COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 
B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 
C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. 
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

compound-complex - rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence.

The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.

Remember that a noun clause answers questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"; an adjective clause answers questions like "which (one)?"; and an adverb clause answers questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

Question:

Some people buy expensive cars simply because they can.

Answer:

The answer adverb clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause answers the question "why," showing cause, so it is an adverb clause. It does not act as a subject or object, and it does not modify a noun or pronoun.

 Question:

Many people hope that Canada can resolve its economic problems.

Answer:

The answer noun clause is correct.

Explanation:

The clause answers the question "what?", and acts as the direct object of the verb "hope."

Question:

The bankers need to know what they should do.

Answer:

The answer noun clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause does not tell you which bankers need to know, but rather, it tells you what they need to know -- since it answers the question "what?" (and acts as the direct object of "to know"), it is a noun clause.

Question:

Which one is the person who stole your car?

Answer:

The answer adjective clause is correct.

Explanation:

The relative pronoun "who" might have confused you here; however, the clause itself does not answer the question "who?", but the question "which person?", showing that it modifies the noun "person" and is acting as an adjective clause.

Question:

Wherever there is a large American city, there will be poverty.

Answer:

The answer adverb clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause tells where poverty will exist, and specifying a location is the function of an adverb or (in this case) of an adverb clause.

 

 

Question:

The books which the professor assigned were very expensive.

Answer:

The answer adjective clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause modifies the noun "books," and modifying a noun or pronoun is the function of an adjective or (in this case) of an adjective clause.

 

Question:

Canada might give up its marketing boards if the European Community gives up its grain subsidies.

Answer:

The answer adverb clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause provides the conditions under which Canada might give up its marketing boards, and it is an adverb or an adverb clause which answers the question "under what conditions?".

 

Question:

That is the place where Wolfe's and Montcalm's armies fought.

Answer:

The answer adjective clause is correct.

Explanation:

This is a very tricky example, and the subordinating conjunction "where" could have fooled you. In fact, the clause does not answer the adverb question "where?", but the adjective question "which place?". This is an adjective clause, modifying the noun "place."

Question:

Unless the crown can make a better case, the accused murderer will not be convicted.

Answer:

The answer adverb clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause provides the conditions under which the accused murderer will not be convicted, so it must be an adverb clause.

 

Question:

It is important to ask whether the wedding is formal or semi-formal.

Answer:

The answer noun clause is correct.

Explanation:

This clause is the direct object of the infinitive "to ask," answering the question "what is it important to ask?".

An object complement is a complement that is used to predicate a description of the direct object.

Examples (English)
	The people made Ambrose bishop. The people considered Ambrose holy.
A subject complement is a complement that is used to predicate a description of the subject of a clause.

Examples (English)
	Ambrose was bishop. Ambrose was holy.

A verb complement is the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb. This happens three ways in English:

1. With infinitives

I asked her to leave.

I wanted to leave.

I helped him to leave.

I stopped for the child to cross the street.

2. With gerunds

I considered leaving the job.

I regretted his leaving the job.

They decided on leaving.

3. With noun clauses

I insisted that he leave.

I wondered why he left..

She acknowledged that she had left the job.

He didn't know that she had left.

She decided when she would leave.

A nominal clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun phrase.

Examples (English)
	I know that he is here. From where I stood, I saw the horse.

Relative clauses

• Pronouns

• Who, which, whose, whom, that

Zdania względne są zdaniami podrzędnymi, które poprzedzone są zaimkiem względnym lub przysłówkiem i opisują wyrażenie rzeczownikowe.

Zdania względne dzielą się na

• określające (defining)

• nieokreślające (non-defining)

Zdanie względne określające nie ma przecinka, ponieważ informacja w nim zawarta jest niezbędna do zidentifikowania osoby czy przedmiotu.

Zdanie względne określające	Zdanie względne nieokreślające
The girl who is sitting in the corner is my sister. Informacja wporwadzona przez "who" jest niezbędna do sprecyzowania o kim mówimy, czy też piszemy. Dlatego nie jest ona odzielona przecinkiem.	The girl who is sitting in the corner, who is my sister, is waving at us. Informacja "who is my sister" jest informacją dodatkową, bez której i tak wiadomo o kogo chodzi. Z tego typu informacjami wtrąconymi stosuje się przecinek.

a non-finite clause is a subordinate clause whose verb is non-finite

A non-finite clause is a clause which is based on an infinitive or a participle and has no tense.

A finite clause is a clause based on a verb group which indicates tense, such as `went', `is waiting', or `will be found', rather than on an infinitive or a participle.

 A monotransitive verb is a verb that takes two arguments: a subject and a single direct object. For example, the verbs buy, bite, break, and eat are monotransitive in English.

The following examples show monotransitive verbs in sentences (the direct object is in boldface):

• Yesterday, I bought a cat.

• The cat bit me!

• He broke the toothpick.

• The chef ate his own watermelon soup.

compared to

A Ditransitive Verb is one that takes both a direct object and an indirect object.

EG: He gave her the letter. ('The letter' is the direct object, what he gave, and 'her' is the indirect object, the person he gave it to. This sentence can also be written 'He gave the letter to her'.)

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