PWSZ w Nowym Sączu

Instytut Języków Obcych

BA stylesheet

Table of contents

1. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

2. Structure of a BA paper ---------------------------------------------------------------------------2

2.1. Literary analyses------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

3. Page layout------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

4. Font --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

5. Font style--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

6. Paragraph -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

7. Titles and headings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

8. Quotations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

8.1. Single quotation marks -------------------------------------------------------------------------5

9. Paraphrasing and referring -----------------------------------------------------------------------6

10. Examples, tables, figures and diagrams-------------------------------------------------------6

11. References -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

12. Appendix ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

13. Sample title page ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

1. Introduction

This stylesheet is required for BA papers written at IFA/PWSZ. No paper will be

accepted unless it follows the guidelines enumerated below.

2. Structure of a BA paper

The recommended structure of an argumentative Problem-Solution BA paper may be

adapted depending on the domain (culture studies, linguistics, literature, etc.) and the

specific requirements of the topic.

a) Title page.

b) Table of contents.

c) Introduction.

 Paragraph 1: background info.

 Following paragraphs: a short summary of the contents of the chapters

(e.g. “Chapter 1 presents… Chapter 2 illustrates…”).

d) Chapters (detailed and critical presentation of the topic).

e) Conclusions.

 Summary of the evidence.

 Possible consequences of the solution proposed.

f) References, Appendices.

The recommended structure may not answer all the individual needs and can be modified,

for example in literary analyses.

2.1. Literary analyses

The shape of literary research papers depends on the topic they discuss: fiction, poetry,

drama, etc. They also contain references to primary sources (i.e. the analysed work) and

secondary sources (i.e. critics' opinions). For such papers the following models are

recommended.

a) Descriptive essays (in order to highlight something).

b) Argumentative essays (to compare and evaluate conflicting theories).

c) Experimental essays (author does something to the text and analyses the effect).

In case of doubt, consult your supervisor.

3. Page layout

a) A4 format; margins: 2.5 cm (additional margin for binding 1 cm).

b) Page numbers: at the bottom of the page, right-justified. Numbering starts with

the title page but without the page number on the title page.

4. Font

a) Titles of chapters: Times New Roman 16.

b) The body of the paper, table of contents, sections headings, references: Times

New Roman 12.

c) Tables, figures, captions, footnotes and block quotations: Times New Roman 10.

d) Phonetic symbols: Lucida Sans Unicode.

Other fonts may be allowed for specific purposes (e.g. Old English characters).

5. Font style

a) Italics:

 linguistic examples (morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, etc.), e.g. a blade

of grass.

 to emphasize quoted words, e.g. “the LFC learner should approximate rather

than imitate exactly the RP and GA consonant sounds” (Jenkins 2000: 143;

emphasis mine).

b) Bold: chapter titles and section headings.

6. Paragraph

a) Indentation: all paragraphs should be indented. The tab key (not the space bar)

should be used.

b) Line spacing:

 1.5 for the body of the paper, table of contents and references.

 1 (single) for tables, block quotations and footnotes.

c) All paragraphs are left- and right-justified.

7. Titles and headings

a) Each chapter should begin on a new page.

b) Only the first word of the title/heading should be capitalised. Capitals are

allowed only in words normally capitalized, e.g. proper nouns.

c) No full stop should be used at the end of a title/heading.

d) Font for chapter titles: bold type, Times New Roman 16.

e) The chapter number and title: in a single centred line, the number followed by a

colon, e.g.:

Chapter 1: Methods to fight stress

f) Section headings: left-justified, bold type, Times New Roman 12, e.g.:

1. Section heading

1.1. Subsection heading

1.1.1. Subsection heading

No more than three levels of headings should be used. They should not appear at the

bottom of the page.

8. Quotations

a) In-text quotations: up to 50 words long, in double quotation marks (both raised),

e.g.:

“Tag questions (question tags) are short yes-no questions tagged onto the end of a

statement or command” (Wells 2007: 48).

b) Block quotations: longer than 50 words, indentation of 1 cm on the left and right

side, Times New Roman 10, single spacing, e.g.:

The English of the southern United States sounds quite different from that of the north of

the country. Traditionally, the southern states have always been regarded as the poorer,

more backward parts of the USA but they have been catching up rapidly since the midtwentieth

century (Collins, Mees 2003: 163).

Block quotation should be preceded and followed by a single blank line (Times New

Roman 12, 1.5 spacing), no quotation marks should be used.

8.1. Single quotation marks

Single quotation marks should be used for indicating meanings or translations (e.g. the

Greek word προσωδία, `prosodia').

9. Paraphrasing and referring

a) Paraphrasing indirectly from a source in which the author quotes from or

paraphrases a work written by another author should be indicated with “after”,

e.g.

… these changes appear in American immigrant dialects (Stielau 1980, after Heath 1984:

375).

Both sources should appear in the References.

b) Tables, figures and diagrams taken or adapted from another source should be

indicated by “after” of “adapted from” respectively, e.g.

… in Table 1 (after Wrembel 2005: 179).

… in Figure 3 (adapted from Wrembel 2005: 179).

c) If a publication has more than two authors, the surname of the first author should

be used followed by “et al.”. The names of all the authors should be listed in the

References.

10. Examples, tables, figures and diagrams

All examples, separated from the main body of the text, should be numbered, e.g.:

The pitch levels transcribed to a sentence are depicted in example 1 below.

(1)

The doctor bought a car.

3- °2-4-3 4- °2-4

All tables, figures and diagrams should be numbered throughout the paper. All should

have appropriate captions (number + brief description) below the table, figure or diagram.

Captions should be centred and end with a full stop, e.g.:

Figure 1. Rule generating legal tunes in English (Pierrehumbert 1980, after Ladd 1996: 81).

11. References

a) References should be ordered alphabetically, by surnames of the authors.

b) If no author is given, the source should be arranged by the first word of the title,

with the title followed by the date.

c) If primary and secondary sources are given, they should be listed in separate

sections, e.g. “Primary sources” and “Secondary sources”.

d) All special characters, e.g. umlauted vowels (ä), should be preserved.

e) Each entry forms a separate hanging indented paragraph.

Beowulf. 1999. (Translated by S. Heaney.) London: Faber and Faber.

Chaucer, G. 1987. The Riverside Chaucer. (Edited by L.D. Benson) (3rd edition) Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

f) Several entries by the same author: listed chronologically, the author's name

appears with every listed item.

g) More than one work given by the same author in the same year: listed

alphabetically, distinguished by small Roman letters following the year (a, b, c,

etc.). Remember to maintain the same numbering in citations in the body of the

paper, e.g. (Clyne 1987a, 1987b).

Clyne, M. 1987a. “Constraints on code-switching: how universal are they”, Linguistics

25: 739-764.

Clyne, M. 1987b. “Cultural differences in the organization of academic texts: English and

German”, Journal of Pragmatics 11: 211-247.

h) Entries by multiple authors: surname, the first name of the first author, followed

by the first name(s) and surname(s) of the other author(s). The authors' names

should be separated by a comma, e.g.:

Collins, B., I.M. Mees. 2003. Practical phonetics and phonology. A resource book for

students. London: Routledge.

i) Titles of books, journals, periodicals and films appear in italics. Within book

titles linguistic examples, quoted terms, phrases, utterances and titles of literary

works appear in single quotation marks.

Cheshire, J. 2000. “The telling or the tale? Narratives and gender in adolescent friendhip

networks”, Journal of Sociolinguistics 4: 234-262.

Kytö, M. 1991. Variation and diachrony, with Early American English in focus: studies

on `can/may' and `shall/will'. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

j) Titles of articles appear in double quotation marks (see examples in (g) above).

k) Names of institutions or conferences in the title should be capitalized, e.g.

Ahlqvist, A. (ed.). 1982. Papers from the 5th International Conference on Historical

Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

l) Names of journals should be capitalized, e.g. Language in Society.

m) Internet sources should include:

 (First) author's surname, first name(s).

 Year of Internet publication or the date of access if no date of publication

is given.

 Title of the document.

 URL without the hyperlink (i.e. it should not be underlined).

 Date of access.

Corbett, G. 2005 “Agreement: terms and boundaries” (http://www.surrey.ac.uk/LIS/SMG

/projects/agreement/Papers/texas.pdf) (date of access: 15 Jan. 2005).

12. Appendix

a) The optional appendix (appendices) should follow the References.

b) The pages are numbered.

c) Appendices are numbered with capital letters and may be given titles (e.g.

Appendix A; Appendix A: song lyrics).

d) References to appendices in the body of the paper: “The relevant data is provided

in Appendix A, p.xx.”

13. Sample title page

The following page contains an example of a title page.

In case of any questions concerning this stylesheet, talk/write to:

Monika Zięba-Plebankiewicz, e-mail: [e-mail]

[Your name, Times New Roman 12]

[Title of the thesis, Times New Roman 20]

Praca licencjacka napisana

w Instytucie Języków Obcych

PWSZ w Nowym Sączu

pod kierunkiem [promotora]

Nowy Sącz, 12 maja 2008

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