The exam will include these issues:

1. Translation: definitions. Types of translation. Translation equivalence and its types

Translation is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and sociology. It is perceived as a science, an art, and a skill.

3 elements of translation:

• Process of changing speech or writing from one language (source language) into another.

• Product target language version that results from these process of translation

• The abstract concept which combines both the process of translating and its product.

General goal of translation is to establish a relationship of equivalents between the source and the target text. During the translation we have to take into consideration:

1. Context

2. The rules of grammar of the source language (idioms, etc)

Equivalence is the relationship between source text and target text. We can distinguish 2 types of equivalence:

1. Formal - it focuses attention on the message itself in both form and content (pisma urzędowe)

2. Dynamic - reproduces the dynamic relationship. It makes some changes for target language (TL) reader to make target text more friendly to target language reader. It makes the same impression on the source reader and on the target reader.

Ex. “Greating with a holy kiss” - give one another a heart hand shake all round.

2. Translation process.

The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as:

1. decoding the meaning of the source text, and

2. re-encoding this meaning in the target language.

This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers.

3. Translation procedures and techniques.

1. Adaptation

Adaptation is a translation technique or procedure which can be used when the context referred to in the original text does not exist in the.culture of the target text, thereby necessitating some form of re-creation.

2. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation procedure whereby the translator uses a word or expression from the source text in the target text. Ex: a capital fellow - kapitalny typ

3. Calque

Calque is a translation procedure whereby a translator translates an expression (or occasionally a word) literally into the target language, translating the elements of the expression word for word. It is a literal translation on the level of phrase and serves the purposes of foreignisation.

4. Compensation

Compensation is a technique which involves achieving a similar effect in the target text through different means of expression than those in the source text. Compensation is used with puns, alliteration, rhyme, slang, metaphor, or pregnant words.

5. Explicitation

Explicitation is the technique when the translator expands the target text by inserting additional words.

6. Paraphrase

The translator replaces a word in the source text by a group of words or an expression in the target texts.

7. Simplification

Hyponyms - changing in to more generic words than a given word

ex:

colander - durszlak, cedzak; ale - rondel (uproszczenie)

cloth-press - bieliźniarka; ale - szafa (uproszczenie)

There 3 types of simplificaion:

• lexical,

• syntactic

• stylistic

8. Translator's note

A translator's note is a footnote added by the translator to the target text to provide additional information

9. Transposition

Transposition means rendering a second language element by syntactico-syntagmatic structures which have the same meaning but do not correspond formally

It means modifying deposition or order of words or replacing one word class or part of speech with another without changing the meaning of the message. (ex: “a nod was the answer” - kiwnięcie głową posłużyło za odpowiedź ; ale: skinął głową - transposition - the change the passive to active)

10. Transliteralization

Transliteration refers to the spelling of words (or place names) imported from one language to another; usually from a language using a different alphabet. (ex: "Peking" - "Beijing")

4. Cultural aspect in translation.

If a translator want to do the translation, he should take in two account where the translated text will be published. Translator ought to be the termined (?) by the way in with the text will be read comprehended reviewed and made use of it in social, cultural and institutional settings.

Nida says: “Language is a part of culture, and in fact it is the most complex set of habits that any culture exhibits. Language reflects the culture provides access to the culture and in many respects constitutes a model of the culture”. It becomes immensely influential in sharping (?) domestic attitudes towards a foreign country.

5. The disciplinary status of translation studies. Translation theory (teoria łumaczenia)
   Translation studies (translatoryka)

We can distinguish two categories of translation:

1. Translation theory (teoria tłumaczeniowa) - it is reserved for the theory. It is developed with in frame work of translation studies as a particular subject field

2. Translation studies (translatoryka) - is an academic research who's focused on the theory of translation as a process

Translation is divided into two major areas:

1. Pure translation studies has two objectives

1. Description of phenomena of translation it is a distinction between:

• Product - oriented studies (examining existing translation)

• Process - oriented studies (examining mental process of a translator)

• Function - oriented studies ( examining the function of translation in the recipient social-cultural context)

2. Is the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomena.

2. Applied translation studies - this covers activities leading to specific practical applications:

• Translation training: teaching methods, tests, curriculum

• Translation aids: dictionaries, term-banks, grammar and information technology

• Translation criticism: the evaluation of translation

• Translation policy: the place in society.

6. Translating various kinds of discourse.

Discourse analysis (DA) in contemporary interpretation presuppose the study of both linguistically and socially significant aspects of communicative interaction

There are spoken and written discourse analysis in with the channel of communication is different. The message is transmitted via phonic or graphic meaning.

We have 2 trends in the development of DA:

1. written - Halliday (primarily linguistically oriented)

2. spoken - Garfunkel (he focuses on the sociological aspect of verbal communication)

7. Linguistically- and semiotically-oriented models of translation. wykreślono

8. Translating and interpreting (types of interpreting).

	SPOKEN MADE (interpreting)	WRITTEN MADE (translating)
1	Speech sounds are produced and disappear very quickly	Writing systems are designed to store information
2	Gap between the act of interpreting that is the speaker produces an utterance that can be heard by the interpreter and retained in the short term memory	Temporary gap between the act of writing and reading
3	The time span between act of speaking and interpreting is short and can be neglected	Longer time span translation isn't neglected
4	Paralinguistic means of communication (gestures, facial expressions) can facilitate the process of oral translation	In the written translation the translator doesn't have those signals
5	Target language listener can ask speaker to repeat sth because they are in the same place, at the same time	Target language reader can only rely on himself

The types of interpreting:

• Simultaneous - real-time interpreting when speakers talk as they normally would, without pause, and the interpreter listens to one language and speaks in another, with the voices overlapping, though the speaker's voice is dominant and the interpreter whispers into a microphone.

• Consecutive involves a pause between language conversions. First, the interpreter listens to the entire original phrase or passage, then interprets it into the other language.

• Whispering - the interpreter sits with the participants and translates in step with the speaker by whispering into the ear of the listener. This technique is used in short meetings for which it is impossible to use the equipment necessary for simultaneous interpretation.

• Relay - means interpreting between two languages via a third.

• Pivot - means using a single language as a relay.

• Cheval - means an interpreter working alternatively in two booths in the same meeting. (tłumaczenie w 2 językach przez jedną osobę)

• Teleconferencing

• Audio conferencing

• Studio or room videconferencing

• Sight translation - a document in the source language is explained orally in the target language.

9. Translation and manipulation. Domestication and foreignization.

Domestication and foreignization require the analysis of target culture.

Domestication means making the text recognizable and familiar and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to the reader in the target culture. While foreignization means the opposite, taking the reader over to the foreign culture and making him the cultural and linguistic differences.

Examples:

(borrowing) Capital fellow : Kapitalny typ (foreignization); ale: “cóż za typ” (domestication)

Lawrence Venuti (to on wskazał różnicę między domestication and foreignization)

10. Specialized translation.

1. Literary translation - parallel line with the artistic translation

• translation of poetry - poetry represents writing in its most compact form, informed by musical mode or inner rhythm. The focus is on the author's intended meaning and on how to recreate it in the target language. It is a intended to produce some kind of emotional effect.

• translation of fiction - it is generally accepted that translating fiction is a complex process, subject to the influence of numerous variable factors. The translation should be source-language-oriented or target-language-oriented. The use of narrative technique, presentation of characters, treating moral issues, and an organized sequence of events forming a plot.

• translation of drama - the focus is mainly on the relationship between text and performance.

2. non-literary translation - At present, literature is said to occupy not more than 5% of the total of works that are translated. The remaining 95% translations are from other fields than literature and are labeled as non-literary translations. Literary texts belong to the world of mind and imagination whereas non-literary ones belong to the world of reality, of facts and events, and through the fact literary texts are about persons while non-literary ones are about objects.

• administrative, legal and other official documents (they include various certificates, authorizations, regulations, court judgements)

• economic and commercial (includes inquires, offers, invoices, orders, claims and complains, dunning letters and many others)

• scientific and technical documents (in an academic or research environment. This style is to provide information form various branches of science)

• publicist texts (they are used in mass media and are distinguished by a combination of two language function: informational and advertising)

11. Artistic translation (literal translation- WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION)

Types of formation:

• Word for word translation The source language word order is preserved and the words are translated by their most common meanings.

(Dirty Dancing - Brudny taniec)

• Literal translation - source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. It may be very useful for purposes related to the study of the source language but of little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the text. It has little communication value.

(Shall We Dance - Zatańcz ze mną,

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button - Ciekawy przypadek Benjamina Buttona ,

Last Seduction - Ostatnie uwiedzenie)

• Faithful translation - It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the target language's grammatical structures. (wierne tłumaczenie)

• Semantic translation - It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the source text (tłumaczenie znaczeniowe)

• Communicative translation - It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the reader.

(Miami Vice - Policjanci z Miami

In Bruges - Najpierw strzelaj, potem zwiedzaj

The Eraser - Egzekutor)

• Idiomatic translation - A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written in the receptor language.

(Man in Black - idiom - man=facet)

• Free translation - means that more emphasis is given to overall meaning than to exact wording. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original.
  (Dirty Dancing - Wirujący sex
  Die Hard - Szklana pułapka
  Kelly's Heroes - Złoto dla zuchwałych
  Dangerous Minds - Młodzi gniewni)

• Adaptation - This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten.

• Screen translation - Translation of films and television programmes, including subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing (where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the original actors).

12. Audiovisual translation.-SUBTITLING, DUBBING.

Translation of films and television programmes, including subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing (where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the original actors).

Nazwiska do wykucia na pamięć

Baker, Bassnet, Bell, Burkhanow, Bussmann, Catford, Hywowski, Landers, Newmark, Nida, Venuti, Vinay

Niech ktoś sprawdzi, czy w nazwiskach nie ma literówek - Magda Ś. - czy to nie ty zapisywałaś też te nazwiska?

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