Seiichi and Michio Tsutsui. 1986. A dictionary of Basic Japanese grammar. Tokyo: The Japan Times.
Obusha kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary). 1982. Kenji Shuzui, et al. Tokyo: Obunsha.
Reikai shin kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary, Sixth edition). 2002. Shiro Hayashi, et al. Tokyo: Sanseido.
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