PRONOUNS
1. Personal Pronouns
persons |
subject forms |
|
object forms |
|
1. sing |
jeg |
(I) |
mig |
(me) |
2. sing |
du |
(you) |
dig |
(you) |
3. sing |
han |
(he) |
ham |
(him) |
3. sing |
hun |
(she) |
hende |
(her) |
3. sing |
den/det |
(it) |
den/det |
(it) |
3. sing |
De |
(you, polite) |
Dem |
(you, polite) |
1. pl. |
vi |
(we) |
os |
(us) |
2. pl. |
I |
(you) |
jer |
(you) |
3. sing |
de |
(they) |
dem |
(them) |
3. sing |
De |
(you, polite) |
Dem |
(you, polite) |
Usage: The object forms are used both as direct and indirect objects.
The personal pronouns are used as in English:
jeg giver dig et æble (I give you an apple)
han ser hende (he sees her)
jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)
Indirect object precedes the direct object:
jeg giver hende det (I give it her)
or: jeg giver det til hende (I give it to her)
2. Possessive Pronouns
min/mit/mine (my, mine)
din/dit/dine (your, yours)
hans (his)
hendes (her, hers)
Deres (your, yours, polite)
dens/dets (its)
vores (our, ours)
jeres (your, yours)
deres (their, theirs)
Deres (your, yours, polite)
Usage: All the forms are used both attributively and predicatively:
min bil er her (my car is here)
det er mit hus (it is my house)
det er mine biler/houses (they are my cars/houses)
det er min (bilen) (it is mine (the car))
det er mit (huset) (is is mine (the house))
det er mine (biler/huse) (they are mine (cars/houses))
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
|
written forms |
spoken forms |
english |
sing. |
denne/dette |
den her, det her |
this |
sing. |
den/det |
den der, det der |
that |
pl. |
disse |
de her |
these |
pl. |
de der (over) |
de der (over) |
those (over there) |
neuter |
det |
det |
it |
Usage: The written forms can also be used in speech, but in daily speech
we normally use the spoken forms.
Note: The spoken forms consist of 2 words, which can be placed both before the noun
or the noun can be placed between the 2 words:
denne bil er rød (this car is red) written form
den her bil er rød (this car is red) spoken form
den bil her er rød (this car is red) spoken form
dette hus er stort (this house is big) written form
det her hus er stort (this house is big) spoken form
det hus her er stort (this house is big) spoken form
disse huse (these houses) writen form
de her huse (these houses) spoken form
de huse her (these houses) spoken form
but: de huse der over er mine (those houses over there are mine)
4. Relative Pronouns
som (who/which/that) can be both subject and object:
manden som er her (the man who is here) som/who is the subject
manden som jeg så (the man who I saw) som/who is the object
der (who/which/that) can only be subject:
manden der er her (the man who is here) der/who is the subject
*manden der jeg så (the man who I saw) der/who is the object, and the sentence is wrong
Usage: som/der are the 2 most used pronouns in Danish and they are used mostly as in English.
But when a preposition is used together with a relative pronoun
the preposition is placed at the end of the sentence:
manden som jeg gav bogen til (the man to whom I gave the book)
The relative pronoun can be omitted as in English:
her er pigen, (som) jeg elsker
here is the girl (that) I love
5. Indefinite Pronouns
nogle (some) pronounced (no·n):
jeg har nogle venner (I have some friends)
nogen (any) pronounced (no·n):
har du nogen venner? (do you have any friends?)
noget (something) pronounced (nå·t):
han må gøre noget (he must do something)
ingen, ikke nogen (no, nobody):
han har ingen venner (he has no friends)
han har ikke nogen venner (he has no friends)
jeg kender ingen her (I do not know anybody here)
jeg kender ikke nogen hen (I know nobody here)
intet, ikke noget (no, nothing):
der er intet at gøre (there is nothing to do)
der er ikke noget at gøre (there is nothing to do)
enhver (everybody):
enhver må gøre noget (everybody must do something)
alle (all (persons)):
jeg så dem alle (I saw them all)
alt (all (neuter)):
det var alt (that was all)
man (one, you, we) is not found in English and can only be used as subject,
it is the same as on in French and man in German:
man må ikke ryge her (you must not smoke here/smoking not allowed)
man is often used in stead of the passive voice:
man må ikke ryge (=der må ikke ryges) (smoking is not allowed)
6. Reflexive Pronouns
1. sing. mig (myself)
2. sing. dig (yourself)
3. sing. sig (himself/herself/itself)
1. pl. os (ourselves)
2. pl. jer (yourselves)
3. pl. sig (themselves)
Usage: Subject and object is the same person:
jeg vasker mig (I wash myself)
han vasker sig (he washes himself) sig is a reflexive pronoun
but: han vasker ham (he washes him (another person)) him is a personal prounoun
Reflexive verbs in Danish are not always reflexive in English:
de giftede sig i kirken (they got married in the church)
vi satte os ned (we sat down)
jeg vendte mig om (I turned round)
7. Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs
hvem (who,whom): hvem er det? (who is is?)
hvis (whose): hvis hund er dette (whose dog is this?)
hvad (what): hvad er dette? (what is this?)
hvad er der sket? (what has happened?)
hvilken/hvilket/hvilke (which):
hvilken bog tog han? (which book did he take?)
hvilke bøger tog han? (which books did he take?)
hvor (where): hvor bor han? (where does he live?)
hvornår (when): hvornår kommer han? (when will he come?)
hvordan (how): hvordan er det sket? (how did it happen)
hvor længe, hvor lang tid (how long time):
hvor længe har han været her?
(how long time has he been here?)
The same pronouns can also be used in interrogative subordinate clauses
jeg ved ikke, hvem han er (I do not know who he is)
jeg ved ikke, hvis hund det er (I do not know whose dog it is)
han ved ikke, hvad de hedder (I do not know what he is called)
jeg ved ikke, hvilke bøger han tog (I do not know what/which books he took)
jeg ved ikke, hvor han bor (I do not know where he lives)
Note: These pronouns cannot be the subject in a subordinate clause, der or det must be added:
a. det + a form of "være/blive/hedde"
b. der + another verb
a. jeg ved ikke, hvem det er (I do not know who it is)
b. jeg ved ikke, hvem der kommer (I do not know who is coming)
a1. jeg ved ikke, hvad det er/var (I do not know what it is/was)
a2. jeg ved ikke, hvad det bliver (I do not know what the price will be)
b1. jeg ved ikke, hvad der er sket (I do not know what has happened (the verb is "sker"))
b2. jeg kan ikke høre, hvad der siges (passive voice (I cannot hear what they are saying))
PREPOSITIONS
General: Prepositions are always used with a regimen (noun, pronoun or infinitive).
If they have no regimen (standing alone) they are adverbs:
han tog hatten pĺ hovedet (he put his hat on his head): preposition
han tog hatten pĺ (he put his hat on): adverb
i (in/at/to/for)
a. place (town, country, street):
han bor i Křbenhavn/Danmark (he lives in Copenhagen/Denmark)
de bor i Nřrregade (they live at North Street)
han gĺr i skole (he goes to school)
jeg gĺr i seng nu (I go to bed now)
b. time (clock, how long time?)
den er 10 minutter i 5 (it's ten to five)
jeg har boet her i 2 ĺr (I have lived here for 2 years) how long time?
c. special expressions:
han lukkede dřren (i): (he closed the door)
jeg underviser i dansk: (I teach Danish)
hun er forelsket i ham: (she is in love with him)
pĺ (on/upon/in/at/of)
a. place (island, road):
de bor pĺ Sjćlland (they live in Seeland)
han bor pĺ Nyvej (he lives at New Road)
jeg bor pĺ landet (I live in the country (not town))
bogen er pĺ bordet (the book is on the table)
b. time (day, how fast?):
jeg rejser pĺ mandag (I shall leave on Monday)
han gjorde det pĺ en time (he did it in one hour (how fast?)) how fast?
c. genitive:
farven pĺ bilen (=bilens farve) (the colour of the car)
til (to/until)
a. place:
jeg rejser til Danmark (I shall go to Denmark)
b. time:
banken er ĺben til kl. 17 (the bank is open until 5 PM)
c. dative:
jeg giver bogen til ham (I am giving the book to him)
(= jeg giver ham bogen (I am giving him the book))
af (of/by)
ringen er lavet af guld (the ring is made of gold)
ringen er lavet af manden (the ring is made by the man) passive voice
efter (after)
for....siden (ago)
han kom for en time siden (he came an hour ago)
fra (from)
med (with)
om, rundt om (round/in, when?)
hun har en halskćde om halsen (she has a necklace round her neck)
jeg kommer om en time (I shall come in an hour) when?
over (over/past/cross)
han gik over gaden (he crossed the street)
den er 10 minutter over 4 (it's 10 minutes past 4)
under (under/below/during)
hunden ligger under bordet (the dog is under the table)
temperaturen er under 0 grader (the temperature is below 0 degrees)
han var her under krigen (he was here during the war)
CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES
MAIN CLAUSES
No. |
Conjuncion |
Subject |
Finite |
Subject |
Small |
Infinite |
Object |
Adverb |
1 |
|
jeg |
kender |
|
|
|
ham |
ikke |
2 |
men |
jeg |
kender |
|
ikke |
|
manden |
i huset |
3 |
|
jeg |
har |
|
ikke |
set |
ham |
i lang tid |
4 |
|
ham |
har |
jeg |
aldrig |
set |
|
her |
5 |
og |
stor |
er |
han |
ogsĺ |
blevet |
|
|
6 |
|
i dag |
kommer |
hun |
|
|
|
kl. 5 |
7 |
|
|
kommer |
hun |
ikke |
|
|
med bussen? |
8 |
|
hvis hun kommer |
|
bliver |
jeg |
|
glad |
|
9 |
|
hvem |
|
er |
pigen |
|
|
i huset? |
10 |
|
hvor |
|
har |
du |
vćret |
|
henne? |
1. jeg kender ham ikke (I do not know him)
2. men jeg kender ikke manden i huset (but I do not know the man in the house)
3. jeg har ikke set ham i lang tid (I have not seen him for a long time)
4. ham har jeg aldrig set (I have never seen him)
5. og stor er han ogsĺ blevet (and he has also grown tall)
6. i dag kommer hun kl. 5 (today she will come at 5 o'clock)
7. kommer hun ikke med bussen? (does she not come by bus?)
8. hvis hun kommer, bliver jeg glad (if she comes I shall be glad)
9. hvem er pigen i huset? (who is the girl in the house?)
10. hvor har du vćret henne (where have you been?)
[INDEX]
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
No. |
Conjuncion |
Subject |
Small |
Finite |
Infinite |
Object |
Adverb |
1 |
at |
han |
ikke |
kan |
komme |
|
idag |
2 |
som |
jeg |
aldrig |
har |
set |
|
fřr |
3 |
der |
|
ikke |
er |
gĺet |
|
endnu |
4 |
om |
hun |
|
kender |
|
ham |
mere |
5 |
hvis |
jeg |
ikke |
mřder |
|
hende |
igen |
6 |
hvornĺr |
jeg |
|
ser |
|
dig |
igen |
1. ...at han ikke kan komme idag (...that he cannot come today)
2. ...som jeg aldrig har set fřr (...who I have never seen before)
3. ...der ikke er gĺet endnu (...who has not gone yet)
4. ...om hun kender ham mere (...whether she knows him anymore)
5. ...hvis jeg ikke mřder hende igen (...if I do not meet her again)
6. ...hvorĺr jeg ser dig igen (...when I shall see you again)