Języki obce w środowisku pracy inżyniera, „Języki obce w środowisku pracy inżyniera”


Autor: mgr Renata Kasprzak

mgr Izabela Koszutska

mgr Elżbieta Szczawińska

Język: angielski

Poziom: B2/B2E

Wydział: Architektury

TEXT 1

What is Organic Architecture?

The term "Organic Architecture" was invented by the great architect, Frank Lloyd Wright

(1867-1959). This idea which promotes harmony between man-made structure and the nature

around, through design approach so well integrated that the buildings and surroundings

become part of a unified & interrelated composition.

Objectives

Organic architecture not only addresses environmental concerns but also expresses

individuality. As each building is related to the variables like man, site & time so every

resulting structure is unique & unrepeatable.

Origin & Inspiration

Primitive vernacular architecture was innately organic, based on natural forms, structures and

simple, local materials. The rectilinear, perpendicular form of architecture that came to

dominate the 20th century was the reflection of an industrially driven age. However, in the

new millennium the designers are awakening to a new world inspired by the creative forces of

nature and biological organisms.

It was in the USA that organic architecture began its great modern journey when architect

Louis Sullivan described his famous proverb that form follows function--a key concept for

organic design. Frank Lloyd Wright would often choose sites close to woods, rock

formations, or even waterfalls and his buildings would become part of nature. For Antoni

Gaudí, Spanish architect the straight line belonged to men and the curved line to God.

Characteristics

- The design approach is inspired by nature & the built form grows out of the site, emerging

like an organism from the seed of the nature.

- It is visually poetic, radical in design, multifaceted & surprising, distinctive but flexible &

environmentally conscious.

- Organic architecture is said to be the mother of all architecture- sustainable or bio

architecture, alternative architecture or any other.

Approach

- A respect for natural materials (wood should look like wood)

- Blend into the surroundings (a house should look part of the hill, not perched on it)

- An honest expression of the function of the building (don't make a bank look like a Greek

temple).

Exploring Organic Architecture

New age, architects have taken the concept of organic design to new heights by employing

newer materials & technology in the application of natural shapes, rhythm & composition to

their buildings.

Concerns

Organic or sustainable architecture is evolving fast, but there is a risk of it becoming a

superficial statement engrossed in high-tech science and technology & organic forms being

superimposed from the outside rather than evolving like life from within.

These 5 examples of organic architecture showcase some of the ways designers transform a

lot by learning to bend a little

A Fallingwater house designed and built during 1934-1937 in Pennsylvania, was a

vacation house for the Kaufmann family: Edgar, Liliane and son Edgar Jr., owners of a

department store in Pittsburgh Fallingwater is a synthesis of "organic architecture"; it

integrates man with nature. Set amid 5000 acres of natural wilderness Fallingwater was

constructed of sandstone quarried on the property, reinforced concrete, steel and glass, and

was built by local craftsmen. It follows the concept of integrating environmental factors,

function, native materials, construction process and humans . It is just out over a waterfall on

Bear Run, appearing as naturally formed as the rocks, trees and rhododendrons which

embrace it.

B The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is an example of Frank Lloyd Wright's

use of hemicycle styling. Frank Lloyd Wright created the Guggenheim Museum as a series of

organic shapes. Circular forms spiral down like the interior of a nautilus shell. Visitors to the

museum begin on the upper level and follow a sloping ramp downward through connected

exhibition spaces. At the core, an open rotunda offers views of artwork on several levels.

C The word “organic” conjures up images of living things, and the Hundertwasser

House Vienna reflects that definition by incorporating soil, grass and trees into its structure.

The house - actually a suite of 52 apartments and offices - was built in the early 1980s by

architects Prof. Joseph Krawina and Peter Pelikan. The building's organic features spill out

into the street below in the form of wavy pavement that creeps up and even into a decorative

fountain.

D In Paris is one of the best known examples of organic architecture, though at the time

of its design and construction in the early 1970s the Pompidou Centre was said to express an

“exoskeleton” style. Certainly the inside-out look of the edifice approximates the look of an

exoskeleton, but the exposed ducts and beams also remind one of anatomical drawings. Can't

get much more organic than that

E Last but not least is a mammoth project expected to dominate the skyline of Mumbai,

India. “Waves” will soar 80-stories into the sky and will offer residents incredible views of

the Indian Ocean from its delicately scalloped balconies. Architect Sanjay Puri took the crests

of ocean waves as his inspiration, expressed in the undulating balconies which linearly

traverse each floor. The upwardly flaring style of Waves seems to defy the laws of physics. It

may look organic but - what would Einstein say?

TASK 1

Read the text and find the expressions that mean the following:

1. It takes environment and its problems into considerations.

It _____________________________________________________________.

2. The architecture goes well with the new industrial era.

The architecture is the _____________________________________________.

3. The designers are becoming sensitive to new ideas.

They ___________________________________________________________.

4. This is the most important thing for the design.

This is the ______________________________________________________.

5. It pays attention to the environment.

It is ____________________________________________________________.

6. It should look like the surrounding.

It should ________________________________________________________.

7. They have made it excellent.

They have _______________________________________________________.

8. The form may become more important than the meaning.

It may become a ___________________________________________________.

TASK 2

Read about the examples of organic architecture and decide which building the statement

applies to.

1. The way it was perceived in the beginning was changed. ______________

2. You visit the building from top to bottom. _______________

3. Its design was inspired by the force of water. ____________________

4. It was built with the material found on the premises. _________________

5. The design follows the pattern of a living organism. __________________

6. Not only the building itself is “organic” but its surroundings as well. ______________

7. It looks as if it was impossible. _____________________

8. It was built with things that are not usually used for building. ____________________

VOCABULARY BANK

(mount) bracket wspornik (montażowy)

gap odstęp, przerwa

phase out wyjść z użycia

rear tył, tylny

recognition rozpoznawanie

socket gniazdko

staff pracownicy

Task 1

1 C

2 F

3 A

4 H

5 B

6 D

7 E

8 G

Task 2

1. projector screen

2. mouse cursor

3. corporate organizations

4. slide images

5. scanning technology

6. surf websites

7. rear projection

8. single cable

Autor: mgr Beata Jaśkowska-Derechowska

mgr Janusz Derechowski

Język: angielski

Poziom: B2/B2E

Text 2

Health Hazards of Chemicals

The physical hazards connected with using a chemical include its flammability (the tendency

to burn), corrosivity (the potential to degrade other materials) and reactivity (the potential to

react violently upon contact). The following article discusses the health effects of hazardous

chemicals which, although often less clear than the physical hazards, cannot be

underestimated.

When discussing the health effects of chemicals, two terms are often used interchangeably -

toxicity and hazard. However, the actual meanings of these words are quite different. Toxicity

is an inherent property of a material, similar to its physical constants. It is the ability of a

chemical substance to cause an undesirable effect in a biological system. Hazard is the

likelihood that a material will exert its toxic effects under the conditions of use. Thus, with

proper handling, highly toxic chemicals can be used safely. Conversely, less toxic chemicals

can be extremely hazardous if handled improperly.

The toxic effects of a chemical may be local or systemic. Local injuries involve the area of the

body in contact with the chemical and are typically caused by reactive or corrosive chemicals,

such as strong acids, alkalis or oxidizing agents. Systemic injuries involve tissues or organs

unrelated to or removed from the contact site when toxins have been transported through the

bloodstream. For example, methanol that has been ingested may cause blindness, while a

significant skin exposure to nitrobenzene may effect the central nervous system. Certain

chemicals may affect a target organ. For example, lead primarily affects the brain, kidney and

red blood cells; isocyanates may induce an allergic reaction (immune system); and chloroform

may cause tumors in the liver and kidneys.

It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic exposure and toxicity. Acute toxicity

results from a single, short exposure. Effects usually appear quickly and are usually

reversible. Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period of time. Effects

are usually delayed and gradual, and may be irreversible. For example, the acute effect of

alcohol exposure (ingestion) is intoxication, while the chronic effect is cirrhosis of the liver.

The health risk of a chemical is a function of the toxicity and the exposure. Particularly

dangerous are substances that have a high degree of acute toxicity, carcinogens and

reproductive toxins. Acutely toxic substances may be fatal or cause damage to a target organ

as a result of a single exposure or an exposure of short duration. Examples include hydrogen

cyanide, dimethylmercury, and diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Carcinogens are known for their

ability to cause cancer. The latency period for most cancers ranges from twenty to forty years.

The risk of developing cancer from exposure to a chemical increases with the length of

exposure and with the exposure concentration. Reproductive toxins are chemicals which

affect the reproductive system, including mutagens (those which cause chromosomal damage)

and embryotoxins (which may be lethal to the fertilized egg, embryo or fetus) and teratogenic

substances (able to cause fetal malformations).

No matter how toxic the material may be, there is little risk involved unless it enters the body.

An assessment of the toxicity of the chemicals and the possible routes of entry will help

determine what protective measures should be taken.

Routes of Entry

Skin and Eye Contact

The simplest way for chemicals to enter the body is through direct contact with the skin or

eyes. Skin contact with a chemical may result in a local reaction, such as a burn or rash, or

absorption into the bloodstream. Absorption into the bloodstream may then allow the

chemical to cause toxic effects on other parts of the body. The absorption of a chemical

through intact skin is influenced by the health of the skin and the properties of the chemical.

Skin that is dry or cracked or has lacerations offers less resistance. Fat-soluble substances,

such as many organic solvents, can easily penetrate skin and, in some instances, can alter the

skin's ability to resist absorption of other substances.

Wear gloves and other protective clothing to minimize skin exposure. Symptoms of skin

exposure include dry, whitened skin, redness and swelling, rashes or blisters, and itching. In

the event of chemical contact on skin, rinse the affected area with water for at least 15

minutes, removing contaminated clothing while rinsing, if necessary.

Chemical contact with eyes can be particularly dangerous, resulting in painful injury or loss of

sight. Wearing safety glasses or chemical splash goggles can reduce the risk of eye contact.

Eyes that have been in contact with chemicals should be rinsed immediately with water

continuously for at least 15 minutes. Contact lenses should be removed while rinsing—do not

delay rinsing to remove the lenses. Medical attention is necessary if symptoms persist.

Inhalation

The respiratory tract is the most common route of entry for gases, vapors and particles. These

materials may be transported into the lungs and exert localized effects, or be absorbed into the

bloodstream. Factors that influence the absorption of these materials may include the vapor

pressure of the material, solubility, particle size, its concentration in the inhaled air, and the

chemical properties of the material. The vapor pressure describes how quickly a substance

evaporates into the air - higher concentrations in air cause greater exposure in the lungs and

greater absorption in the bloodstream.

Most chemicals have an odor that is perceptible at a certain concentration, referred to as the

odor threshold. Olfactory fatigue may occur when exposed to high concentrations or after

prolonged exposure to some substances. This may cause the odor to seem to diminish or

disappear, while the danger of overexposure remains.

Symptoms of over-exposure may include headaches, increased mucus production, and eye,

nose and throat irritation. Narcotic effects, including confusion, dizziness, drowsiness or

collapse, may result from exposure to some substances, particularly to many solvents. In the

event of exposure, close containers, open windows or otherwise increase ventilation, and

move to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Volatile hazardous materials should be used in a well-ventilated area, preferably a fume hood,

to reduce the potential of exposure. Occasionally, ventilation may not be adequate and a fume

hood may not be practical, necessitating the use of a respirator.

Ingestion

The gastrointestinal tract is another possible route of entry for toxic substances. Although

direct ingestion of a laboratory chemical is unlikely, exposure may occur as a result of

ingesting contaminated food or beverages, touching the mouth with contaminated fingers, or

swallowing inhaled particles which have been cleared from the respiratory system. The

possibility of exposure by this route may be reduced by not eating, drinking, smoking, or

storing food in the laboratory, and by washing hands thoroughly after working with

chemicals, even when gloves were worn.

Direct ingestion may occur as a result of the outdated and dangerous practice of mouth

pipetting. In the event of accidental ingestion, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so

by a health care provider.

Injection

The final possible route of exposure to chemicals is by injection. Injection effectively

bypasses the protection provided by intact skin and provides direct access to the bloodstream,

thus, to internal organ systems. Injection may occur through mishaps with syringe needles or

through accidents with pipettes, broken glassware or other sharp objects that have been

contaminated with toxic substances.

If injection has occurred, wash the area with soap and water and seek medical attention, if

necessary. Cautious use of any sharp object is always important. Substituting cannulas for

syringes and wearing gloves may also reduce the possibility of injection.

Task 1

State which of the following statements are true and which are false.

1. Toxicity and hazard refer to the same properties.

2. Skin exposure to nitrobenzene may result in a systemic injury.

3. Acutely toxic substances can damage an organ even after a single exposure.

4. Fat-soluble substances can never influence skin's ability to resist other substances.

5. In case of contact with a chemical the affected area of skin needs to be rinsed for no longer

than 15 minutes.

6. Most gases are not perceptible below the odor threshold.

7. Ventilation is always desirable when in contact with volatile hazardous materials.

8. Accidental injection of chemicals may occur even through a contact with contaminated

broken glass.

Task 2

Match the words in column A with words in column B to create collocations and phrases used

in the article.

Column A Column B

1. corrosive effect

2. respiratory solvent

3. medical threshold

4. contact exposure

5. odor chemicals

6. undesirable system

7. organic lenses

8. single attention

VOCABULARY BANK

Vocabulary

exposure wystawienie na działanie czynników zewnętrznych

hazard ryzyko, niebezpieczeństwo

ingestion przyjmowanie pokarmów

lethal śmiertelny

oxidizing oksydowanie, utlenianie

rinse płukać, przemywać

solvent rozpuszczalnik

Health Hazards of Chemicals

Task 1

1. False

2. True

3. True

4. False

5. False

6. True

7. False

8. True

Task 2

1. undesirable effect

2. organic solvent

3. odor threshold

4. single exposure

5. corrosive chemicals

6. respiratory system

7. contact lenses

8. medical attention

Autor: mgr Renata Kasprzak

mgr Izabela Koszutska

mgr Elżbieta Szczawińska

Język: angielski

Poziom: B2/B2E

Wydział: Budownictwa Lądowego i Wodnego

TEXT 1

Building A House

Taking the decision to build your is just the first step in a long process. There are a number of

things that you will have to do and will have to keep in mind while building your house. Here

are a few tips on the procedures that you should follow while building your house.

A First and foremost you will have to find the finance to build your house. You could

approach your bank or a mortgage company to provide you with the required money to

complete your house. Your financial capacity will be calculated based of your commitments

and responsibilities. Total pay back should not exceed 40 to 42% of your gross revenue (total

revenue before taxes and deductions).

B To decide how much finance you require you will have to budget. While making a

budget you could consult a professional or do it yourself. Remember to budget for everything

including fencing, landscaping and essential appliances and furniture within the house. Build

some flexibility into your budget for related expenses such as a notary fees, municipal taxes,

school and welcome taxes (transfer taxes), life, disability and home insurance, etc

C If finances are not a problem, identify your needs, but also keep in mind financial

matters and construction standards. Clearly identify the needs of everyone that will live in the

house and be sure your project respects municipal and provincial standards. Plan the building

sequence, who will do what, and the purchasing of the material

D Along with a technologist and an architect prepare a plan. This plan will guarantee

construction that complies with your requests and requirements. The municipality can also

require a plan before providing you with the permits and authorizations you need.

When you have a plan for the house, you have to find the right location. Or the other way

to do it is to find the plot and then plan the house to fit the plot.

E Once the plan is ready make a number of copies of the plan, as you will have to give

copies of the plan to the various offices that will approve your house and finance it. Many sub

trades would like a copy of the plan to give you an estimate of the cost of their job.

F Now apply for a construction permit. Before starting construction work, you must

make sure your project complies with the standards, laws and regulations in effect. Plans and

quotations that haven't been validated by a building inspector from the municipality could

cost you. The building inspector is a resource that will help you to ensure your plan complies

with the municipality's requirements - in the particular area in which you're building - in

matters of electric power, water supply and sewage. He'll also validate your plan in light of

the municipality's urban development plan which generally takes into consideration the

quality of life of its citizens and the need for harmonious development. Look at the

municipality as an ally that will guide you through the different steps of your project.

G You've chosen the plan. You've chosen the land. Financing has been approved. What

if the roof falls on your head? Yes, even if you are not yet living in your house, you need to

have an insurance during the whole duration of the construction.

H It is best to have a General Contractor who will oversee all the work. The first trades

that he will have to contact are the Surveyors, the Framing Crew and Excavator. Inform the

electric company that you will need a temporary power connection.

Here are the steps, more or less chronologically, that should normally lead to the completion

of your project:

Construction permit

Surveying

General plan

Excavating

Installation of a temporary electric line

Footing formwork

Foundation formwork & concrete

Foundation damp proofing

Rough plumbing (drainage)

Backfilling

Crushed stone bed

Floor & wall framing (1st level)

Floor & wall framing (2nd level)

Roof trusses and soffits

Roof plywood

Roof shingle starter (soaker and counterflashing)

Shingles

Doors and windows

Interior partitions

Window flashings

Exterior siding (brick, fascia, soffits, vinyl, etc.)

Initial electrical wiring

Rough plumbing

Heating system

Wall and ceiling insulation

Moisture barrier

Finishing panels for walls and ceilings

Installation of plasterboard and pulling of joints

Balconies and platforms

Interior finishing

Stairs

Interior/exterior paint

Cabinets and vanities

Floor covering (except hard wood)

Pouring concrete slabs for the basement and garage

Gutters

Exterior stucco

Plumbing - finishing

Electricity - finishing

Interior decorating

Landscaping

Final check

Washing and cleaning

Final inspection

 Building the house that will become a major part of your estate is an important longterm

project that requires methodical, step by step execution.

TASK 1 READING COMPREHENSION

The following information is included in the paragraphs. Match the information with the

appropriate paragraph. There is one extra sentence that does not match any paragraph.

Which paragraph says that

1. You have to plan the order of activities _____

2. It is important to plan your budget with a margin for some extras _____

3. Identifies possible problems _____

4. You will have to hand out the plan of the house to different executing parties _____

5. You have to take some precautions in case some accidents happen _____

6. Somebody should supervise the work for you _____

7. You have to find resources to finance your house _____

8. Your plan has to be approved by the local authorities _____

9. Before obtaining a building permit, you'll have to provide a plan _____

TASK 2 VOCABULARY

Look at the list of steps that lead to the completion of your project and choose the best option

to complete the sentences.

1. ________________________________ are laid from the bottom of the roof up.

A/ gutters B/ cabinets and vanities C/ shingles

2. The open-plan office is space not separated by any _________________________.

A/ exterior sidings B/ interior partitions C/ trusses

3. A thick ________________________, supported on foundations, is used to construct

the ground floor of a building.

A/ floor covering B/ crushed stone bed C/ concrete slab

4. If the foundation cracks because of premature __________________________, it will

result in cracked walls.

A/ backfilling B/ rough plumbing C/ electrical wiring

5. Proper ______________________________ is an effective way to save energy and

money.

A/ wall insulation B/ foundation damp proofing C/ window flashings

6. The ___________________________ is a plaster type of material that is made from

cement, sand and lime.

A/ plywood B/ soffits C/ stucco

7. ______________________________ your foundations can only be executed when the

concrete is well dried.

A/ excavating B/ damp proofing C/ draining

8. The ______________________________ play a specific load-bearing role inasmuch

as they support the weight of the building.

A/ foundations B/ ceilings C/ trusses

VOCABULARY BANK

mortgage - kredyt hipoteczny

to mortgage a house

municipal - miejski, komunalny

municipal building, municipal waste

to comply with - uwzględniać, spełniać (warunki)

to comply with regulations/standards

estimate - oszacowanie, kosztorys

an estimate for repairing the roof

plot - działka

surveying - pomiary (np. geodezyjne)

damp - wilgoć

backfilling - zasypywanie wykopów

slab - płyta

floor slab, pavement slab

Building a House

TASK 1

1. C

2. B

3. x

4. E

5. G

6. H

7. A

8. F

9. D

TASK 2

1. C

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. A

6. C

7. B

8. A

Autor: mgr Renata Kasprzak

mgr Izabela Koszutska

mgr Elżbieta Szczawińska

Poziom: B2/B2E

Wydział: Budownictwa Lądowego i Wodnego

TEXT 2

Bridges

Humans have been constructing bridges since ancient times. The earliest bridges were

probably nothing more than felled trees used to cross rivers or ditches. As civilization

advanced, artisans discovered ways to use stone, rock, mortar, and other natural materials to

construct longer and stronger bridges. Finally, as physicists and engineers began to develop

the principles underlying bridge construction, they incorporated other materials such as iron,

steel, and aluminum into the bridges they built. There are four major types of bridges: beam,

cantilever, arch, and suspension.

A Beam bridges

The simplest type of bridge consists of a single piece of material that stretches from one side

of a barrier to the other side. That piece of material—called a beam or girder—rests directly

on the ground on each side or is supported on heavy foundations known as piers. The length

of a beam bridge is limited by the weight of the beam itself plus the weight of the traffic it

carries. Longer beam bridges can be constructed by joining a number of beams to each other

in parallel sections.

B Cantilever bridges

A cantilever bridge is a variation of the simple beam bridge. A cantilever is a long arm that is

anchored at one end and is free to move at the opposite end. A diving board is an example of a

cantilever. When anchored firmly, a cantilever is a very strong structure. It consists of three

parts: the outer beams, the cantilevers, and the central beam. The on-shore edge of the outer

beam is attached to the ground itself or to a pier (usually a vertical column of reinforced

concrete) that is sunk into the ground. The opposite edge of the outer beam is attached to a

second pier, sunk into the ground at some distance from the shore. Also attached to the offshore

pier is one end of a cantilever. The free end of the cantilever extends outward into the

middle of the gap between the shores. The cantilevers on either side of the gap are then joined

by the central beam.

C Arch bridges

The main supporting structure in an arch bridge is one or more curved elements. The dead and

live forces that act on the arch bridge are transmitted along the curved line of the arch into

abutments or supporting structures at either end. These abutments are sunk deep into the

ground, into bedrock if at all possible. They are, therefore, essentially immovable and able to

withstand very large forces exerted on the bridge itself. This structure is so stable that piers

are generally unnecessary in an arch bridge.

The roadway of an arch bridge can be placed anywhere with relationship to the arch: on top of

it, beneath it, or somewhere within the arch. The roadway is attached to the arch by vertical

posts (ribs and columns) if the roadway is above the arch, by ropes or cables (suspenders) if

the roadway is below the arch, and by some combination of the two if the roadway is

somewhere within the arch.

D Suspension bridges

In a suspension bridge, thick wire cables run across the top of at least two towers and are

anchored to the shorelines within heavy abutments. In some cases, the roadway is supported

directly by suspenders from the cables. In other cases, the suspenders are attached to a truss,

on top of which the roadway is laid. In either case, the dead and light loads of the bridge are

transmitted to the cables which, in turn, exert stress on the abutments. That stress is

counteracted by attaching the abutments to bedrock.

The towers in a suspension bridge typically rest on massive foundations sunk deep into the

riverbed or seabed beneath the bridge itself. The wire cables that carry the weight of the

bridge and its traffic are made of parallel strands of steel wire woven together to make a

single cable. Such cables typically range in diameter from about 15 inches (38 centimeters) to

as much as 36 inches (91 centimeters).

E Movable bridges

Traditionally, three kinds of movable bridges have been constructed over waterways to allow

the passage of boat traffic. In a swing bridge, the roadway rotates around a central span, a

large, heavy pier sunk into the river bottom. In a bascule bridge, the roadway is raised like an

ancient drawbridge. It can be lifted either at one end or split in two halves in the middle, each

half rising in the opposite direction. In a vertical-lift bridge, the whole central portion of the

bridge is raised straight up by means of steel ropes.

TASK 1 Words to Know

Match the words to their definitions:

1.Abutment: A Vertical columns, usually made of reinforced concrete or some other

strong material, on which bridges rest.

2.Bedrock: B The force exerted by a bridge as a result of its own weight.

3.Dead load: C The force exerted on a bridge as a result of the traffic moving across

the bridge.

4.Dynamic load: D Portion of Earth's mantle made of solid rock on which permanent

structures can be built.

5.Live load: E Ropes or steel wires from which the roadway of a bridge is

suspended.

6.Piers: F A structure that consists of a number of triangles joined to each other.

7.Suspenders: G Heavy supporting structures usually attached to bedrock and

supporting bridge piers.

8.Truss: H The force exerted on a bridge as a result of unusual environmental

factors, such as earthquakes or strong gusts of wind.

TASK 2 READING COMPREHENSION

Read the text about the five types of bridges and match the information in the question with

the type of bridge.

Which bridge

1. Is a more complex version of the simplest type of bridge

2. Can be of limited length

3. Is so stable that piers are redundant

4. Is meant to enable water traffic

5. Has abutments that can bear enormous forces

6. Has three subtypes

7. Makes it possible to construct the road in two different ways

8. Has one end free



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