AKADEMIA WITOKRZYSKA IM. JANA KOCHANOWSKIEGO W KIELCACH
ZAKŁAD NEOFILOLOGII
* * *
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION
FULL-TIME COURSE
9thSeptember 2002
This examination consists of the following parts:
- written part SCORING
1. Definitions .................................................................... 10 points
2. Multiple Choice Questions............................................... 10 points
3. Cloze............................................................................. 20 points
4. Paraphrasing.................................................................. 20 points
5. Word Building ............................................................... 20 points
6. Translation (Polish to English).......................................... 20 points
7. Reading Comprehension ................................................. 10 points
8. Error Recognition............................................................ 10 points
9. Translation (American English to British English)................ 10 points
10. Vocabulary Completion................................................... 10 points
11. General Knowledge Component....................................... 10 points
---------------------
150 points
- oral part: .................................................................................... 50 points
---------------------
Total: 200 points
TIMING: 3 hours. .
UWAGA
Komisja Egzaminacyjna moe odmówi uznania wyników testu oraz wykluczy z kontynuowania egzaminu jeli kandydat/kandydatka:
* próbuje uczestniczy w egzaminie za inn osob;
* udziela bd korzysta z pomocy w czasie egzaminu;
* korzysta ze sowników, ksiek, notatek lub wszelkich innych materiaów;
* nie stosuje si do polece egzaminatorów;
* kontynuuje pisanie egzaminu po upyniciu czasu;
* robi notatki na kartach zawierajcych pytania egzaminacyjne;
* robi notatki na 'Answer Sheets' poza miejscami na to przeznaczonymi;
* robi notatki na kartkach przyniesionych ze sob;
* zachowuje si niewaciwie lub zakóca przebieg egzaminu.
Jeli potrzebujesz pomocy lub masz wtpliwoci zasygnalizuj to przez podniesienie rki.
A
Do not write on these pages.
Write only on the answer sheets you are provided with.
1. DEFINITIONS
Choose the correct definition of the words in bold.
NOTE: Only one answer is correct in each case.
EXAMPLE:
0. The doctor has all the patient's details on computer.
a piece of equipment that you speak into to record your voice or make it louder when you are speaking
a piece of electronic equipment which you use to listen to programmes that are broadcast, such as music and news
an electronic machine that can store information and do things with it according to a set of instructions called a program
1. The couple were driven in a large saloon car.
a) a large motor vehicle in which you can sleep, store a lot of equipment and often cook.
b) a car with a lot of space behind the back seat and extra door at the back for loading large items
c) a type of car with seats at the front and back and a separate closed space for bags
2. The play can be seen in repertory, matinee and evening every Saturday.
a) the practice of performing several plays, with the same actors and in the same theatres, one after the other on different days
b) a performance of a play or film given in the daytime usually in the afternoon
c) an open-air performance
3. Most bed and breakfast hotels in cities and large towns have ` en-suite facilities ' .
a) air-conditioning
b) private bath/shower and toilet
c) bunk beds
4. This extraordinary performer retains the power to enthral audiences.
to hold someone's attention and interest completely
to make someone feel surprised
to move someone to tears
5. They were chuckling over the photographs.
to smile widely
to laugh quietly
to laugh loudly and a lot
6. Paula has an instinctive flair for business.
a feeling that something is not important
a strong liking for something
a natural ability to do something very well
7. The events of the last few weeks are all jumbled.
mixed together untidily
very important
highly amusing
8. They sleep on floors and survive on scraps and leftovers from their employers' meals.
food that has not been eaten
pieces of unwanted food which are thrown away or given to animals
food which has become bad through decay and can no longer be used
9. She fell off her horse and broke her collar bone.
one of the big bones of the jaw
a bone between the shoulder and the neck on each side of the body
one of the two bones above your cheeks
10. He was knocked over by a car that was being driven by joyriders.
people who have stolen a car in order to drive it for enjoyment
people who drove a car after having drunk too much alcohol
people taking driving lessons from a private instructor
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Choose the one idiom that best completes the sentence.
EXAMPLE:
0. The suspected murderer has been ............................... for three days now, but the police are doing their best to catch him.
a) on the level b) in the know c) at large d) the tip of the iceberg
1. Come on, don't ................................ Say what you want to say straight out.
a) beat the drum b) beat the bend c) beat about the bush d) beat to the punch
2. The city is too crowded, and there are not enough jobs for everyone - that's the problem in a .......... .
a) fist b) bullet c) nutshell d) pinch
3. She ................................ when she accepted his proposal; it was the happiest day in his life.
a) made a noise in the world b) made a bomb c) made both ends meet d) made his day
4. He was so tired of ............................... that gave up his job in the city and moved to an island.
a) the rat race b) the year dot c) a bolt from the blue d) the last straw
5. The electric machines designs brought over from the States were not ............................... .
a) up and about b) up to the ears c) up to the ante d) up to scratch
6. Even though it's a bit of a ............................... my mother keeps that clock for sentimental reasons.
a) dog in the manger b) white elephant c) dark horse d) red herring
7.It's no use ............................... - we've got to decide what to do next.
a) crying over spilt milk b) crying stinking fish c) crying for the moon d) crying wolf
8. You ............................... when you called him the slowest worker on earth. I've never seen anyone
slower.
a) put down roots b) popped the question c) kept your head above water d) hit the nail on the head
9. Instead of bottling up your feelings let's have a good talk and ............................... .
a) clear the air b) go up in the air c) rend the air d) dance on the air
10. He's never actually had an accident, but he's had several ............................... .
a) close ups b) short waves c) short circuits d) close shaves
3. CLOZE
Choose the best option to fill in the gaps.
In the days when train travel was the norm, we were all rather inclined to take it for 1) .................... . After a thirty-year overabundance of jet and motorway travel, the novelty of which has long since worn
2) ..................., we can see 3) ................... train travel was - and when you can get it, still is - comparative bliss. No one who has travelled 4) ................... distances on a motorway, chained
5) ................... a dog to his seat, 6) ................... to read or drink, blocked by heavy trucks
7) ................... the passing view, deafened by their 8) ................... and blackened by their fumes, would wish to repeat the experience for pleasure.
Air travel is little better. One is cramped and disorientated, and if you 9) ................... to find yourself next to a manic child or compulsive chatterbox, there is 10) ................... you can do to escape. Airlines attempt to compensate 11) ................... these deficiencies with piped music, films, and instant alcohol. These overload the system and, combined 12) ................... an unpleasant time-change, lead to total dysfunction; arriving within hours of 13) ................... out, one needs two days to recover.
Train journeys, in comparison, have much 14) ................... offer. Unlike sea or air travel, one has a fair notion where one is; and the countryside, like 15) ................... moving picture show, unrolls itself
16) ................... one's eyes. One 17) ................... transported in comfort, even style, to the wild places of earth, forest, mountain, desert; and always 18) ................... is the counterpoint between life within the train and life without.
One can move around in a train, visit the buffet for snacks or a drink, play cards (or, on some American trains, the piano), strike 19) ................... a conversation, read, sleep, snore, make love. Luggage is to hand too, not 20) ................... in car or airplane, out of reach in trunk or belly.
Adapted from A Book of Train Journeys by Ludovic Kennedy
4. PARAPHRASING
Paraphrase each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it, using the given word. The form of the word may not be changed in any way.
EXAMPLE:
0. I'd like to make a few suggestions.
FORWARD
I`d like to put forward a few suggestions.
1. After the death of the giant they lived in peace.
ONCE
........................................................................................................
2. ”You don't appreciate me,” she complained.
GRANTED
........................................................................................................
3. The ban on hunting was only imposed because the minister insisted.
BUT [insisted]
........................................................................................................
4. You shouldn't pay so much attention to their complaints.
NOTICE
.......................................................................................................
5. Go and ask Robert. I'm sure he'll know the answer.
BOUND
......................................................................................................
6. People don't want to buy cars with large engines any more.
CALL
......................................................................................................
7. The lecturer claimed my point had no relevance.
DISMISSED
......................................................................................................
8. Since my arrival, you have criticised me constantly.
NOTHING
......................................................................................................
9. The film wasn't as good as we expected.
COME
.....................................................................................................
10. I think a change would do you good.
FROM
.....................................................................................................
5. WORD BUILDING
The underlined words in capitals can be used to form a word that completes suitably the meaning of each sentence. Give the proper form of the word.
EXAMPLE:
0. Is there any ............ of hiring a boat? POSSIBLE [possibility]
TEXT I
Interest in the teaching of English to younger learners has been 1) .................... (PERCEIVE) growing in recent years. This is no doubt partly in response to the rapidly growing demand for it to be taught at even younger ages by parents who want to provide their children with a competitive 2) .................... (EDUCATE) advantage.
It has found expression in the large numbers of private language schools. Ministries of Education too have begun to respond, with large-scale expansion of 3) .................... (PROVIDE) for foreign language teaching at primary levels in countries such as France and Italy. The need for good materials is all the more 4) .................... (PRESS), given the minimal standards of many private schools, and the 5) ................... (ADEQUATE) provision of trained teachers and suitable materials for the state systems.
The 6) .................... (AWAKE) of interest in teaching young learners offers TEFL one way back into the mainstream of education. Teachers of young learners need special skills, many of which have little to do with the language, which becomes a 7) .................... (PRODUCE) of learning activities rather than a centrepiece.
TEFL has tended to develop separately from the mainstream of educational thought and practice. There has, for example, been rather little cross-fertilization between TEFL and the teaching of other foreign languages. While this has 8) .................... (DOUBT) enabled TEFL to develop some highly 9).................. (INNOVATE) and valuable practices and 10) .................... (PROCEED) of its own, ultimately such isolation is damaging and can lead to a comfortable parochialism.
Adapted from Young Learners by Sarah Philips
TEXT II
Turn on the telly and what do you get? A constant stream of 11) .................... (COMMERCE) tempting you to turn tourist. Holidays are expensive, holidays are a hassle, and above all holidays are bad for you. 'Holidays are 12) .................... (NOTORIETY) stressful,' says Dr David Nias, clinical
psychologist at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. 'Of course they are a 13) .................... (MIX) of positive and negative factors, but the negative things are really very stressful indeed.'
According to Nias, people who 14) .................... (NORMALITY) cope well with routine in their lives are thrown out of balance by the many pitfalls involved in going away - traffic jams, airport delays, and lost luggage. Then there are the additional 15) .................... (ANXIOUS) about the house being burgled, and whether you are actually going to like it when you get there. These worries, Dr Nias points out, can wipe out the 16) .................... (BENEFIT) effects of taking a break virtually before you leave home. 'Fear and unrest reduce the level of testosterone,' he explains. 'This can seriously 17) .................... (LOW) one's mood, and depress the immune system, making one more vulnerable to illnesses ranging from a cold to a heart attack.'
Holidays are risky in many ways, so do we really need to take them? The problem is that people feel obliged to go on holiday - they feel it's expected of them,' says David Lodge, author of the novel Paradise News, from his home in Birmingham. 'But for many people the idea of a long period of time 18) .................. (SUPPOSE) dedicated to pleasure and 19) .................... (IDLE) is a source of great stress, particularly if they're very focused on their work. I can never understand why people want to leave this country in the summer,' he says. 'Birmingham's an 20) .................... (CHANT) city in August.'
Adapted from “Passport, tickets, Prozac...” by Isabel Wolff; The Observer
6. TRANSLATION
translate the following sentences into English. Write words only in the spaces given. Do not be misled by the amount of space in between prompted words. You may not change words already given.
NOTE: The amount of space provided is no indication of how many words should be written in.
EXAMPLE:
0. Gdzie mieszkasz?
Where do you live?
1. Tamiza, która obecnie jest wystarczajco czysta by w niej pywa, bya zanieczyszczona przez ponad sto lat.
........................ , which ....................................................................................................... in, .................................................................... over .......................................................... years.
2. Widziano go, jak uderzy j w twarz.
He ................................................... hit ........................................................................... face.
3. Profesor zacz wykad od przedstawienia sytuacji w Europie w latach trzydziestych, a nastpnie
przeszed do omówienia problemów wewntrznych republiki.
The professor ................................................................. by ..................................................... .................................................................................... , and then ........................................... ................................................................... problems ............................................................. .
4. Potrzebne mi jeszcze trzy lekcje nauki jazdy przed egzaminem.
I .............................................................................................................. before my test. [more]
5. Unikaem poruszania tego tematu, eby go nie obrazi. [didn't]
I avoided .................................................................................................................... offended.
6. Postaram si zaatwi, eby kto was odebra z lotniska.
I'll ................................................................................... meet ............................ at the airport.
7. Czy ewentualnie mógbym poyczy pana parasol? Oczywicie.
Might I .......................................................................................................................... please?
.................................. , you ........................................ .
8. Poniewa nie wiedziaem jak naprawi kran, byem zmuszony wezwa hydraulika.
Not being ............................................................................. the tap ........................................ to call .................................... .
9. Wiedziaem, e to jego wina. Ale nie mogem mu nie wspóczu.
I knew ...................................................................... . But ........................ being ......................
for ........................... .
10. Mimo, e mówi gono, nie byo go sycha.
............................. as ................................................................. make ................................. .
7. READING
Choose the best option according to the text you will read.
People who have lived well and successfully are more apt to dismiss luck as a factor in their lives than those who have not. It's clearly true that over a lifetime the same things keep happening to the same people, good and bad, so it can't be luck. The process by which each of us acquires a reputation isn't independent of our character. It almost always depends more on the decisions we make than on chance occurrences.
The trouble with this smug thesis is that anyone crossing a street can be hit by a truck and the accident alters the person's life no matter how wise he or she was in making choices, so we can't claim luck never enters in. Maybe my life wouldn't have been much different if "Doc" Armstrong hadn't owned the pharmacy and been head of the draft board in the pleasant college town of Hamilton, New York.
It was sometime in May and there were still a few weeks of classes left of my junior year at Colgate University. My life was never the same again.
Most of my classmates had registered for the draft in their home-towns. Thinking the draft board in a college town would be sympathetic to the idea of letting students finish college before serving, I had chosen to register in Hamilton instead of in my hometown, Albany.
I had come to Colgate fresh out of The Albany Academy, a private school. My friends at public school thought The Academy was elitist, which I thought was wrong at the time. Now I think they were right but that there's a case to be made for the kind of elitism that existed there. In some part, at least, it was excellence. The Academy was an exceptionally fine secondary school that graduated a high percentage of people who succeeded in making good lives for themselves. Everyone in the senior class, known at The Academy as the Sixth Form, went on to college. The other boys and girls in Albany thought of us as rich kids because the tuition was $400 a year. Some few classmates were from rich families and no one let them forget it. We kidded Walter Stephens about being brought to school every day in a chauffeur-driven Pierce Arrow and our remarks to him were not very good-natured. In a world where everyone strives to make money, it's strange that a family with a breadwinner who achieves that goal is stigmatized and charged with the epithet "Rich!"
My father's $8,000 a year was considered good money during the Great Depression. Dad traveled through the South for the Albany Felt Company as a salesman and he was worldly wise but my mother ran things. Part of her expertise was making Dad think he was boss. She was a great mother to have and I've often wondered how she was able to get so much satisfaction from doing for us what so many mothers today do without satisfaction. She liked to play bridge but I don't think she ever read a book. Being a mother was her full-time occupation.
Life at The Academy was very good. We used the school almost like a country club, often meeting there on Saturday morning to use the facilities or plan our day if we didn't have a team game scheduled. The Academy was not a military school, but it was founded in 1812 and during the Civil War it had formed a student battalion. The tradition was continued and once a week for about an hour and a half we put on funny old Civil War-style formal uniforms and marched in practice for Albany parades and our own competitive Guidon Drill. It was my first brush with military life. Although it was years before the thought ever occurred to me that I'd ever serve in the U.S. Army, I learned to detest everything about anything military at an early age. One day when we were to parade on the football field, I even refused to march because I claimed it would damage the carefully kept field.
Adapted from My War by Andy Rooney
The importance of chance happenings
a) is cherished by people who lived happy lives.
b) has kept increasing in people's lives over the last decades.
c) can be disregarded in the process of acquiring a reputation.
d) has never been reflected in the writer's life.
2. The writer decided to register for the draft in Hamilton because
a) it was a pleasant college town.
b) he was hoping to join the army after his graduation.
c) Mr Armstrong owned a pharmacy there
d) his classmates had registered in their home-towns.
3. The Albany Academy was believed to be elitist
a) which is the reason why the writer did not like it.
b) therefore the students there were exceptionally rich.
c) because it taught how to cope with life successfully.
d) because some of the freshers at Colgate graduated from it.
4. What does the writer state in his discussion of money?
a) Some families in Albany could not afford the tuition fee at the Academy.
b) The Academy did not let the rich students forget to pay for their tuition.
c) People who achieved financial success are treated with contempt.
d) The money his father earned gave his mother the feeling of security.
5) The military life at the Academy
a) was just a tradition.
b) was disliked by the Academy students.
c) was a result of military training for the U.S. Army.
d) was an outcome of the recent change in the school policy
8. ERROR CORRECTION
In each of the following sentences, four elements have been underlined. One of these elements may contain a mistake. Find the incorrect element, write the corresponding letter a, b, c, or d on your answer sheet and then change it in a proper way for the sentence to be correct. If IN A GIVEN SENTENCE all the elements are correct write an OK mark.
EXAMPLE:
0. We will go for a walk if the weather will be nice, and it's a pity we didn't go yesterday because we
a b c
would have enjoyed it.
d
1. Hardly had I arived home when the bell rang.
a b c d
2. If you'll wait here, I see if the doctor is free.
a b c d
3. Surveys show that above 75% of voters approve of the new law.
a b c d
4. Information of this nature is valuable, according to me.
a b c d
5. Many species of cowbirds do not build nests of their own but lay their eggs in the nests of other
a b c
species whose nests are similar in size.
d
6. After a month he will be released from prison.
a b c d
7. A ray of light passing through the centre of a thin lens keep its original direction.
a b c d
8. The first British settlement in New England was founded in 1607 from the mouth of the Kennebec
a b c
River in what is now the state of Maine.
d
9. Problems raised at the border when we realised we hadn't got the visa required.
a b c d
10. Pocahontas, the Virginia Indian princess, gave birth of a son, Thomas, in 1615, a year before
a b c
she went to Europe.
d
9. TRANSLATION (AMERICAN ENGLISH TO BRITISH ENGLISH)
In each of the following sentences there is an element of American English. Identify these elements and write them on your answer sheet together with the British English equivalents.
EXAMPLE:
0. Open the drapes. [Am.E.]
Open the curtains. [Br.E.]
I took the elevator to the 14th floor.
There's a closet where you can put your clothes.
He left his office and walked out onto the sidewalk.
I tried to call you on the phone earlier but the line was busy.
It's important that he be told.
I've never really gotten to know her.
She strolled along, swinging her old white purse.
Hey, Mom, can I have some candies?
The singer was wearing a leather suit and heavy gold jewelry for the interview.
10. Would you like some new pajamas for your birthday?
10. VOCABULARY COMPLETION
Complete each sentence with an appropriate word. Each line represents one letter.
EXAMPLE:
0. Last year I watched the opening _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ of the Olympic Games.
[ceremony]
1. It usually takes a while to get _ c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d to living in a new place.
2. Sandra rushed to the door, her heart _ _ u _ _ _ _ _ with excitement.
3. A _ a _ g - _ _ i _ _ _ is a very small aircraft without an engine.
4. He was utterly _ _ v _ _ _ _ _ e _ when his wife died.
5. How can you _ a _ _ t _ _ _ a family on $900 a month?
6. More than fifty residents have been suffering from stomach cramps and _ a _ s _ _ for over a week, and local doctors were unable to explain the cause.
7. They were _ _ t _ _ t _ _ _ _ _ s who sang, danced and told jokes for a living.
8. The food in the photo is popcorn, a type of _ a _ _ _ that swells and bursts open when heated.
9. According to English legend, Robin Hood was an _ _ t _ _ _ who lived in the forest and stole from the rich to give to the poor.
10. How do parents pass genes on to their _ _ _ s _ _ i _ _ ?
11. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE COMPONENT
Four phrases are printed after each of these incomplete sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
EXAMPLE:
........................ is the capital of Great Britain.
a) Edinburgh b) Cardiff c) London d) Belfast
1. ........................ is a title given to the eldest son of a British king or queen,who becomes king after
them.
a) Prince Consort b) Prince Regent c) Prince of Wales d) Prince Charming
2. ........................ is the largest and most northern state of the US, connected to the other states to
the south by a highway through Canada.
a) Texas b) Alaska c) Louisiana d) Florida
3. ........................ is the law-making body of the US consisting of the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
a) Congress b) Congress House c) The Trades Union Congress d) Congress Party
4. ........................ is the first black woman ever to win an Oscar for Best Actress.
a) Whoopi Goldberg b) Halle Berry c) Naomi Campbell d) Whitney Houston
5. ........................ University is the oldest university in Britain, established in the mid 12th century.
a) Oxford b) Cambridge c) London d) Leeds
6. ........................ is the main office of the division of the London police dealing with serious crimes.
a) YMCA b) MI 6 c) Scotland Yard d) MOD
7. Ernest Hemingway's short novel, ........................ (1952) is the heroic story of an aged Cuban
fisherman's lone pursuit of a great marlin in the Gulf-Stream north of the island.
a) Moby Dick b) The Sea-Wolf c) Crossing the Water d) The Old Man and the Sea
8. The Big Apple is a popular name for........................ .
a) Chicago b) New York c) Los Angeles d) San Francisco
9. Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister is a leader of the ....................... .
a) Conservative Party b) Liberal Democratic Party c) Ulster Democratic Unionist Party
d) Labour Party
10. The ........................ is one of the most important financial and banking centres in the world.
a) City of Westminster b) City of London c) Old Bailey d) Tower of London
* THIS IS THE END OF THE TEST*
* THANK YOU*
Key - dzienni
1. Definitions:
1.c 2.b 3.b 4.a 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.a 9.b 10.a
2. Multiple Choice
1.c 2.c 3.d 4.a 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.d 9.a 10.d
3. Cloze:
granted
off
that
long
like
unable
from
engines
happen
little
for
with
setting
to
a
before
is
there
up
as
4. Paraphrasing:
1. Once the giant was dead they lived in peace.
Once the giant had died they lived in peace.
Once the giant died they lived in peace.
2. ”You take me for granted,” she complained.
She complained that he took her for granted.
She complained that she was being taken for granted.
3. But for the minister's insistence, the ban on hunting would not have been imposed.
4. You shouldn't take so much notice of their complaints.
5. Go and ask Robert. He is bound to know the answer.
6. There is no (longer any) call for cars with large engines.
There isn't much call for cars with large engines (any more).
7. The lecturer dismissed my point as (being) irrelevant.
The lecturer dismissed my point as having no relevance.
8. You have done nothing but criticise me since I arrived.
9. The film didn't come up to our expectations.
10. I think you would benefit from a change.
5. Word building:
perceptibly
educational
provision
pressing
inadequate
awakening
by-product
undoubtedly
innovative
procedures
commercials
notoriously
mixture
normally
anxieties
beneficial
lower
supposedly
idleness
enchanting
6. Translations (Polish to English):
The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.
He was seen to hit her in the face.
The professor began the lecture by presenting the situation in Europe in the 1930s, and then went on to talk about the internal problems of the republic.
I need another three driving lessons before my test.
I avoided mentioning the subject lest he be offended.
I'll try to arrange for someone to meet you at the airport.
Might I borrow your umbrella please? Of course, you can/may.
NOT: could/might !!!
Not being able to fix the tap, I was forced to call a plumber.
I knew it was his fault. But I couldn't help being sorry for him.
10. Loud as he spoke, he could not make himself heard.
7. Reading:
1.c 2.b 3.c 4.c 5.a
8. Error Correction:
1. b-had I arived home had I arrived (spelling!!!)
2. b-I see I'll see
3. b-above over
4. d-according to me in my opinion
5. ............... OK
6. a-after a month in a month
7. c-keep keeps
8. b-from at
9. a-raised arose
b-gave birth of a son gave birth to a son
9. Translations (American to British English)
1) elevator lift
2) closet cupboard/wardrobe
3) sidewalk pavement
4) busy engaged
5) be told should be told
6) gotten got
7) purse handbag
8) candies sweets
9) jewelry jewellery
10) pajamas pyjamas
Vocabulary:
acclimatised
pounding/thumping
hang-glider
devastated
maintain
nausea
entertainers
maize
outlaw
offspring
11. Genaral Knowledge:
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. b