Participle Definition A participle is a verbal form that has the qualities of both a verb and an adjective, such as the following present participle in red… YanItlanmasI zor gelen sInav sorularInI en sona bIrakmalIsIn, Aristotle. You should leave examination questions that you find difficult to answer until last, Aristotle. [present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, questions.] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The Standard way to make the 'Present' Participle in Turkish… The present participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem add '(y)en' if the verb is from the 'mek' family or '(y)an' if it's from the 'mak' family. [Note: the 'y' is only inserted if the verb stem ends in a vowel -- to avoid the occurrence of two consecutive vowels.] Examples of Present Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle English Gelmek -en Gelen coming (who [whom, that, which] is coming) SarIlmak -an SarIlan hugging (who [whom, that, which] is hugging) Anlamak -yan Anlayan understanding (who is [whom, that, which] understanding) Beklemek -yen Bekleyen waiting (who [whom, that, which] is waiting) Gelmemek -yen Gelmeyen not coming (who [whom, that, which] is not coming) SarIlmamak -yan SarIlmayan not hugging (who [whom, that, which] is not hugging) Anlamamak -yan Anlamayan not understanding (who [whom, that, which] is not understanding) Beklememek -yen Beklemeyen not waiting (who [whom, that, which] is not waiting) Another Present Participle Example: Babel'den dцrt bin dokuz yuz yirmi ьз dili akIcI bir sekilde konusan bir adam tanIyorum. I know a man from Babel who speaks 4,923 languages fluently. [present participle used in a participle phrase modifying, man] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example?

Standard Way to Make the (Aorist) 'Wide-Tense' Participles in Turkish... The Type 'A' Participles The (Aorist) Wide-Tense -- a verbal factoid Example with the Type 'A' Wide-Tense Participle: Atlantis yцresinde pek зok akar su var. There's a lot of flowing water in the vicinity of Atlantis. (...water that flows, all the time...) [Type 'A' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, water] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The Type 'A' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-(e)r' ['-(i)r', '-(ь)r'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... '(a)r' ['-(I)r', '-(u)r'], if it's from the 'mak' family. 3. Negative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add '-mez' (for '-mek' family verbs) or '-maz' (for '-mak' family verbs). Keep in mind that, for each of the two verb families, there is only one possible negative suffix, but that there are three possible affirmative suffixes. And remember too that suffix choices are always subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony... Examples of Type 'A' Wide Tense Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle English Beklemek -er Bekler waiting (who [whom, that, which] waits) Gelmek -ir Gelir coming (who [whom, that, which] comes) Yьrьmek -r Yьrьr walking (who [whom, that, which] walks) Adamak -ar Adar dedicating(who [whom, that, which] dedicates) SarIlmak -Ir SarIlIr hugging (who [whom, that, which] hugs) Bulmak -ur Bulur finding (who [whom, that, which] finds) [negative] Gelmek -mez Gelmez not coming (who [whom, that, which] doesn't come) [negative] SarIlmak -maz SarIlmaz not hugging (who [whom, that, which] doesn't hug) Note: Quite a few of the wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: dьsьnьr; thinker and yazar; writer. Such as the adjectives: зalar; зalar saat; alarm clock, and bilir; bilir kisi; a wise man, expert... Another Wide-tense Participle Example: Nero, yanmaz ipektan yapIlmIs elbiseler giyer. Nero always wears clothing made from fire-proof silk. (...from silk that doesn't burn, ever...) [wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, silk] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? Standard Way to Make the (Aorist) 'Wide-Tense' Participles in Turkish... The Type 'B' Participles Example with the Type 'B' Wide-Tense Participle: Paris, Helena'ya geзiзi hevesleri yьzьnden Troy'a zarar verecek mi? Elbette! Will Paris bring harm to Troy over his passing desires for Helena? You betcha! [Type 'B' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, desires] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The Type 'B' Wide-tense participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. Affirmative participles -- To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-ici' ['-ьcь'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... 'IcI' ['-ucu'], if it's from the 'mak' family. 3. Negative participles -- Unlike the Type 'A' Wide Tense participles, there are no negative Type 'B' participles. As is the case with the Present Participles, all negative expressions are controlled through the main verb(s) in the sentence (or noun clause) where this participle is used. For example, Size daha ьzьcь haberler vermek istemem, Job; I don't want to give more worrying news to you, Job. In the example, the main verb istemem; I don't want, happens to be in the negative, and so controls the negative sense in which the participle ьzьcь is used. And if the verb were in the affirmative, the sense of the sentence would be reversed, but there'd be no change at all in the participle. Keep in mind that, for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert 'y' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix, e.g. koruyucu; protecting, who protect(s)... Examples of Type 'B' Wide Tense Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle English Gelmek -ici Gelici coming (who [whom, that, which] comes) Beklemek -yici Bekleyici waiting (who [whom, that, which] waits) Gьlmek -ьcь Gьlьcь smiling (who [whom, that, which] smiles) Bьyьmek -yьcь Bьyьyьcь growing (who [whom, that, which] grows) Almak -IcI AlIcI taking (who [whom, that, which] takes) TanImak -yIcI TanIyIcI recognizing (who [whom, that, which] recognizes) Doyurmak -ucu Doyurucu filling up (who [whom, that, which] fills up) Korumak -yucu Koruyucu protecting (who [whom, that, which] protects Note: Quite a few of the Type 'B' wide-tense participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: bцcek цldьrьcь; insecticide (bug killer) and uyusturucu; (narcotic) drugs. Such as the adjectives: gьldьrьcь; amusing, and etkileyici; effective, influential... Another Type 'B' Wide-tense Participle Example: Emek AtlasI yorarsa, o yorucu bir emektir. If the work exhausts Atlas, it's exhausting work. [Type 'B' wide-tense participle used as pure adjective modifying, work] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example?

Standard Way to Make the 'Past Personal' Participle in Turkish... Other writers on the Turkish language, have called this category of participle, "the Past Participle" (Hengirmen), "an Object Participle" (Underhill), "a '-dik' adjective" (The Pollards), "a Relative Participle", and "a Personal Participle" (Lewis). Since they can't agree, we won't either, and have decided to call it "The Past Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance. For example, look at the 'Past Personal' Participle, istedigin, which may mean, that you wanted, as in, The suit that you wanted cost $9,000, but the checking account was in my name! Firstly, you'll see that it's made from the verb stem of, istemek; to want. Then hopefully, you'll notice two things about its suffix/ending, digin. What you will notice, we hope, is a) that it's based on the root suffix '-dik' (softened here to dig) -- which makes it 'appear' (at first glance) to be in the Past Tense and, b) that it definitely does include use of one of the Personal Possessive Endings, in this case, -in, meaning, your. So, Participles in this category, look like they're in Past Tense and, also, make use of the Personal Possessive Suffixes... And, that's why we call them the 'Past Personal' Participles. Whew! In fact, as we'll see just below, looks can be deceiving. Because it turns out that the 'Past Personal' Participle's time zones are subject to the whims of other stronger passions, and so, it can be used for any tense except the future tense... Example with the 'Past Personal' Participle: [Notice how the 'Past Personal' Participle's tense can get twisted in translation -- to conform to the tense of the 'stronger' verb in the sentence.] Bilmediginiz insanlara fikrinizi sцylemeyiniz, Socrates. Senin basInI belaya sokabilir. Don't tell your ideas to people you don't know, Socrates. It could get you into trouble. [Past Personal participle used as an adjective modifying, people. Observe that, in this translation, the participle takes on the 'present tense feeling' of the sentence's main verb -- which is the negative command, sцylemeyiniz; don't tell.] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The 'Past Personal' Participle is made in the following manner : 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-dik' ['-dьk'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... '-dIk' ['-duk'], if it's from the 'mak' family. 3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE). Note: Before attaching the PPE, you may need to soften the final 'k' of that construction by substituting the Turkish 'yumasak-g' character. See following examples... Keep in mind that, for each of the two verb families, there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony... Examples of 'Past Personal' Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle Usage English Зizmek -digim Зizdigim resim... The picture [that] I drew... SarIlmak -dIgIn SarIldIgIn kIz... The girl [who] you hugged... Okumak -dugu (see the vowel harmony at work) Okudugu kitap... The book [that] she read... Beklemek -digimiz Bekledigimiz gьn... The day [that] we were waiting for... Gцrmek -dьgьnьz (see the vowel harmony at work) Gцrdьgьnьz atlar... The horses [that] you saw... Aramak -dIklarI AradIklarI sevgili... The lover [that] they were searching for... Зizmemek -digim Зizmedigim resim... The picture [that] I didn't draw... SarIlmamak -dIgIn SarIlmadIgIn kIz... The girl [who] you didn't hug... Okumamak -dIgI (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Okumak' above) OkumadIgI kitap... The book [that] she didn't read... Beklememek -digimiz Beklemedigimiz misafir... The guest [that] we weren't expecting... Gцrmemek -diginiz (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Gцrmek' above) Gцrmediginiz atlar... The horses [that] you didn't see... Gьlmemek -dikleri Gьlmedikleri saka... The joke [that] they didn't laugh at... Another 'Past Personal' Participle Example: Also includes an example of a 'faux-participle' [in green below] OsmanlI SarayIna, hos geldiniz, Bayan Borgia. Duydugumuz AvrupalI barbarlardan biri olmadIgInIzI bilmek bizi зok memnun etti. Note: 'olmadIgInIzI' is only a Turkish participle look-a-like, and has no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions as the direct object of 'bilmek'. In that case it translates something like, '[the likelihood of] your not being'. For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can translate it more simply as, you aren't. A 'faux-participle' like this one is usually easy to spot, because you most always find it sitting directly to the left of another verb formation, as in the above case, olmadIgInIzI bilmek; to know [that] you aren't. Welcome to the Ottoman Court, Miss Borgia. We're glad to know [that] you aren't one of the European barbarians who we've heard [about]. [Past Personal participle used as an adjective modifying, one of the European barbarians. Observe that, in this translation, the participle takes on the 'present tense feeling' of the controlling so-called "verb" -- olmadIgInIzI; you aren't.] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example?

Standard Way to Make the 'mis-Past' Participle in Turkish... Example with the mis-Past Participle: Note: Despite their appearance, mis-Past participles do not carry any of the uncertain, tentative, dubitative sense of the 'pure' mis-Past verb. For example, with a pure mis-Past verb, plan hazIrlanmIs means I think the plan has been prepared (but, I don't know for sure). While, with a mis-Past participle, hazIrlanmIs plan means the plan that has been prepared (undoubtedly). Could I see an example conjugation of a mis-Past verb? AgarmIs saзlar sevgiye engel degildir, Methuselah. Hair that has turned white is not a barrier to love, Methuselah. [mis-Past participle as adjective modifying, Hair] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The 'mis-Past' Participle is made in the following manner : 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-mis' ['-mьs'], if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... '-mIs' ['-mus'], if it's from the 'mak' family. Keep in mind that, for each of the two verb families , there are two possible suffixes -- that are subject to the Rule of Vowel Harmony... Examples of mis-Past Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle Usage English Bitmek -mis Bitmis is... finished work; work that has been done/finished... Gцrьlmek -mьs (see vowel harmony at work) Gцrьlmьs olay... observed event; an event that is seen/observed... YazIlmak -mIs YazIlmIs mektup... written letter; a letter that has been written... Okunmak -mus (see vowel harmony at work) Okunmus kitap... a read book; a book that has been read... Bitmemek -mis Bitmemis is... unfinished work; work that has not been done/finished... Gцrьlmemek -mis (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Gцrьlmek' above) Gцrьlmemis olay... unobserved event; an event that has not been seen/observed... YazIlmamak -mIs YazIlmamIs mektup... unwritten letter; a letter that has not been written... Okunmamak -mIs (see the vowel harmony at work, compare with 'Okunmak' above) OkunmamIs kitap... unread book; a book that has not been read... Another mis-Past Participle Example: Bu aksam Sodom ve Gomorrah bugьne kadar hiз gцrьlmemis bazI olaylara tanIk oldu. This evening [citizens of] Sodom and Gomorrah were witness to some events that haven't been seen ever, until today. [mis-Past participle used in a participle phrase modifying, events] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example?

Standard Way to Make the 'Future' Participle in Turkish Example with the Future Participle: Lutfen Pandora, kutuya dikkat edin -- iзinde korkutacak esyalar var. Please be careful with the box, Pandora -- there are some frightening things inside. (...things that will frighten inside.) [future participle as adjective modifying things] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The 'Future' Participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-(y)ecek, if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... '-(y)acak, if it's from the 'mak' family. Keep in mind that, for a verb stem ending in a vowel, you need to insert 'y' before attaching the 'future' participle suffix, e.g. bulmayacak; that will not be found... Examples of 'Future' Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle Usage English Bitmek -cek Bitecek is... work that will be done/finished... Gцrьlmek -ecek Gцrьlecek olay... event that will be seen/observed... YazIlmak -acak YazIlacak mektup... letter that will be written... Bitmemek -yecek Bitmeyecek is... work that will not be done/finished... Gцrьlmemek -yecek Gцrьlmeycek olay... event that will not be seen/observed... YazIlmamak -yacak YazIlmayacak mektup... letter that will not be written... Note: Many of the Future participles have now entered the Turkish language as free-standing nouns or adjectives. Such as the nouns: yiyecek; food, something to eat, oyuncak; a toy, a trifling matter, an easy job, child's play, and aзacak; any tool for opening things. Such as the adjectives: gelecek; coming, next, and olacak; suitable, so-called... Another 'Future' Participle Example -- a double-whammy one... Bu gece bitecek bir masal anlat, Sehrazad. Bitmeyecek masallarla ugrasIp vakit kaybetmeyin. Tell me a story you can finish tonite, Scheherazade. Don't struggle and waste time with stories you can't finish [tonite]. [...a story that will finish...stories that will not finish...] ['future' participles, both positive and negative, used as adjectives modifying, story/stories]. Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example?

Standard Way to Make the 'Future Personal' Participle in Turkish... Other writers on the Turkish language, have called this category of participle, "an '-ecek' adjective" (The Pollards), "an Object Participle" (Underhill), "a Relative Participle", and "a Personal Participle" (Lewis). We mentioned this same kind of nomenclature problem above, in the section about the 'Past Personal' Participle. And, for the same kind of reasons presented there, we've decided to call this participle "The Future Personal Participle" -- based solely on its appearance. And happily, the 'Future Personal' Participle does actually provide a sense of the future. (You may recall that the 'Past Personal' Participle doesn't reliably provide a sense of the past...) Example with the 'Future Personal' Participle: Sfenks seni bekliyor, Oedipus. Ve bilmeceye verecegin cevap dogruysa daha iyi olur. The Sphinx is waiting, Oedipus. And the answer you give his riddle had better be right!! (...it would be better if the answer that you will give...) ['future personal' participle as adjective modifying, answer] Need step-by-step help translating the preceding example? The 'Future Personal' Participle is made in the following manner: 1. From the infinitive of any verb, strip the 'mek' or 'mak' ending. 2. To the remaining verb stem, add the suffix '-(y)ecek', if the verb is from the 'mek' family, or... '-(y)acak', if it's from the 'mak' family. 3. To that resulting construction, attach an appropriate Personal Possessive Ending (PPE). Note: Before attaching the PPE, you may need to soften the final 'k' of that construction by substituting the Turkish 'yumasak-g' character. See following examples... Examples of 'Future Personal' Participle Construction: Infinitive form of a Verb Correct Participle Suffix The Participle Usage English Зizmek -ecegim Зizecegim resim... The picture [that] I will draw... SarIlmak -acagIn SarIlacagIn kIz... The girl [who] you will hug... Okumak -yacagI OkuyacagI kitap... The book [that] she will read... Beklemek -ycegimiz Bekleyecegimiz gьn... The day [that] we will wait for... Gцrmek -eceginiz Gцreceginiz atlar... The horses [that] you will see... Aramak -yacaklarI ArayacaklarI sevgili... The lover [that] they will search for... Зizmemek -yecegim Зizmemeycegim resim... The picture [that] I will not draw... SarIlmamak -yacagIn SarIlmayacagIn kIz... The girl [who] you will not hug... Okumamak -yacagI OkumayacagI kitap... The book [that] she will not read... Beklememek -yecegimiz Beklemeyecegimiz misafir... The guest [that] we will not expect... Gцrmemek -yeceginiz Gцrmeyeceginiz atlar... The horses [that] you will not see... Gьlmemek -yecekleri Gьlmeyecekleri saka... The joke[that] they will not laugh at... Another 'Future Personal' Participle Example: Also includes an example of a 'faux-participle' [in green below] Otur, Sir Thomas. KonusacagImIz зok konular var ve giyotine gecikeceginizden korkuyorum. Note: 'gecikeceginiz' is only a Turkish participle look-a-like, and has no adjectival qualities. Some prefer to call it a noun that functions as the object of '-dan korkuyorum'. In that case it means something like, '[the likelihood of] your being late in the future'. For easier translation, though, it's useful to think of it as a verb in a noun clause. If we do that, we can tranlate it more simply as, you'll be late. A 'faux-participle' like this one is usually easy to spot, because you most always find it sitting directly to the left of another verb formation, as in the above case, gecikeceginizden korkuyorum; I'm afraid that you'll be late... Sit down, Sir Thomas. There are many subjects to discuss and I'm afraid that you'll be late to the guillotine. [...many subjects that we will discuss...] Note: here the 'future personal' participle is used as an adjective modifying, subjects. Observe that, this category of 'personal' participle does provide a sense of the 'future'. You may recall that the 'past personal' participle does not reliably provide a sense of the 'past'.

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