Bibliografia: Dieta wegańska, Rastafarianism

Lata: 1955-1995

2. de Wijn, J. F.; Donath, W. F. The effects of completely vegetarian diets on human subjects. Voeding (1955), 16 576-90.

Abstract

The 3 groups investigated were adult "vegans" who had lived on a vegetarian diet with no animal protein whatever for 2-15 yrs., vegetarians who allowed themselves eggs and milk until a few months before the investigation, and subjects of approx. the same age and sex distribution living on an ordinary mixed diet. The 2nd group (vegetarians) did not reveal significant biochem. or metabolic differences from the controls. Considerable differences were found between controls and the long-term vegans whose diets were extremely low in cal. and protein. The means for minerals showed low values for Ca and normal values for P and Fe. Low values were also found for vitamins A, D; vitamins B2 and B1 were borderline. The amino-acid content of the diet was not detd. accurately, but there may have been a shortage of methionine. The men were significantly under wt. Both men and women had a significantly higher basal metabolic rate, blood pressure, and pulse pressure than the controls. Vital capacity was lower in the male vegans, but not in the females. Clinical evidence of malnutrition was not striking. Three children of vegan parents revealed no significant abnormalities. Blood hemoglobin levels in the vegans were not below normal, this normality being real rather than apparent because there was no evidence of hemoconcn., but there was a trend towards macrocytosis with a low erythrocyte count, possibly evidence of very early malnutritional macrocytic anemia. Blood urea and uric acid excretion values were of the same order as in the controls.

Indexing -- Section 11E (Biological Chemistry: Nutrition)

Metabolism, animal

(basal, vegetarian diet and)

Sex

(body wt. and respiration on vegetarian diet and)

Vegetables

(diet of, blood pressure, body wt., basal metabolism, etc., on)

Blood corpuscles

(in kwashiorkor, diet effect on)

Blood pressure

(on vegetarian diet)

Body weight

Respiration (animal)

(on vegetarian diet, sex and)

Diet

(vegetable, blood pressure, body wt., basal metabolism, etc., on)

3. de Wijn, J. F.; Donath, W. F. The effects of completely vegetarian diets on human subjects. Excerpta Med., Sect. II (1956), 9 225.

Abstract

The 3 groups investigated were adult "vegans" who had lived on a vegetarian diet with no animal protein whatever for 2-15 yrs., vegetarians who allowed themselves eggs and milk until a few months before the investigation, and subjects of approx. the same age and sex distribution living on an ordinary mixed diet. The 2nd group (vegetarians) did not reveal significant biochem. or metabolic differences from the controls. Considerable differences were found between controls and the long-term vegans whose diets were extremely low in cal. and protein. The means for minerals showed low values for Ca and normal values for P and Fe. Low values were also found for vitamins A, D; vitamins B2 and B1 were borderline. The amino-acid content of the diet was not detd. accurately, but there may have been a shortage of methionine. The men were significantly under wt. Both men and women had a significantly higher basal metabolic rate, blood pressure, and pulse pressure than the controls. Vital capacity was lower in the male vegans, but not in the females. Clinical evidence of malnutrition was not striking. Three children of vegan parents revealed no significant abnormalities. Blood hemoglobin levels in the vegans were not below normal, this normality being real rather than apparent because there was no evidence of hemoconcn., but there was a trend towards macrocytosis with a low erythrocyte count, possibly evidence of very early malnutritional macrocytic anemia. Blood urea and uric acid excretion values were of the same order as in the controls.

Indexing -- Section 11E (Biological Chemistry: Nutrition)

Metabolism, animal (basal, vegetarian diet and)

Sex (body wt. and respiration on vegetarian diet and)

Vegetables (diet of, blood pressure, body wt., basal metabolism, etc., on)

Blood corpuscles (in kwashiorkor, diet effect on)

Blood pressure (on vegetarian diet)

Body weight

Respiration (animal) (on vegetarian diet, sex and)

Diet (vegetable, blood pressure, body wt., basal metabolism, etc., on)

4. Hughes, B. P. The amino-acid composition of three mixed diets. British Journal of Nutrition (1959), 13 330-7.

Abstract

Three mixts. corresponding to a normal adult's diet, a child's diet, and a vegan diet, i.e. 1 contg. no animal protein, were prepd. in the lab. and their amino-acid compn. was detd. by direct analysis. Resulting data were compared with published data on the food components. Agreement was good in most cases for the first 2 diets but less satisfactory for the vegan diet which contained less of the nutritionally most important amino acids. Conclusion: Published information on the amino acids of foods can be used successfully to est. the compn. of a diet in which most of the protein comes from cereals or from foods of animal origin.

Indexing -- Section 11E (Biological Chemistry: Nutrition)

Diet (amino acids in)

Amino acids (in diet)

5. SMITH A D Veganism : a clinical survey with observations on vitamin-B12 metabolism. British medical journal (1962), 1(5293), 1655-8.

Veganism : a clinical survey with observations on vitamin-B12 metabolism. SMITH A D British medical journal (1962), 1(5293), 1655-8. Journal code: 0372673. ISSN:0007-1447. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 13914128 AN 62105724 MEDLINE

Controlled Terms

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Vitamin B 12: ME, metabolism

Supplementary Terms

vegetarianism; vitamin b 12 - metabolism

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

6. West E D; Ellis F R The electroencephalogram in veganism , vegetarianism, vitamin B12 deficiency, and in controls. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (1966), 29(5), 391-7.

Bibliographic Information

The electroencephalogram in veganism , vegetarianism, vitamin B12 deficiency, and in controls. West E D; Ellis F R Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry (1966), 29(5), 391-7. Journal code: 2985191R. ISSN:0022-3050. ENGLAND: United Kingdom. (CLINICAL TRIAL); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 5332786 AN 67049113 MEDLINE

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

*Anemia, Pernicious: DI, diagnosis

Clinical Trials

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Electroencephalography

England

*Folic Acid Deficiency: DI, diagnosis

Humans

Middle Aged

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DI, diagnosis

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

7. Hines J D Megaloblastic anemia in an adult vegan. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1966), 19(4), 260-8.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

Adult

*Anemia, Macrocytic: ET, etiology

Biological Assay

Blood Transfusion

Bone Marrow: ME, metabolism

*Diet, Vegetarian

Folic Acid: BL, blood

Histamine: DU, diagnostic use

Humans

Intrinsic Factor

Iron: TU, therapeutic use

Jejunum: PA, pathology

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

Registry Numbers

51-45-6 (Histamine)

59-30-3 (Folic Acid)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

7439-89-6 (Iron)

9008-12-2 (Intrinsic Factor)

8. Ellis F R; Mumford P The nutritional status of vegans and vegetarians. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (1967), 26(2), 205-12.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Carbohydrates

Dietary Fats

Dietary Proteins

Great Britain

Humans

*Nutrition Physiology

Pregnancy

Vitamins

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Vitamins)

9. Winawer S J; Streiff R R; Zamcheck N Gastric and hematological abnormalities in a vegan with nutritional vitamin B 12 deficiency: effect of oral vitamin B 12. Gastroenterology (1967), 53(1), 130-5.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

*Anemia, Macrocytic: BL, blood

*Anemia, Macrocytic: PA, pathology

*Diet, Vegetarian

Gastric Juice

*Gastric Mucosa: PA, pathology

Humans

Jejunum: AN, analysis

Middle Aged

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

*Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: BL, blood

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: PA, pathology

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

10. Ellis F R; Powell M E; Kurtha A N Death after vegan diet. Lancet (1968), 2(7558), 44-5.

ontrolled Terms

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Humans

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

11. Haler D Death after vegan diet. Lancet (1968), 2(7560), 170.

Controlled Terms

Aged

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

12. Linnell, J. C.; Mackenzie, Heather M.; Wilson, John; Matthews, David M. Patterns of plasma cobalamins in control subjects and in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Journal of Clinical Pathology (1969), 22(5), 545-50.

Abstract

A procedure is described for detg. the proportions of methylcobalamin ( i), cyanocobalamin (II), and combined deoxyadenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalmin (referred hereafter as hydroxocobalmin (III)). The cobalamins are extd. from 2 ml of plasma and sepd. by thin-layer chromatog. on glass plates. Sheets of agar seeded with Escherichia coli and contg. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride are covered with Whatman no. 1 filter paper, placed agar side uppermost on the chromatogram, and incubated overnight at 37. Trace amts. of cobalamins promote growth of an E. coli mutant, indicated by conversion of the tetrazolium salt to a colored form. Thus, red zones appear on the bioautograph plate in positions corresponding to the zones sepd. by chromatog. I, II, and deoxyadenosylco-balamin are all converted to hydroxocobalamin on exposure to light. In the majority of control subjects the amts. of I and III were approx. equal; in about 1/3, I was predominant, and in a minority, III was the predominant zone. II was occasionally present in small amts. in plasma of both nonsmokers and smokers. Quantitation for plasmas of 3 normal subjects gave a total plasma vitamin B12 of 350-620 g/ml. In the majority of untreated cases of pernicious anemia III was predominant; I was present only in traces or not at all. Two cases of pernicious anemia treated with i.m. injections of II showed a slow conversion of II to active forms. One vegan (vegetarian) subject whose diet was not supplemented with vitamin B12 showed a pattern similar to that of pernicious anemia; 3 other vegans receiving supplements showed normal patterns.

Indexing -- Section 10 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood, analysis

(detn. of vitamin B12 metabolites in)

Corrinoids

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, in blood plasma)

Blood plasma

(vitamin B12 metabolites in)

Anemia

(vitamin B12 metabolites in blood plasma in pernicious)

13422-51-0

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, contg. deoxyadenosylcobalamin, in blood plasma)

13870-90-1

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, contg. hydroxocobalamin, in blood plasma)

68-19-9, biological studies

13422-55-4

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, in blood plasma)

Supplementary Terms

cobalamins plasma detn; plasma cobalamins detn; vitamin B12 deficiencies; deficiencies vitamin B12; pernicious anemia cobalamins

13. Ellis F R; Montegriffo V M Veganism , clinical findings and investigations. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1970), 23(3), 249-55.

Veganism , clinical findings and investigations. Ellis F R; Montegriffo V M The American journal of clinical nutrition (1970), 23(3), 249-55. Journal code: 0376027. ISSN:0002-9165. United States. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 5436632 AN 70152680 MEDLINE

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Aged

Bilirubin: BL, blood

Blood Proteins

Body Weight

Central Nervous System: PH, physiology

Cholesterol: BL, blood

Coronary Disease

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Proteins

Folic Acid: BL, blood

Humans

Middle Aged

*Nutrition Physiology

Sex Factors

Smoking

Time Factors

Urea: BL, blood

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

Registry Numbers

57-13-6 (Urea)

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

59-30-3 (Folic Acid)

635-65-4 (Bilirubin)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

Chemical Names

0 (Blood Proteins)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

14. Cotes J E; Dabbs J M; Hall A M; McDonald A; Miller D S; Mumford P; Saunders M J Possible effect of a vegan diet upon lung function and the cardiorespiratory response to submaximal exercise in healthy women. The Journal of physiology (1970), 209(1), Suppl:30P+.

Controlled Terms

Diet

15. Misra H N; Fallowfield J M Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord in a vegan. Postgraduate medical journal (1971), 47(551), 624-6.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Middle Aged

*Nerve Degeneration

Neurologic Manifestations

*Spinal Cord Diseases

Spinal Cord Diseases: DT, drug therapy

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

16. Shun D J; Kabakow B Nutritional megaloblastic anemia in vegan. New York state journal of medicine (1972), 72(23), 2893-4.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

Aged

*Anemia, Macrocytic: ET, etiology

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

17. Durnin J V Nutrition. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences (1976), 274(934), 447-55.

Abstract

Nutrition appeared somewhat late on the scene in the I.B.P. projects in the U.K., but eventually it occupied an integral part of many of the H.A. (human adaptability) investigations. The nutritional data obtained in the studies of isolated and nearisolated communities in Tristan da Cunha and in New Guinea provided information of wide nutritional significance. There were also detailed and extensive studies in Israel which, similarly to those in New Guinea, attempted to relate nutritional factors to enviroment, working conditions, and physical fitness. Some extraordinarily low energy intakes found in Ethiopians have induced much speculation on the extent which man can adequately adapt to restricted food supplies. Interesting nutritional observations, of general importance, have also arisen from results obtained on such disparate groups as Glasgow adolescents, Tanzanian and Sudanese students, children in Malawi and vegans in the U.K.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adaptation, Physiological

Adolescent

Adult

Atlantic Islands

Child

Child, Preschool

Energy Metabolism

Environment

Ethiopia

Great Britain

Humans

Israel

Jews

Malawi

New Guinea

*Nutrition Physiology

Sudan

Tanzania

18. Botez M I; Cadotte M; Beaulieu R; Pichette L P; Pison C Neurologic disorders responsive to folic acid therapy. Canadian Medical Association journal (1976), 115(3), 217-23.

Abstract

Six women aged 31 to 70 years had folate deficiency and neuropsychiatric disorders. The three with acquired folate deficiency were depressed and had permanent muscular and intellectual fatigue, mild symptoms of restless legs, depressed ankle jerks, diminution of vibration sensation in the legs, stocking-type hypoesthesia and long-lasting constipation; D-xylos absorption was abnormal. The bone marrow was megaloblastic in only one patient, and she and one other had atrophy of the jejunal mucosa. The third was a vegan. All three recovered after folic acid therapy. The other three were members of a family with the restless legs syndrome, fatigability and diffuse muscular pain. One also had subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and kidney disease but no megaloblastosis; she improved spectacularly after receiving large daily doses of folic acid. The other two also had minor neurologic signs, controlled with 5 to 10 mg of folic acid daily. Unrecognized and treatable folate deficiency (with low serum folic acid values but normal erythrocyte folate values) may be the basis of a well defined syndrome of neurologic, psychiatric and gastroenterologic disorders, and the restless legs syndrome may represent the main clinical expression of acquired and familial (or inborn) folate deficiency in adults.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

Aged

*Folic Acid: TU, therapeutic use

*Folic Acid Deficiency: CO, complications

Humans

Middle Aged

*Neuromuscular Diseases: DT, drug therapy

Neuromuscular Diseases: ET, etiology

Placebos

Restless Legs Syndrome: DT, drug therapy

Restless Legs Syndrome: ET, etiology

Registry Numbers

59-30-3 (Folic Acid)

Chemical Names

0 (Placebos)

19. Long A Vitamin B12 for vegans. British medical journal (1977), 2(6080), 192.

Controlled Terms

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Seaweed

*Vitamin B 12: AD, administration & dosage

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

20. Payne R W; Savage B F Vitamin B12 for vegans. British medical journal (1977), 2(6084), 458.

Controlled Terms

Diet, Vegetarian

*Plants, Edible: AN, analysis

*Vitamin B 12: AN, analysis

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

21. Briggs M; Briggs M The use and misuse of vitamin supplements. Australian family physician (1977), 6(2), 145-7, 151-2.

Abstract

Overt vitamin deficiency in Australia is a medical curiosity. Suspected hypovitaminoses in the general population requires education in nutrition, rather than supplementation by vitamin capsules. Vitamin supplementation, however, may be needed by patients receiving long-term drug treatment, or with chronic malabsorption conditions. The receipt of specific additional vitamins may also be beneficial during pregnancy, or in persons dedicated to a totally vegan diet.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Avitaminosis: DT, drug therapy

Avitaminosis: EP, epidemiology

Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Nutritional Requirements

Pregnancy

Substance-Related Disorders

*Vitamins

Vitamins: AD, administration & dosage

Chemical Names

0 (Vitamins)

22. Thomas J; Ellis F R The health of vegans during pregnancy. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (1977), 36(1), 46A.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adolescent

Adult

Birth Weight

Breast Feeding

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant, Newborn

Iron

*Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications

Registry Numbers

7439-89-6 (Iron)

23. Sanders T A; Ellis F R Serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in vegans. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (1977), 36(1), 43A.

ontrolled Terms

Cholesterol: BL, blood

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

*Lipids: BL, blood

Triglycerides: BL, blood

Registry Numbers

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Chemical Names

0 (Lipids)

0 (Triglycerides)

24. Ellis F R; Sanders T A Angina and vegan diet. American heart journal (1977), 93(6), 803-5.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Angina Pectoris: DH, diet therapy

*Angina Pectoris: PC, prevention & control

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats

Fatty Acids, Unsaturated: ME, metabolism

Humans

Middle Aged

Phospholipids: ME, metabolism

Prostaglandins E: ME, metabolism

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Fatty Acids, Unsaturated)

0 (Phospholipids)

0 (Prostaglandins E)

25. Sanders, T. A. B. The health and nutritional status of vegans. Plant Foods for Man (1978), 2(3-4), 181-93.

Abstract

A review with 74 refs. on the diet of vegans as related to health and reprodn.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Reproduction

(by vegans, nutrition in relation to)

Diet

(of vegans, health and reprodn. in relation to)

Animal nutrition

(of vegans, in England)

Health

(of vegans, nutrition in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

review vegans diet health reprodn

26. Sanders, T. A. B.; Ellis, Frey R.; Dickerson, J. W. T. Studies of vegans : the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1978), 31(5), 805-13.

Abstract

The fatty acid compn. of erythrocytes, of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, and of adipose tissue, serum cholesterol [57-88-5], triglyceride and vitamin B12 [68-19-9] concns., wts., heights, and skinfold thickness were detd. on 22 vegetarians and 22 age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. The fatty acid compn. of breast milk from 4 vegetarian and 4 omnivore control mothers, and of erythrocytes from 3 infants breast-fed by vegetarian mothers and 6 infants breast- fed by omnivore control mothers was detd. The proportions of linoleic acid [60-33-3] and its long-chain derivs. were higher, the proportion of the long-chain derivs. of -linoleic acid [463-40-1] was lower, and the ratio of 22:53 [2234-74-4] 22:63 [2091-24-9] was greater in the tissues of the vegetarians and infants breast-fed by vegetarians than in controls; the most marked differences were in the proportions of linoleic (18:26) and docosahexenoic (22:63) acids. Wts., skinfold thickness, serum vitamin B12, cholesterol, and triglyceride concns. were less in vegetarians than in controls. The difference in serum cholesterol concn. was most marked. A vegetarian-type diet may be the one of choice in the treatment of ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, and certain hyperlipidemias.

Indexing -- Section 18-13 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 14

Body, animal

(compn. of, of vegetarian)

Lecithins, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of, of blood plasma of vegetarian)

Adipose tissue, composition

Erythrocyte

(fatty acids of, of vegetarian)

Blood plasma

(lecithins of, of vegetarian)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of adipose tissue and blood and milk, of vegetarian)

Lipids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, of vegetarian)

Milk

(human, fatty acids of, of vegetarian)

Heart, disease or disorder

(ischemia, susceptibility to, vegetarian diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, fatty acids of adipose tissue and blood and milk in response to)

57-10-3, biological studies

57-11-4, biological studies

112-80-1, biological studies

1553-41-9

2091-24-9

2091-39-6

2234-74-4

7771-44-0

28874-58-0

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of adipose tissue and blood and milk, of vegetarian)

57-88-5, biological studies

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum, of vegetarian)

60-33-3, biological studies

463-40-1

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of milk, of vegetarian)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian fatty acid metab; cholesterol serum vegan; heart disease vegan; milk fatty acid vegan; adipose tissue fatty acid vegan

27. Carmel, Ralph. Nutritional vitamin-B12 deficiency. Possible contributory role of subtle vitamin-B12 malabsorption. Annals of Internal Medicine (1978), 88(5), 647-9.

Abstract

The case is presented of a vegan of 25 y duration who developed severe neurol. abnormalities due to vitamin B12 [68-19-9] deficiency. His diet provided 1.2 g of vitamin B12 daily. Despite normal Schilling test findings, he absorbed subnormal amts. of vitamin B12 given with ovalbumin. This poor absorption appeared to be related to his gastritis, achlorhydria, and subnormal intrinsic-factor secretion. Probably, vitamin B12 deficiency in this patient resulted from both dietary restriction and the subtle malabsorption, neither of which would have sufficed alone to produce the clin. problem. Possibly such malabsorption may also be present in many of those vegans developing overt vitamin B12 deficiency in whom Schilling test findings have been normal.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 14

Intestine, disease or disorder

(malabsorption, vitamin B12 deficiency in)

Diet

(vegetarian, vitamin B12 deficiency in)

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(deficiency of, in vegan)

Supplementary Terms

vegan vitamin B12 malabsorption

28. Bengtsson, Calle; Bruce, Ake; Thunborg, Phebe. Nutritional intake and state of health in female vegetarians. Vaar Foeda (1978), 30(3), 91-104.

Abstract

Of 22 women of Gothenburg, aged 35-65 yr, 15 were lacto-vegetarians, 2 vegans, and 5 had a lacto-vegetarian diet including some fish and eggs. In most cases, the diets had a good nutrition d. and only if the general intake of energy was low, a concomitant low dietary intake of an individual nutrient was found. Protein constituted .apprx.13% of energy, fat 33%, and carbohydrates 54%. A wide range of fat intake was found, 19-55% of energy. The Fe intake was 22 mg (mean value). Based on the urine analyses, the consumption of NaCl was .apprx.4.5 g/24 h, whereas excretion of total N was 8 g/24 h, compared to a calcd. protein intake of 77 g/day. For most of the clin. and clin.-chem. data, the vegetarians did not differ from the controls. The systolic blood-pressure, which increased with age for the controls, was almost const. for the vegetarians. In general, the vegetarians had higher values for total Fe binding capacity in serum and lower serum cholesterol [57-88-5] values than the median values of the controls. No such difference was found for the serum Fe or serum triglyceride values.

Indexing -- Section 18-13 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood serum

(iron-binding capacity of, of female vegetarians of Sweden)

Diet

(vegetarian, in Sweden)

7439-89-6, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(blood serum binding capacity for, of female vegetarians in Sweden)

57-88-5, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum, of female vegetarians of Sweden)

Supplementary Terms

diet vegetarian health; cholesterol serum vegetarian

29. Sanders, T. A. B.; Ellis, F. R.; Dickerson, J. W. T. Hematological studies on vegans. British Journal of Nutrition (1978), 40(1), 9-15.

Abstract

Blood counts and smears were normal in all 34 caucasian vegans; no subject had a Hb concn. below the lower limit of normality. Although within the normal range, male but not female vegans had lower values for erythrocyte counts and higher values for mean corpuscular vol. and mean corpuscular Hb than the omnivore controls regardless of whether they were taking vitamin B12 (I) [68-19-9] supplements or not. Blood serum I concn. was lower in vegans not taking I supplements and in those using supplemented food than in the controls, but in no subject was it <80 ng/L. Blood serum folate [59-30-3] concns. were higher in vegans than controls, and erythrocyte folate was greater in vegans not taking I supplements. In no subject was erythrocyte folate concn. <100 g/L. Megaloblastic anemia is very rare in caucasian vegans; a diet consisting entirely of plant foods is adequate to promote normal blood formation providing it is composed of a mixt. of unrefined cereals, pulses, nuts, fruits, and vegetables and is supplemented with I.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood serum

(folate and vitamin B12 of, vegetarian diet in relation to)

Hemopoiesis

(with vegetarian diet, vitamin B12 effect on)

Anemia

(megaloblastic, vitamin B12 of blood of vegans in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, blood formation in response to)

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(blood formation in response to vegetarian diet supplementation by)

59-30-3, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum and erythrocytes, vegetarian diet in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

blood formation vegan vitamin B12; diet vegetarian blood formation

30. Rendle-Short J; Tiernan J R; Hawgood S Vegan mothers with vitamin B12 deficiency. The Medical journal of Australia (1979), 2(9), 483.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

*Breast Feeding

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

31. Brooks R; Kemm J R Vegan diet and lifestyle; a preliminary study of postal questionnaire. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (1979), 38(1), 15A.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Diet Surveys

*Diet, Vegetarian

Diet, Vegetarian: PX, psychology

England

Humans

*Life Style

Nutrition Physiology

Questionnaires

32. Turner R W Vegan diet and health. British medical journal (1979), 1(6163), 613.

Controlled Terms

Attitude of Health Personnel

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Health

Humans

33. Dickerson, J. W. T.; Sanders, T. A. B.; Ellis, F. R. The effects of a vegetarian and vegan diet on plasma and erythrocyte lipids. Qualitas Plantarum - Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (1979), 29(1-2), 85-94.

Abstract

Vegans (people eating only plant foods) had lower serum cholesterol [57-88-5] and triglyceride levels and plasma phosphoglyceride C16:0 and C18:1 fatty acids, higher plasma phosphoglyceride C18:26 levels, higher proportions of plasma phosphoglyceride C20:26, C20:46 and C22:46 and lower 3 series fatty acids than vegetarians (plant foods plus milk, cheese, eggs), and esp. omnivores. Erythrocyte phosphoglycerides showed differences similar to those of plasma. The lower lipid, cholesterol and long chain polyunsatd. fatty acid levels in the vegan diet are discussed in relation to atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood

(indexes of, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Phosphatidic acids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and erythrocytes, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Glycerides, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of phosphoglycerides, of blood plasma and erythrocytes, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Lipids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of vegan and vegetarian diets, atherosclerosis in relation to)

Erythrocyte

(phosphoglycerides of, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Atherosclerosis

Heart, disease or disorder

(vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

57-88-5, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum, vegan and vegetarian diet in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

vegan diet plasma erythrocyte lipid; atherosclerosis vegan diet; heart disease vegan diet

34. Hughes J; Sanders T A Riboflavin levels in the diet and breast milk of vegans and omnivores. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (1979), 38(2), 95A.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Great Britain

Humans

*Milk, Human: ME, metabolism

Pregnancy

Riboflavin: AN, analysis

*Riboflavin: ME, metabolism

Registry Numbers

83-88-5 (Riboflavin)

35. Zmora E; Gorodischer R; Bar-Ziv J Multiple nutritional deficiencies in infants from a strict vegetarian community. American journal of diseases of children (1960) (1979), 133(2), 141-4.

Abstract

Severe nutritional deficiencies developed in four infants from a new vegan religious community. They had received breast milk until the age of 3 months; thereafter, breast milk was supplemented with or replaced by extremely low caloric-density preparations. All of the infants had profound protein-caloric malnutrition, severe rickets, osteoporosis, and vitamin B12 and other deficiencies. One infant died, while the three others had an uneventful recovery. After discharge of the infants from the hospital, the community responded well to a modification of the infants' diet, which did not violate their vegetarian philosophy. However, they refused to give their infants vitamin B12 on a regular basis.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

Infant Nutrition Disorders: DH, diet therapy

*Infant Nutrition Disorders: ET, etiology

Israel

Nutritional Requirements

Osteoporosis: ET, etiology

Protein-Energy Malnutrition: ET, etiology

Religion

Rickets: ET, etiology

36. Wighton M C; Manson J I; Speed I; Robertson E; Chapman E Brain damage in infancy and dietary vitamin B12 deficiency. The Medical journal of Australia (1979), 2(1), 1-3.

Abstract

A case of the exclusively breast-fed infant of a vegetarian mother is reported. Neurological deterioration commenced between three and six months of age, and progressed to a comatose premoribund state by the age of nine months. Investigations revealed a mild nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in the mother, and a very severe nutritional B12 deficiency in the infant, with severe megaloblastic anaemia. Treatment of the infant with vitamin B12 resulted in a rapid clinical and haematological improvement, but neurological recovery was incomplete. Evidence is presented that dietary B12 deficiency was the sole cause of the infant's deterioration, and the literature relating to the condition is reviewed. It is recommended that all strict vegetarians (vegans), especially women in the child-bearing age group, take vitamin B12 supplements.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Anemia, Megaloblastic: CO, complications

*Brain Damage, Chronic: ET, etiology

Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

Neurologic Manifestations

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: CO, complications

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DT, drug therapy

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

37. Freeland-Graves, Jeanne H.; Bodzy, Pamela W.; Eppright, Margaret A. Zinc status of vegetarians. Journal of the American Dietetic Association (1980), 77(6), 655-61.

Abstract

The Zn intakes of men who were lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, or vegan were 13.3, 13.5, and 14.1 mg/day, as compared with 16.8 for nonvegetarians. The resp. intakes for women were 8.5, 8.2, 1.5, and 10.1 mg Zn/day, resp. The possibility of Zn deficiency among women vegetarians is discussed.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Animal nutrition

(zinc in, of vegetarian)

Diet

(vegetarian, zinc in)

7440-66-6, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(in nutrition of vegetarians)

Supplementary Terms

zinc diet vegetarian

38. Guggenheim K Vegetarianism, veganism and nutrition. Harefuah (1980), 99(1-2), 36-8.

Controlled Terms

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

*Nutrition Physiology

Vegetable Proteins

Chemical Names

0 (Vegetable Proteins)

39. Amin, S.; Spinks, T.; Ranicar, A.; Short, M. D.; Hoffbrand, A. V. Longterm clearance of [57Co]cyanocobalamin in vegans and pernicious anemia. Clinical Science (1980), 58(1), 101-3.

Abstract

Patients with pernicious anemia cleared cyanocobalamin-57Co (I) more rapidly than normal subjects and vegans, as detd. by monthly whole-body counting for a max. of 1 yr after oral administration of I. This may have been due to failure to reabsorb biliary I in pernicious anemia because of the absence of intrinsic factor.

Indexing -- Section 14-9 (Mammalian Pathological Biochemistry)

Section cross-reference(s): 13, 18

Anemia

(pernicious, cyanocobalamin clearance enhancement in)

Diet

(vegetarian, cyanocobalamin clearance in)

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(clearance of, in pernicious anemia and vegetarians)

Supplementary Terms

cyanocobalamin clearance pernicious anemia; vegetarian cyanocobalamin clearance

40. Sanders T A How adequate are vegan diets for children?. Health visitor (1980), 53(8), 319-22.

Controlled Terms

Child

*Child Nutrition Physiology

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Nutritional Requirements

41. Brodie, M. J.; Boobis, A. R.; Toverud, E. L.; Ellis, W.; Murray, S.; Dollery, C. T.; Webster, S.; Harrison, R. Drug metabolism in white vegetarians. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (1980), 9(5), 523-5.

Abstract

White vegetarians (7 lactovegetarians and 2 vegans) metabolized antipyrine, paracetamol, and phenacetin at essentially the same rate as nonvegetarians. It is suggested that the prolonged antipyrine half-life and decreased clearance rate obsd. previously in Asian vegetarians may be due to the low protein content of their diet.

Indexing -- Section 1-2 (Pharmacodynamics)

Section cross-reference(s): 18

Animal nutrition

(drug metab. by vegetarians in relation to)

Pharmaceuticals

(metab. of, by vegetarian)

Animal metabolism

(of drugs, by vegetarians)

Diet

(vegetarian, drug metab. in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

drug metab vegetarian

42. Nair, Baboo M.; Oeste, Rickard; Andersson, Ingrid. Tryptophan content of vegan and omnivorous one-day mixed food diet samples. Food Chemistry (1981), 7(2), 105-8.

Abstract

The tryptophan [73-22-3] contents of a series of one-day food samples of vegan and omnivorous subjects are detd. Tryptophan contents are higher in the vegan diets, esp. when calcd. per unit wt. of protein.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Diet

(vegan and omnivorous, tryptophan of)

73-22-3, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of vegan and omnivorous diets)

Supplementary Terms

diet vegan omnivore tryptophan

43. Sanders, T. A. B.; Younger, Katherine M. The effect of dietary supplements of  3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of platelets and plasma choline phosphoglycerides. British Journal of Nutrition (1981), 45(3), 613-16.

Abstract

The title studies were performed in human subjects who were vegans or omnivores; a supplement of linolenic acid [463-40-1] led to an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (I) [25378-27-2] but was less effective than one of I + docosahexaenoic acid [25167-62-8].

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood plasma

(choline phospholipids of, dietary polyunsatd. fatty acids effect on fatty acid compn. of)

Phosphatidic acids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and platelets, dietary polyunsatd. fatty acids effect on fatty acid compn. of)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of plasma choline phosphoglycerides and platelet phosphoglycerides, dietary polyunsatd. fatty acids effect on)

Blood platelet

(phosphoglycerides of, dietary polyunsatd. fatty acids effect on fatty acid compn. of)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(polyunsatd., fatty acids of plasma choline phosphoglycerides and platelet phosphoglycerides response to dietary)

463-40-1

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of plasma choline phosphoglycerides and platelet phosphoglycerides response to dietary)

25378-27-2

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of plasma choline phosphoglycerides and platelet phosphoglycerides response to dietary docosahexaenoate and)

25167-62-8

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of plasma choline phosphoglycerides and platelet phosphoglycerides response to dietary eicosapentaenoate and)

Supplementary Terms

polyunsatd fatty acid platelet phosphoglyceride; plasma choline phosphoglyceride fatty acid

44. Abdulla, Mohammed; Andersson, Ingrid; Asp, Nils Georg; Berthelsen, Knud; Birkhed, Dowen; Dencker, Ingrid; Johansson, Claes Goeran; Jaegerstad, Margaretha; Kolar, Kurt; et al. Nutrient intake and health status of vegans. Chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1981), 34(11), 2464-77.

Abstract

A strict vegetarian diet [vegan diet (VD)] was investigated. Six middle-aged vegans (3 men; 3 women) collected copies of 24-h diets by using the duplicate portion sampling technique. By chem. analyses, the nutrient compn. was detd. in detail and compared with corresponding figures of a normal mixed Swedish diet. In the VD 3% of the energy originated from fat compared with 40% in normal Swedish mixed diet (MD). linoleic acid [60-33-3] Was the dominating fatty acid (60% of total fat in VD vs. 8% in MD). The VD contained 24 g protein/1000 kcal compared to 30 g/1000 kcal in MD, but the intake of essential amino acids by the vegans exceeded recommendations. Dietary fiber was about 5-fold higher in the vegan diet (29 vs. 6 g/1000 kcal) and sucrose similar to MD (18 vs. 21 g/1000 kcal). Among the inorg. nutrients, the concn. of Ca (351 vs. 391 mg/1000 kcal) and Na (53 vs. 49 mmol/1000 kcal) were similar in both types of diets but the amt. of K (56 vs. 30 mmol/1000 kcal), Mg (300 vs. 110 mg/1000 kcal), Fe (9 vs. 6.5 mg/1000 kcal), Zn (6.5 vs. 4.7 mg/1000 kcal), and Cu (2 vs. 0.7 mg/100 kcal) were nearly doubled. Iodine (39 vs. 156 g/1000 kcal) and Se (5 vs. 17 g/1000 kcal) were much lower in the VD, Se even being undetectable in several 24-h diets. The VD was rich in folic acid [59-30-3] (301 vs. 90 g/1000 kcal in MD), but the intake of vitamin B12 [68-19-9] was only 0.3-0.4 g/day (MD:3-4 g/day). No clin. signs of nutritional deficiency were obsd. in the vegans. Serum proteins levels of the vegans as well as their serum lipoproteins were near the lower range of the ref. group. In addn., none of the vegans was overwt. and their blood pressures were low for their age.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood

(indexes of, of vegetarian humans)

Dietary fiber

(of vegetarian diet)

Amino acids, biological studies

Carbohydrates and Sugars, biological studies

Fats, biological studies

Trace elements

Role: BOC (Biological occurrence); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); FFD (Food or feed use); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence); USES (Uses)

(of vegetarian diet)

Steroids, biological studies

Role: BOC (Biological occurrence); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); FFD (Food or feed use); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence); USES (Uses)

(hydroxy, of vegetarian diet)

Diet

(vegetarian, compn. of, health status in relation to)

59-30-3, biological studies

60-33-3, biological studies

68-19-9

7439-89-6, biological studies

7439-95-4, biological studies

7440-09-7, biological studies

7440-50-8, biological studies

7440-66-6, biological studies

7553-56-2, biological studies

7782-49-2, biological studies

Role: BOC (Biological occurrence); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); FFD (Food or feed use); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence); USES (Uses)

(of vegetarian diet)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet compn; trace element vegetarian diet; blood index vegetarian

45. Aakesson, B.; Johansson, B. M.; Svensson, M.; Oeckerman, P. A. Content of trans-octadecenoic acid in vegetarian and normal diets in Sweden, analyzed by the duplicate portion technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1981), 34(11), 2517-20.

Abstract

The intake of trans-fatty acids by subjects adhering to the normal Swedish diet or to different vegetarian regimes was studied, using chem. anal. of duplicate portions. trans-octadecenoic acid [27251-59-8] Was 5.0, 3.9, and 1.8% of dietary fatty acid in the normal, lactovegetarian, and vegan diets, resp., corresponding to 2.0, 1.3, and 0.5% of energy intake. The results are related to the content of trans-octadecenoic acid in some edible fats.

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Diet

(trans-octadecenoic acid in, of Sweden)

Diet

(vegetarian, trans-octadecenoic acid in, of Sweden)

Fatty acids, biological studies

(trans-, of diet, of humans of Sweden)

27251-59-8

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diet, of humans of Sweden)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet fatty acid; octadecenoate diet

46. Sanders T A; Purves R An anthropometric and dietary assessment of the nutritional status of vegan preschool children. Journal of human nutrition (1981), 35(5), 349-57.

Abstract

The nutritional status of 23 vegan children between one and five years was assessed using anthropometric and dietary criteria. All of the children had been breastfed for at least the first six months of life and in most cases well into the second year. The majority of the children were growing normally but they did tend to be smaller in stature and lighter in weight when compared with standards. Energy, calcium and vitamin D intakes were usually below those recommended. Their diets, however, were generally adequate but a few children had low intakes of riboflavin and vitamin B12. It is concluded that, provided sufficient care is taken, a vegan diet can meet the nutritional requirements of the preschool child.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Age Factors

Anthropometry

*Body Constitution

Breast Feeding

Cephalometry

Child

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

Deficiency Diseases: EP, epidemiology

*Diet: ST, standards

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

Nutritional Requirements

Pregnancy

Sex Factors

47. Heyman S N; Tobi M; Shalev O Vitamin B12 deficiency in megaloblastic anemia in vegans. Harefuah (1982), 103(7-8), 148-50.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Achlorhydria: CO, complications

Adult

Aged

*Anemia, Macrocytic: ET, etiology

*Anemia, Megaloblastic: ET, etiology

*Diet, Vegetarian

Folic Acid Deficiency: CO, complications

Humans

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: CO, complications

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

48. Shinwell E D; Gorodischer R Totally vegetarian diets and infant nutrition. Pediatrics (1982), 70(4), 582-6.

Abstract

Observations on the deleterious effects of a totally vegetarian diet in infancy are reported and the difficulties encountered in the prevention of nutritional deficiencies in a vegan religious community are discussed. Twenty-five infants of this community who were seen at the hospital showed evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition, iron- and vitamin B12-deficient anemia, rickets, zinc deficiency, and multiple recurrent infections. Evidence of growth retardation was also found in 47 infants seen at the local mother-child health (well-baby) clinic. Samples of breast milk showed low levels of carbohydrate (1.6 to 3.5 gm/100 ml), protein (0.8 to 1.4 gm/100 ml), and fat (2.4 to 4.1 gm/100 ml). The main constituent of the infants' diet after the age of 3 months (a "soya milk" prepared at the community's central kitchen) was extremely dilute with a very low calorific value (13.7 kcal/100 ml). Persistent attempts to find dietary modifications that would satisfy both the vegan philosophy and also the recommended dietary allowances failed. This problem represents a scientific and medicosocial challenge to pediatricians and nutritionists.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

African Americans

African Continental Ancestry Group

Anemia: ET, etiology

Breast Feeding

Child Abuse

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

*Infant Nutrition Disorders: ET, etiology

Israel

Protein-Energy Malnutrition: ET, etiology

*Religion

Rickets: ET, etiology

Soybeans

United States: EH, ethnology

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

Zinc: DF, deficiency

Registry Numbers

7440-66-6 (Zinc)

49. Abdulla, M.; Norden, A.; Schersten, B.; Svensson, S.; Thulin, T.; Oeckerman, P. A. The intake and urinary excretion of electrolytes and trace elements. Trace Elem. Metab. Man Anim., Proc. Int. Symp., 4th (1982), Meeting Date 1981, 81-4.

Abstract

The dietary intake and urinary excretion of electrolytes and trace elements were studied in a group of 60 women, 6 vegans, and 6 lactovegetarians. The material collected during the day (duplicate portion method) was homogenized, fat-extd., and lyophilized. The lyophilized powder was wet-ashed with concd. acids, and the residue was used for the detn. of the elements. Twenty-four hour urine samples were also collected during the days corresponding to the collection of the dietary samples. The elements were analyzed in most cases by at. absorption spectrophotometry. The following intake levels were obsd. in the group of women: Ca 577 mg, Mg 257 mg, Zn 8.1 mg, Cu 1.5 mg, and Se 27 g. The 24-h urinary excretion for the corresponding intake levels were: Ca 138, Mg 63, Zn 0.31, and Cu 0.05 mg. The Se levels in the urine samples were below the detection limits. The vegetarian diets had a much higher concn. of most trace elements than the nonvegetarian diets. The data concerning the women did not show any correlation between salt intake and blood pressure levels.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Diet

(electrolytes and trace elements in, of women)

Electrolytes

(of diet, of women and vegetarians)

Trace elements

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diet, of women and vegetarians)

Diet

(vegetarian, electrolytes and trace elements of)

7439-95-4, biological studies

7440-50-8, biological studies

7440-66-6, biological studies

7440-70-2, biological studies

7782-49-2, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diet, of women and vegetarians)

Supplementary Terms

electrolyte trace element diet; vegetarian diet electrolyte trace element; selenium diet woman

50. Carmel R Subtle cobalamin malabsorption in a vegan patient: evolution into classic pernicious anemia with anti-intrinsic factor antibody. Archives of internal medicine (1982), 142(12), 2206-7.

Abstract

Classic pernicious anemia with abnormal Schilling test results developed in a previously described vegan patient who had coexisting subtle cobalamin malabsorption (demonstrable by abnormal ovalbumin-cobalamin absorption test results but normal Schilling test results). This suggests that the ovalbumin-cobalamin absorption test or a modified version may serve as a prodromal phenomenon to identify patients at risk for developing pernicious anemia. The patient's transformation was also accompanied by the appearance of serum anti-intrinsic factor antibody. A modified assay retrospectively detected this antibody a year earlier than did the standard assay, indicating that such modification enhances the sensitivity of this useful test.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

Anemia, Pernicious: DI, diagnosis

*Anemia, Pernicious: ET, etiology

*Antibodies: IM, immunology

*Diet, Vegetarian

Gastric Juice: IM, immunology

Humans

*Intrinsic Factor: IM, immunology

Malabsorption Syndromes: ME, metabolism

*Vitamin B 12: ME, metabolism

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

9008-12-2 (Intrinsic Factor)

Chemical Names

0 (Antibodies)

51. Dong, Allen; Scott, Stephen C. Serum vitamin B12 and blood cell values in vegetarians. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism (1982), 26(4), 209-16.

Abstract

Serum vitamin B12 [68-19-9] and complete blood count values were detd. for 83 volunteer subjects from an American vegetarian society conference. Among subjects who did not supplement their diets with vitamin B12 or multiple vitamin tablets, 92% of the vegans (total vegetarians), 64% of the lactovegetarians, 47% of the lacto-ovovegetarians, and 20% of the semivegetarians had serum vitamin B12 levels <200 pg/mL (normal = 200-900 pg/mL). However, their complete blood count values did not deviate greatly from those found for nonvegetarians, even though some had been vegans or lactovegetarians for over 10 yr. Macrocytosis among the vegetarians was minimal; none had mean corpuscular vol. >103 fL.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood serum

(vitamin B12 of, of vegetarian humans)

Blood corpuscle

(vol. of, of vegetarian humans)

Diet

(vegetarian, vitamin B12 of blood serum and blood cell vol. in relation to)

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood serum, of vegetarian humans)

Supplementary Terms

vitamin B12 serum vegetarian; blood cell vegetarian diet; diet vegetarian serum vitamin B12

52. Campbell M; Lofters W S; Gibbs W N Rastafarianism and the vegans syndrome. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) (1982), 285(6355), 1617-8.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

Adolescent

Adult

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

*Religion

Syndrome

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

53. Dwyer J T; Dietz W H Jr; Andrews E M; Suskind R M Nutritional status of vegetarian children. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1982), 35(2), 204-16.

Abstract

Thirty-nine preschool children consuming different types of vegetarian diets were studied. Type and amount of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and amount of sodium and cholesterol provided by their diets were more like intakes suggested in the proposed Dietary Goals for the United States than to levels in usual diets of nonvegetarian children. Macrobiotic vegetarian children consumed less animal food than did other vegetarian children. The mean intake of vitamin D of macrobiotics was an eighth of the Recommended Dietary Allowance and mean serum alkaline phosphatase values were elevated. The mean intake of vitamin B12 levels were normal. Vegan macrobiotic children had the lowest intakes of vitamins B12 and D. Other vegetarians' mean intakes of these vitamins met the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Mean iron intakes of the vegetarians approximated the Recommended Dietary Allowance. Hematological indices were suggestive of mild iron deficiency anemia in a quarter of subjects. Serum cholesterol values were low for the group. Physical measurements were within normal limits and macrobiotic vegetarians were not smaller or leaner than other vegetarian children. The nutritional difficulties discovered could be corrected by careful planning of vegetarian children's diets while preserving the beneficial qualities of the diet in other respects.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Birth Weight

Body Height

Breast Feeding

Child

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Goals

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

Iron: ME, metabolism

Pregnancy

United States

Vitamins: AD, administration & dosage

Registry Numbers

7439-89-6 (Iron)

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Vitamins)

54. Close G C Rastafarianism and the vegans syndrome. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) (1983), 286(6363), 473.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

*Breast Feeding

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

55. Abdulla, M.; Jaegerstad, M.; Kolar, K.; Norden, A.; Schuetz, A.; Svensson, S. Essential and toxic inorganic elements in prepared meals - 24-hour dietary sampling employing the duplicate portion technique. Trace Elem. Anal. Chem. Med. Biol., Proc. Int. Workshop, 2nd (1983), Meeting Date 1982, 75-86.

Abstract

Samples of food were taken from meals about to be consumed by healthy persons, elderly people, women, vegetarians, and vegans and defatted, freeze-dried, and wet-ashed to det. their Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, I, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg contents. This technique gave a more accurate picture of mineral and trace element consumption than did methods used in the past. The results showed that consumption of these elements were often below recommended daily allowances.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 4

Diet

(mineral and trace elements of, in Sweden)

Mineral elements

Trace elements

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diets of humans, in Sweden)

Diet

(vegetarian, mineral and trace elements of, in Sweden)

7439-89-6, biological studies

7439-92-1, biological studies

7439-95-4, biological studies

7439-97-6, biological studies

7440-02-0, biological studies

7440-09-7, biological studies

7440-23-5, biological studies

7440-43-9, biological studies

7440-47-3, biological studies

7440-50-8, biological studies

7440-66-6, biological studies

7440-70-2, biological studies

7553-56-2, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diets of humans, in Sweden)

Supplementary Terms

trace element diet; selenium diet; mineral element diet

56. Lithell H; Vessby B; Hellsing K; Ljunghall K; Hoglund N J; Werner I; Bruce A Changes in metabolism during a fasting period and a subsequent vegetarian diet with particular reference to glucose metabolism. Upsala journal of medical sciences (1983), 88(2), 109-19.

Abstract

During an investigation on the effect of fasting and a vegetarian diet on the symptoms and signs in chronic cutaneous and arthritic diseases studies were made of glucose metabolism, liver function and the plasma concentration and urine excretion of some minerals. The study was performed on 27 patients who stayed as in-patients on a metabolic ward for five weeks. After the fasting period the blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were lower (p less than 0.01) than before the fast. At the end of the period on the vegetarian (vegan) diet (three weeks) the insulin/glucose ratio was lower than at the start of the fast. Serum enzyme concentrations reflecting liver function increased during the fast, but normalized during the vegan diet. The intake of vitamin B12 and of selenium due to the vegan diets was very low, which may give reason for some concern during long-term use of this type of vegetarian diet.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

*Blood Glucose: ME, metabolism

*Diet, Vegetarian

Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Electrolytes: BL, blood

*Fasting

Fasting: AE, adverse effects

Humans

Insulin: BL, blood

Middle Aged

Registry Numbers

11061-68-0 (Insulin)

Chemical Names

0 (Blood Glucose)

0 (Electrolytes)

57. Lithell H; Bruce A; Gustafsson I B; Hoglund N J; Karlstrom B; Ljunghall K; Sjolin K; Venge P; Werner I; Vessby B A fasting and vegetarian diet treatment trial on chronic inflammatory disorders. Acta dermato-venereologica (1983), 63(5), 397-403.

Abstract

Twenty patients with arthritis and various skin diseases were studied on a metabolic ward during a 2-week period of modified fast followed by a 3-week period of vegetarian diet. During fasting, arthralgia was less intense in many subjects. In some types of skin diseases (pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and atopic eczema) an improvement could be demonstrated during the fast. During the vegan diet, both signs and symptoms returned in most patients, with the exception of some patients with psoriasis who experienced an improvement. The concentrations of lactoferrin in serum reflect the turnover and activity of neutrophil leukocytes. When this protein was initially increased it fell to normal values in most cases. The improvement or impairment of signs and symptoms was related to the lactoferrin levels in serum.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

*Arthritis: TH, therapy

Chronic Disease

Dermatitis, Atopic: TH, therapy

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Fasting

Humans

Inflammation

Middle Aged

*Psoriasis: TH, therapy

Rosacea: TH, therapy

*Skin Diseases: TH, therapy

58. Abdulla, Mohammed; Aly, Karl Otto; Andersson, Ingrid; Asp, Nils Georg; Birkhed, Dowen; Denker, Ingrid; Johansson, Claes Goeran; Jaegerstad, Margaretha; Kolar, Kurt; et al. Nutrient intake and health status of lactovegetarians: chemical analyses of diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1984), 40(2), 325-38.

Abstract

Six middle-aged lactovegetarians (3 men and 3 women) collected copies of four 24-h diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. By chem. analyses, the nutrient compns. of the lactovegetarian diet was detd. in detail and compared with that of a mixed Swedish diet (normal) and a vegan diet (vegan) studied previously. The nutrient compn. of the lactovegetarian diet expressed per 1000 kcal represented an av. between normal and vegan diets. It was in closer agreement with Swedish recommended dietary allowances than the normal Swedish diet. Thus, the lactovegetarian diet contained 35% of the energy as fat and was rich in polyunsatd. fatty acids, esp. linoleic acid [60-33-3], which resulted in a polyunsatd./satd. fat ratio of 0.6. The lactovegetarian diet had a cholesterol [57-88-5] concn. only half of that of a normal diet. Protein content and amino acid compn. were well above recommendations. The lactovegetarian diets contained less sucrose [57-50-1] than normal and vegan diets, but the sum of the intake of low-mol.-wt. carbohydrates was comparable to normal and vegan diets. Dietary fiber was 3 times higher than in a normal diet. Essential minerals and trace elements, i.e., Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, satisfied current requirements. The intake of vitamin B12 [68-19-9] by the lactovegetarians was .apprx.1.4 g daily, which is below the recommendations. The intake of folates was high, 300-400 g daily. The clin. and biochem. investigation of the subjects revealed no signs of nutritional deficiency. Their plasma lipoproteins and the blood pressures were low for their age, in agreement with observations made earlier in a group of vegans.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Dietary fiber

(of lactovegetarian diet, of humans)

Amino acids, biological studies

Carbohydrates and Sugars, biological studies

Fats, biological studies

Mineral elements

Proteins

Trace elements

Vitamins

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of lactovegetarian diet, of humans)

Diet

(lactovegetarian, nutrient contents of)

57-50-1, biological studies

57-88-5, biological studies

60-33-3, biological studies

68-19-9

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of lactovegetarian diet, of humans)

Supplementary Terms

diet lactovegetarian

59. Kramer L B; Osis D; Coffey J; Spencer H Mineral and trace element content of vegetarian diets. Journal of the American College of Nutrition (1984), 3(1), 3-11.

Abstract

Lacto-ovo, lacto, and vegan vegetarian diets were analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, and nitrogen at four calorie intake levels ranging from 1,700 to 2,800 kcal/day. Diets containing dairy products had a high calcium and phosphorus content, ranging from 1,279 to 1,755 mg calcium and 1,378 to 2,160 mg phosphorus for the four calorie levels, respectively, and vegan diets contained less calcium, ranging from 612 to 810 mg. The magnesium content of all three types of vegetarian diets was adequate or high, ranging from 366 to 560 mg/day. The zinc content was lower than that of the RDA (15 mg/day), and was particularly low at the 1,700 calorie intake levels of all diets. The iron content of these diets varied widely and ranged from 12.7 to 22.7 mg. This study has shown that vegetarian diets planned and presented at the higher calorie intake levels contain adequate amounts of minerals and trace elements, whereas this is not the case at the 1,700 calorie intake level. This observation is of importance as the mineral and trace element content of relatively low calorie vegetarian diets would not supply sufficient amounts of these nutrients. In addition, the bioavailability of minerals and trace elements from these diets remains to be determined.

Controlled Terms

Calcium: AN, analysis

*Diet, Vegetarian

Energy Intake

*Food Analysis

Iron: AN, analysis

Magnesium: AN, analysis

*Minerals: AN, analysis

Nitrogen: AN, analysis

Phosphorus: AN, analysis

*Trace Elements: AN, analysis

Zinc: AN, analysis

Registry Numbers

7439-89-6 (Iron)

7439-95-4 (Magnesium)

7440-66-6 (Zinc)

7440-70-2 (Calcium)

7723-14-0 (Phosphorus)

7727-37-9 (Nitrogen)

Chemical Names

0 (Minerals)

0 (Trace Elements)

60. Nnakwe, Nweze Eunice. Calcium and phosphorus utilization by omnivores and vegetarians. (1984), 321 pp.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Diet

(calcium and phosphorus utilization in relation to diet of)

Diet

(vegetarian, calcium and phosphorus utilization in relation to)

7440-70-2, biological studies

7723-14-0, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(utilization of, by humans, diet type in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

calcium utilization diet type; phosphorus utilization diet type; diet type calcium phosphorus utilization; vegetarian calcium phosphorus utilization; omnivore calcium phosphorus utilization; vegan calcium phosphorus utilization

61. Roshanai, Farah; Sanders, T. A. B. Assessment of fatty acid intakes in vegans and omnivores. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition (1984), 38A(5), 345-54.

Abstract

Fatty acid intakes were estd. from 7-day weighed-food-intake date and from the anal. of 3-day duplicate food portions in a series of vegans and omnivore controls. Calcd. and analyzed values for monounsatd. fatty acids and linoleic and linolenic acids were generally in good agreement. Analyzed satd. fatty acid intakes tended to be lower

in the omnivores than the calcd. values. The vegan subjects had very much lower intakes of satd. fatty acids and much higher intakes of linoleic acid compared with the omnivores; these differences were most marked between the men. The vegan diets were devoid of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. Plasma total cholesterol and low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol concns. were significantly lower in the male vegans.

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Diet

(fatty acids of)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diets, of omnivorous and vegan humans)

Diet

(vegetarian, fatty acids of)

Supplementary Terms

fatty acid diet vegan omnivore

62. Lindahl O; Lindwall L; Spangberg A; Stenram A; Ockerman P A A vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of hypertension. The British journal of nutrition (1984), 52(1), 11-20.

Abstract

Twenty-nine patients who had suffered from essential hypertension for an average of 8 years, all receiving long-term medication for hypertension, were subject to therapy with vegan food for 1 year. In almost all cases medication was withdrawn or drastically reduced. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A number of reported symptoms disappeared. There was a significant improvement in a number of clinical variables as well as a significant change in various biochemical indices such as urea, haptoglobin, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood. Subjectively all patients reported improvement. Selected patients, with a fear of side-effects of medication, who are interested in alternative health care might replace conventional medication with this dietary regimen.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Blood Pressure

Blood Proteins: AN, analysis

Cholesterol: BL, blood

*Diet, Vegetarian

Electrolytes: BL, blood

Follow-Up Studies

Humans

Hypertension: BL, blood

*Hypertension: DH, diet therapy

Hypertension: PP, physiopathology

Middle Aged

Patient Compliance

Triglycerides: BL, blood

Registry Numbers

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Chemical Names

0 (Blood Proteins)

0 (Electrolytes)

0 (Triglycerides)

63. Lindahl O; Lindwall L; Spangberg A; Stenram A; Ockerman P A Vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of bronchial asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma (1985), 22(1), 45-55.

Abstract

Thirty-five patients who had suffered from bronchial asthma for an average of 12 yr, all receiving long-term medication, 20 including cortisone, were subject to therapy with vegan food for 1 yr. In almost all cases, medication was withdrawn or drastically reduced. There was a significant decrease in asthma symptoms. Twenty-four patients (69%) fulfilled the treatment. Of these, 71% reported improvement at 4 months and 92% at 1 yr. There was a significant improvement in a number of clinical variables; for example, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one sec and physical working capacity, as well as a significant change in various biochemical indices as haptoglobin, IgM, IgE, cholesterol, and triglycerides in blood. Selected patients, with a fear of side-effects of medication, who are interested in alternative health care, might get well and replace conventional medication with this regimen.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Asthma: BL, blood

*Asthma: DH, diet therapy

Asthma: DT, drug therapy

Chronic Disease

Combined Modality Therapy

*Diet, Vegetarian

Evaluation Studies

Follow-Up Studies

Humans

Methods

Middle Aged

64. Aakesson, B.; Oeckerman, P. A. Selenium status in vegans and lactovegetarians. British Journal of Nutrition (1985), 53(2), 199-205.

Abstract

Plasma and urinary Se were detd. among vegans, lactovegetarians, and several groups of omnivorous subjects, using gas chromatog. Plasma Se was lower among lactovegetarians (0.80 mol/L) than in the other groups (0.98 mol/L). This was not related to Se intake, since the vegans had a lower and the lactovegetarians a higher intake of Se than omnivorous subjects, in Sweden. Urinary Se was 0.36 mol/day for controls, 0.17 mol/day for vegans, and 0.16 mol/day for lactovegetarians. No relation between dietary Se and urinary Se was obsd. Among vegetarians, plasma Se and urinary Se were correlated.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Animal nutrition

(selenium in, of humans, lactovegetarian and vegan diets in relation to)

Blood plasma

Urine

(selenium of, of humans, lactovegetarian and vegan diets in relation to)

Diet

(lactovegetarian, selenium nutrition in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, selenium nutrition in relation to)

7782-49-2, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(in nutrition of vegan and lactovegetarian humans)

Supplementary Terms

selenium nutrition vegan lactovegetarian; vegetarian diet selenium nutrition

65. James J A; Clark C; Ward P S Screening Rastafarian children for nutritional rickets. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) (1985), 290(6472), 899-900.

Abstract

We examined 42 Rastafarian children under 5 years of age who were registered with a single inner city general practice to determine the prevalence of nutritional rickets. Twenty children were receiving a strict vegan(I-tal) diet and were considered to be at high risk of developing rickets and were referred for biochemical and radiological investigation. Seven of 20 children investigated had rickets, giving an overall prevalence of 7/42. Treatment with oral cholecalciferol was successful in all seven children. Fourteen out of 18 children had evidence of iron deficiency, with low haemoglobin concentrations and hypochromic-microcytic blood films. Before this study Rastafarian children rarely attended the well baby clinic, received no vitamin supplements, and few had been immunised. They now regularly attend the clinic, receive vitamin and iron supplements, and all have completed primary immunisation.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Alkaline Phosphatase: BL, blood

Calcium: BL, blood

Child, Preschool

Diet, Vegetarian

England

*Ethnic Groups

Hemoglobins: AN, analysis

Humans

Infant

Phosphates: BL, blood

Rickets: BL, blood

*Rickets: EP, epidemiology

Registry Numbers

7440-70-2 (Calcium)

Chemical Names

0 (Hemoglobins)

0 (Phosphates)

EC 3.1.3.1 (Alkaline Phosphatase)

66. Kruleva, P.; Uzunova, S. Physiological studies on children's outer garments made of modified polyacrylonitrile fibers. Khigiena i Zdraveopazvane (1985), 28(6), 44-50.

Abstract

The phys. and hygienic properties of garments for children from unmodified, Veganit (urea-HCHO resin) (I) [9011-05-6]-modified, and Na2SO4-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were studied. The I-modified PAN fabrics had improved shape stability and elasticity and Na2SO4-modified PAN fabrics had slightly higher hygroscopicity and lower surface charge than unmodified fabrics, although both I- and Na2SO4-modified PAN fabrics were uncomfortable for wearing. The modified PAN fibers were more suitable for blending with wool or synthetic fibers.

Indexing -- Section 40-4 (Textiles)

Acrylic fibers, properties

Role: PRP (Properties)

(fabrics, phys. and hygienic properties of, modifier effect on)

Wearing apparel

(modified acrylic fabrics, for children, hygienic properties of)

7757-82-6, uses and miscellaneous

9011-05-6

Role: USES (Uses)

(modifiers, for polyacrylonitrile fibers, phys. and hygienic properties of garments for children in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

polyacrylonitrile fabric urea resin modified; acrylic fiber urea resin modified

67. Sasson I M; Coleman D T; LaVoie E J; Hoffmann D; Wynder E L Mutagens in human urine: effects of cigarette smoking and diet. Mutation research (1985), 158(3), 149-57.

Abstract

Human urine from smokers and nonsmokers on strictly controlled diets was assayed for mutagenic activity. Two distinct diets were employed in this study. Diet study A consisted of a high-meat, high-fat diet, observed for 5 days, followed by a vegan diet, adhered to for the next 5 days. The vegan diet contained no meat, fish, eggs, or dairy products. It was comprised of soy products, prepackaged vegan dinners, seeds, nuts, fruits, vegetables, beans and herbal teas. Diet study B consisted of 3 days on a typical western diet followed by a macrobiotic diet of grains and fresh vegetables for 5 days. Portions of 24-h urine samples were assayed in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538. The levels of urinary creatinine and cotinine were measured. Mutagenic activity was observed in the urine of most smokers. However, the levels of mutagens in the urine of light smokers were similar to those of nonsmokers. For both nonsmokers and smokers there was a significant increase in urine mutagenicity when volunteers were on the vegan diet. Several nonsmokers on the vegan diet in diet study A had pronounced mutagenic activity in their urine samples, in some instances at higher levels than that in the urine of smokers on a meat diet. In diet study B no clear differences were observed between the meat diet and the macrobiotic diet. In diet studies A and B the mutagenic potency of smokers' urine could not be correlated with cotinine levels alone or with urinary pH. These data suggest that dietary factors can play a dominant role in the mutagenicity of urine concentrates.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Animals

Beverages

Cotinine: UR, urine

*Diet

Diet Fads

Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats

Humans

Meat

Mutagenicity Tests

Mutagens: PD, pharmacology

*Mutagens: UR, urine

Rats

Salmonella typhimurium: DE, drug effects

*Smoking

Registry Numbers

486-56-6 (Cotinine)

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Mutagens)

68. Dagnelie P C; Van Staveren W A; Hautvast J G Health and nutritional status of 'alternatively' fed infants and young children, facts and uncertainties. II. Specific nutritional deficiencies; discussion. Tijdschrift voor kindergeneeskunde (1985), 53(6), 208-16.

Abstract

This article, which is the second in a series of two articles, discusses available scientific information on the nutritional status of infants and preschool children on alternative diets with regard to calcium, iron, vitamin B12 and D. Some favourable aspects of alternative food habits in such children are also mentioned. Most studies report low intakes of vitamin D and in vegan and macrobiotic children also of calcium and vitamin B12, but it cannot be excluded that some alternative sources of these nutrient may have been missed. Deficiencies have been described for vitamin D and B12 but the evidence is often unconvincing. For example, exposure to sunlight has not been measured in most of the studies on rickets. From the literature available, it would appear that there is a need for longitudinal research on the growth and development of alternatively fed infants and preschool children and for information on the nutrient composition of alternative foods.

Controlled Terms

Calcium, Dietary: AD, administration & dosage

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

*Deficiency Diseases: EP, epidemiology

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Energy Metabolism

*Food Habits

Humans

Infant

Infant Nutrition Physiology

Iron: DF, deficiency

Netherlands

Nutritional Requirements

Rickets: PC, prevention & control

Vitamin B 12: AD, administration & dosage

Vitamins: AD, administration & dosage

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

7439-89-6 (Iron)

Chemical Names

0 (Calcium, Dietary)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Vitamins)

69. Dagnelie P C; Van Staveren W A; Hautvast J G Health and nutritional status of 'alternatively' fed infants and young children, facts and uncertainties. I. Definitions and general health status indicators. Tijdschrift voor kindergeneeskunde (1985), 53(6), 201-8.

Abstract

In this first article out of a series of two articles, a critical review of available scientific information on the nutritional consequences of alternative and especially vegan-type food habits in infants and preschool children is presented. This article involves definitions and information on general health indicators, such as the health of mothers during pregnancy and the growth and development of children. Some difficulties in interpreting available literature are also discussed. Many of the available case studies do not seem to be representative for population groups of infants and children fed alternative diets. Population studies mostly lack a control group and do not provide information on whether the sample is representative or not. Because of changing alternative food habits, some studies may be outdated. Alternatively fed toddlers six months to three years old, especially macrobiotics and veganists, seem to be somewhat smaller than their counterparts eating mixed diets, whereas there is some evidence of increased growth after the age of two years. The significance of these differences is not completely clear.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Anthropometry

Anthroposophy

Birth Weight

Child Development

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

Diet, Vegetarian

*Food Habits

Growth

*Health Status Indicators

*Health Surveys

Humans

Infant

Infant Food

Infant Nutrition Physiology

Infant, Newborn

Pregnancy

70. Truesdell D D; Acosta P B Feeding the vegan infant and child. Journal of the American Dietetic Association (1985), 85(7), 837-40.

Abstract

Nutrients that may be deficient in diets of vegetarian infants and preschoolers and that affect growth and development are energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, riboflavin, and vitamins B-12 and D. Reasons for these nutrient deficiencies include: limited volumetric capacity of the stomach of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers; low-caloric-density foods eaten by vegans; limited food choices; and restriction of number of meals and snacks eaten by vegan children. Suggestions are made for meeting the energy and nutrient needs of infants and children within the food ways of their families.

Controlled Terms

Child

Child Development

Child, Preschool

Counseling

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Humans

Infant

Nutritional Requirements

Nutritive Value

71. Van Dokkum, W.; Wesstra, J. A.; Schippers, F. A. Effect of lactovegetarian, vegan and mixed diets on mineral utilization. Trace Elem. Man Anim. -- TEMA 5, Proc. Int. Symp., 5th (1985), Meeting Date 1984, 465-7.

Abstract

Mineral utilization was detd. in adult male subjects fed lactovegetarian, vegan, and mixed diets. The differences between the diets occurred primarily in the amts. of dietary fiber, oxalic acid, minerals, phytate (not detd.), and the kind of dietary protein. The high Ca intake assocd. with the lactovegetarian diet resulted in the values for total urinary and fecal Ca excretion being significantly higher than for the other 2 diets although urinary excretion as a percentage of Ca intake was significantly lower in the case of Mg, only fecal excretion of this element assocd. with the mixed diet was significantly lower than for the other diets. High fecal Zn excretion assocd. with the lactovegetarian diet caused a neg. Zn balance, which was significantly lower than in the cases of the other diets. The differences in Fe intake assocd. with the 3 diets did not result in significant differences in Fe balance, but fecal Fe excretion changed significantly. Although Ca retention appeared relatively high for the different Cu intakes, they were not significantly different. As a percentage of all minerals was lowest in the case of the mixed diet. Although serum ferritin levels were acceptable for all diets, it was lowest in the case of the vegan diet. The differences in mineral availability could probably be accounted for mainly by differences in dietary fiber and phytate intake from the soy-protein products included in the vegetarian diets.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Mineral elements

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(metab. of, by humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Feces

Urine

(mineral elements in, of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, mineral utilization in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-, mineral utilization in relation to)

7439-89-6, biological studies

7439-95-4, biological studies

7440-50-8, biological studies

7440-66-6, biological studies

7440-70-2, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(metab. of, by humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Supplementary Terms

mineral element metab vegetarian diet; lactovegetarian diet mineral element metab; vegan diet mineral element metab

72. Davies G J; Crowder M; Dickerson J W Dietary fibre intakes of individuals with different eating patterns. Human nutrition. Applied nutrition (1985), 39(2), 139-48.

Abstract

This study was undertaken to provide evidence of the variation in the diet necessary to incorporate a high fibre content. Food intakes were measured for seven days by 51 subjects who were either omnivores, vegetarians or vegans. Omnivores consumed the least fibre (23 g), vegetarians significantly more (37 g) and vegans the most (47 g). Men had higher intakes (44 g) than women (30.5 g). Vegans ate the most cereal fibre, but high intake of fibre by both vegetarian groups were due to their preference for unrefined foods, particularly bread. Higher intakes of vegetable fibre by both vegetarian groups were due to high consumption of pulses. Total dietary fibre was significantly related to cereal fibre. As the percentage of fibre increased, the percentage of energy derived from protein decreased. Fat contributed less energy (34 per cent) to the vegan than to the omnivore diet (41 per cent). This study showed that high fibre intake can be achieved on an omnivorous diet and the observation that high fibre diets are possible when the energy content is low, is of relevance to slimming regimes.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Aged

Bread

Child

Child, Preschool

Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats

*Dietary Fiber

Dietary Proteins

Energy Intake

*Food Habits

Humans

Middle Aged

Sex Factors

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

73. Dwyer J; Foulkes E; Evans M; Ausman L Acid/alkaline ash diets: time for assessment and change. Journal of the American Dietetic Association (1985), 85(7), 841-5.

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to review critically the assumptions made to predict the effects of different diets on the pH of urine by calculations from food tables and lists of acid or alkaline ash in foods. Acid/alkaline ash calculations were completed for 7 days' worth of omnivore, lacto-ovo, and vegan diets. The vegetarian diets were significantly more alkaline than the omnivore diets, and the vegan diets were more alkaline than lacto-ovo vegetarian diets. The article discusses the history of the acid/alkaline ash concept, assumptions underlying it, mechanisms by which urine is acidified, how the acid/alkaline ash content of diets is calculated from food tables, difficulties arising in acid/ash calculations, and their validity in predicting urine pH. The authors conclude that while diet does influence the pH of urine, present calculation methods are time consuming, imprecise, and do not permit quantitative prediction of urine pH. Better methods for calculating the effects of diet on acid-base balance are needed.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

*Acid-Base Equilibrium

Adult

*Diet

Diet, Vegetarian

*Food Analysis

Humans

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

*Urine

74. Black A E; Prentice A M; Coward W A Use of food quotients to predict respiratory quotients for the doubly-labelled water method of measuring energy expenditure. Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition (1986), 40(5), 381-91.

Abstract

A method is proposed for estimating the respiratory quotients (RQ) required in the calculation of free-living energy expenditure measured by the doubly-labelled water technique in man. Worked examples show that, in most normal subjects, measured or predicted food quotients (FQ) can be used in place of RQs since energy balance is usually maintained over the 10-20-d periods of double-isotope measurements. Examples of observed FQs in the UK are: omnivorous adults, 0.845 +/- 0.013 (s.d.); vegetarians, vegans and Asian immigrants, 0.860-0.880; breast-fed infants, 0.835 rising to 0.870 as weaning progresses; bottle-fed infants, 0.840-0.880. Alcohol intakes in excess of 2-3 per cent of total energy lower the FQ value. In most communities in the developing world FQs are substantially higher (0.900-0.955) due to the low contribution of fat to overall energy intakes; but FQs decrease progressively as the diet becomes more westernized. In the UK the between- and within-subject coefficients of variation based on 4-d weighed intakes are only 1.5 and 0.7 per cent respectively. A single 4-d measurement of dietary composition can therefore be used to predict a subject's FQ. In subjects in energy imbalance (eg, during growth, illness or when dieting) errors in calculated energy expenditure will rarely exceed 3-5 per cent even if the imbalance is ignored; in practice anabolism or catabolism can be accounted for and the FQ adjusted when converting FQ to RQ. The error incurred due to the substitution of adjusted FQ for RQ in the doubly-labelled water method will usually be negligible and should never exceed +/- 2 per cent.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Alcohol Drinking

Asia: EH, ethnology

Breast Feeding

Child, Preschool

Diet

Diet, Vegetarian

*Energy Metabolism

*Food

Great Britain

Humans

Infant

Isotopes: DU, diagnostic use

*Respiration

Water: DU, diagnostic use

Weaning

Registry Numbers

7732-18-5 (Water)

Chemical Names

0 (Isotopes)

75. Fisher M; Levine P H; Weiner B; Ockene I S; Johnson B; Johnson M H; Natale A M; Vaudreuil C H; Hoogasian J The effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels. Archives of internal medicine (1986), 146(6), 1193-7.

Abstract

Vegetarians have an apparent diminished risk for the development of ischemic coronary heart disease. This may be secondary to dietary effects of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, but platelets, which may also play a role, have also been observed to have aberrant functions in vegetarians. We measured plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, platelet function, platelet fatty acid levels, and platelet active prostaglandins in ten strict vegetarians (vegans), 15 lactovegetarians, and 25 age- and sex-matched omnivorous controls. The most striking observations were a highly significant rise in platelet linoleic acid concentration and a decline in platelet arachidonic acid concentration in both vegetarian subgroups as compared with omnivorous controls. Serum thromboxane and prostacyclin levels as well as results of platelet aggregation studies did not differ among the groups tested. Cholesterol levels were significantly lower in both vegetarian groups as compared with controls, but plasma high- and low-density lipoprotein levels were lower only in the vegan subgroup as compared with omnivores. If diet produces these changes in platelet fatty acid and plasma lipid levels it may contribute to the decreased risk of coronary heart disease and possibly atherosclerosis in vegetarians.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

*Blood Platelets: PH, physiology

Christianity

*Diet, Vegetarian

Fasting

Fatty Acids: BL, blood

Humans

*Lipids: BL, blood

Lipoproteins: BL, blood

Middle Aged

Platelet Aggregation

Platelet Count

Prostaglandins: BL, blood

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids)

0 (Lipids)

0 (Lipoproteins)

0 (Prostaglandins)

76. Rana, Surinder K.; Sanders, T. A. B. Taurine concentrations in the diet, plasma, urine and breast milk of vegans compared with omnivores. British Journal of Nutrition (1986), 56(1), 17-27.

Abstract

The concn. of taurine [107-35-7] in the diets, plasma, urine, and breast milk were measured in vegans and age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. Plasma and urinary amino acid concns. were also detd. Urinary taurine levels were less than half those of the omnivores but plasma and breast-milk levels were only slightly lower. Dietary energy intakes were similar in the vegans and omnivores, but protein intakes tended to be lower in the vegans.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 17

Amino acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and milk and urine, of humans on vegetarian and mixed diets)

Dietary energy

Dietary fiber

(of vegetarian and mixed diets, taurine metab. in relation to)

Carbohydrates and Sugars, biological studies

Carotenes and Carotenoids, biological studies

Proteins

Vitamins

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of vegetarian and mixed diets, taurine metab. in relation to)

Sex

(taurine metab. in humans on vegetarian and mixed diets in relation to)

Blood plasma

Urine

(taurine of, of humans on vegetarian and mixed diets, dietary taurine in relation to)

Milk

(human, taurine of, of humans on vegetarian and mixed diets, dietary taurine in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, taurine of blood plasma and urine and milk in relation to)

7727-37-9, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(consumption and urinary excretion of, by humans on vegetarian and mixed diets)

50-81-7, biological studies

59-30-3, biological studies

59-43-8, biological studies

59-67-6, biological studies

64-17-5, biological studies

65-23-6

68-19-9

1406-18-4

7439-89-6, biological studies

7440-70-2, biological studies

11103-57-4

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(consumption of, by humans on vegetarian and mixed diets, taurine metab. in relation to)

107-35-7

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and urine and breast milk, of human vegetarians and omnivores)

60-27-5

Role: PROC (Process)

(urinary excretion of, by humans on vegetarian and mixed diet)

Supplementary Terms

taurine metab vegetarian diet; plasma taurine vegetarian diet; milk taurine vegetarian diet; vegan diet taurine metab

77. Bruce A Swedish views on selenium. Annals of clinical research (1986), 18(1), 8-12.

Abstract

For a long time selenium was known only for its toxic characteristics. During the last few decades selenium deficiency has been recognized as an important agricultural problem in Sweden. On average, grains and pastures only contain one tenth of the amount of selenium considered necessary to avoid symptoms of deficiency. However, the incidence of muscle degeneration among the animals has been low, probably due to imported animal feed. Since 1980 selenium has been added to animal feed, but only minor changes in the selenium content of Swedish food stuffs have been recorded. Some studies have shown that the average Swedish dietary intake of selenium is 10-70 micrograms/day. The lowest levels were found in vegan diets, based on locally-grown products. Swedish studies have found depressed glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in patients with various skin disorders, including acne; myotonic dystrophy and rheumatic arthritis. Clinical trials with selenium supplementation have given positive results in some of these disorders as well as in some patients with disabling muscular and joint pains. Today there is a large sale of selenium tablets sometimes with additional vitamin E. The marketing of these tablets, however, is often based on unsubstantiated claims.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Animal Feed

Animals

Cattle

Diet

Glutathione Peroxidase: AN, analysis

Humans

Muscular Dystrophy, Animal: ET, etiology

Osteoarthritis: DT, drug therapy

Selenium: AN, analysis

*Selenium: PD, pharmacology

Selenium: TU, therapeutic use

Soil: AN, analysis

Sweden

Swine

Vitamin E: TU, therapeutic use

Registry Numbers

1406-18-4 (Vitamin E)

7782-49-2 (Selenium)

Chemical Names

0 (Soil)

EC 1.11.1.9 (Glutathione Peroxidase)

78. Sklar R Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in a breast-fed infant of a vegan -diet mother. Clinical pediatrics (1986), 25(4), 219-21.

Abstract

A 7-month-old male presented with lethargy and failure to thrive. The child was exclusively breast-fed from birth by a mother who was a strict vegetarian. Laboratory data revealed macrocytic anemia and methylmalonic acid in the urine, consistent with vitamin B12 deficient anemia. The patient responded well to supplementation with B12 alone and was developmentally normal by 11 months of age. This study emphasizes the need for assuring maternal dietary adequacy during pregnancy and after birth.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Body Height

Body Weight

Breast Feeding

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Failure to Thrive: ET, etiology

Humans

Infant

Vitamin B 12: ME, metabolism

Vitamin B 12: TU, therapeutic use

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DT, drug therapy

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: PP, physiopathology

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

79. Skoldstam L Fasting and vegan diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology (1986), 15(2), 219-21.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Middle Aged

79. Fentiman, I. S.; Caleffi, M.; Wang, D. Y.; Hampson, S. J.; Hoare, S. A.; Kwa, H. G. Diurnal variations in prolactin and growth hormone levels in normal premenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women. Nutrition and Cancer (1986), 8(4), 239-45.

Abstract

Diurnal levels of plasma prolactin [9002-62-4] and growth hormone [9002-72-6] were measured in 47 normal premenopausal women, 26 of whom were established vegetarians and 21 of whom were omnivorous controls. There were no differences between the median prolactin levels of the 2 groups during a 24-h period of investigation. When the groups were further subdivided into ovolactovegetarians and vegans, still no differences were found in prolactin secretion. In contrast, the vegetarian women exhibited elevation of growth hormone levels during the period of study, which was particularly marked at midnight and 10 A.M.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 2

Blood plasma

(growth hormone and prolactin of, diurnal variation of, of vegetarian women)

Diet

(vegetarian, growth hormone and prolactin diurnal variation in women on)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-ovo-, growth hormone and prolactin diurnal variation in women on)

9002-62-4, biological studies

9002-72-6

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, diurnal variation of, of women on vegetarian diet)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet prolactin diurnal rhythm; growth hormone diurnal rhythm vegetarian diet; plasma hormone woman vegetarian diet

80. Davies G J; Crowder M; Reid B; Dickerson J W Bowel function measurements of individuals with different eating patterns. Gut (1986), 27(2), 164-9.

Abstract

Bowel function was assessed in 51 subjects: 10 women and seven men who habitually consumed an omnivorous, vegetarian, or vegan diet. The subjects on these diets had a mean intake of fibre of 23 g, 37 g, and 47 g respectively. Mean transit times were variable and not significantly different between the groups. Vegans, however, had a greater frequency of defecation and passed softer stools. All measurements of bowel function were significantly correlated with total dietary fibre. As dietary fibre increased mean transit time decreased, stool frequency increased and the stools became softer. Men produced a greater quantity of softer, less formed faeces than women. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle women excreted harder stools and had a significantly longer mean transit time. The finding that mean transit time was more highly correlated with faecal form than any of the other bowel function measurements could be of practical importance.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Child

Defecation

*Diet

Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fiber: AD, administration & dosage

Feces

Gastrointestinal Motility

Humans

*Intestines: PH, physiology

Luteal Phase

Middle Aged

Rheology

81. Carter J P; Furman T; Hutcheson H R Preeclampsia and reproductive performance in a community of vegans. Southern medical journal (1987), 80(6), 692-7.

Abstract

Studies at "the Farm," a community of spiritually gathered young people in Summertown, Tenn, have shown that it is possible to sustain a normal pregnancy on a vegan diet. The source of dietary protein (ie, animal or vegetable) does not seem to affect birth weight, as long as vegans are health conscious, receive continuous prenatal care, supplement their diets with prenatal vitamins, calcium, and iron, and apply protein-complementing nutritional principles. Preeclampsia may be caused by a relative prostacyclin deficiency in the face of excessive production of thromboxane A2. A vegan diet (one low in arachidonic acid) might provide protection against this condition, especially if the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid is inhibited by decreased activity of the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. We examined the maternity care records of 775 vegan mothers for symptoms of preeclampsia, and only one case met the clinical criteria. Since preeclampsia in our culture is frequently associated with unrestrained consumption of "fast foods" (foods having high levels of saturated fat) and rapid weight gain, it is possible that a vegan diet could alleviate most, if not all, of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Birth Weight

Child

Child, Preschool

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Follow-Up Studies

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

Life Style

Nutritional Status

*Pre-Eclampsia: PC, prevention & control

Pregnancy

Prenatal Care

Soybeans

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Proteins)

82. Thorogood M; Carter R; Benfield L; McPherson K; Mann J I Plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in people with different diets in Britain. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) (1987), 295(6594), 351-3.

Abstract

Concentrations of total cholesterol and cholesterol in the various lipoprotein fractions were measured in vegans, vegetarians, fish eaters (who did not eat meat), and meat eaters. Total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were higher in meat eaters than vegans, with vegetarians and fish eaters having intermediate and similar values. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was highest in the fish eaters but did not differ among the other groups. There were striking trends with age in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, which differed between men and women: women showed a steady increase in concentration with age, whereas concentrations in men did not increase appreciably after the age of 40, which may partly explain sex differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease. The differences in total cholesterol concentration suggest that the incidence of coronary heart disease may be 24% lower in lifelong British vegetarians and 57% lower in lifelong vegans than in meat eaters.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Age Factors

*Cholesterol: BL, blood

Cholesterol, HDL: BL, blood

Cholesterol, LDL: BL, blood

Coronary Disease: ET, etiology

*Diet

Diet, Vegetarian

Great Britain

Humans

*Lipids: BL, blood

*Lipoproteins: BL, blood

Meat

Middle Aged

Prospective Studies

Risk Factors

Sex Factors

Registry Numbers

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Chemical Names

0 (Cholesterol, HDL)

0 (Cholesterol, LDL)

0 (Lipids)

0 (Lipoproteins)

0 (lipoprotein cholesterol)

83. Naismith, D. J.; Rana, Surinder K.; Emery, P. W. Metabolism of taurine during reproduction in women. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition (1987), 41C(1), 37-45.

Abstract

The pattern of excretion of taurine was measured in 4 omnivore and 4 vegan/vegetarian women during pregnancy and lactation and was compared with the changes in urinary excretion of other amino acids, including the precursors of endogenous taurine, obsd. in 10 pregnant omnivores. The loss of taurine in breast milk was also detd. in 14 omnivore and 14 vegan mothers. In contrast to the rise in excretion of all amino acids during pregnancy, including methionine and cysteine, taurine excretion fell dramatically from wk 9 of pregnancy in all subjects, and, in the vegan/vegetarian subjects, fell still further during lactation. Although the concn. of taurine in breast milk was lower in vegan subjects, the mean value fell within the range found in omnivore subjects. Thus, the suppression of urinary taurine excretion, both during pregnancy and lactation, is a physiol. response to reprodn. that satisfies the needs of the fetus and the suckling infant for this amino acid. The data also suggest that taurine is stored in the maternal tissues in early pregnancy for later transfer to the fetus.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Urine

(amino acids of, of pregnant women)

Amino acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of urine of pregnant women)

Lactation

Pregnancy

(taurine metab. by women in)

Milk

(human, taurine of, vegetarian diet in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, taurine metab. by pregnant women on)

107-35-7, Taurine

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(metab. of, by women in pregnancy and lactation)

Supplementary Terms

taurine metab human pregnancy lactation

84. Wiseman, Martin J.; Hunt, Rosemary; Goodwin, Angela; Gross, Jorge L.; Keen, Harry; Viberti, GianCarlo. Dietary composition and renal function in healthy subjects. Nephron (1987), 46(1), 37-42.

Abstract

Increments in dietary protein intake can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans, and the glomerular hyperfiltration induced by high protein intake has been incriminated in the progression of glomerulosclerosis related to age and a no. of renal diseases. GFR (as 51Cr-EDTA clearance) was measured in 18 vegans, 16 lactovegetarians, and 18 omnivorous control subjects, matched for age. Omnivores ate significantly more total protein and protein of animal origin than the other 2 groups. Vegetable protein comprised 100% of the vegan daily protein intake and 64% of the lactovegetarian intake, both significantly higher than the mnivore intake (32%). Vegans and lactovegetarians also ate more carbohydrate and fiber than omnivores, although fat intake was similar. Mean GFR was significantly lower in the vegans than in the omnivores (100 vs 113 mL/min/1.73 m2) and was intermediate in the lactovegetarians (105 mL/min1.73 m2). Omnivores had significantly higher mean urinary albumin excretion rate than vegans, and higher mean diastolic blood pressure than both vegans and lactovegetarians. The vegan diet is assocd. with glomerular and systemic hemodynamic changes, which may be beneficial in the prevention of glomerular sclerotic changes in health and disease.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Urine

(albumin of, lactovegetarian and vegetarian and omnivore diet effect on, in humans)

Kidney

(function of, lactovegetarian and vegetarian and omnivore diet effect on, in humans)

Proteins, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(kidney function response to dietary sources of, in humans)

Diet

(kidney function response to proteins of)

Blood pressure

(lactovegetarian and vegetarian and omnivore diet effect on, in humans)

Albumins, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of urine, lactovegetarian and vegetarian and omnivore diet effect on, in humans)

Diet

(vegetarian, kidney function response to proteins of)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-, kidney function response to proteins of)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet kidney function; lactovegetarian diet kidney function; kidney function protein diet; blood pressure diet

85. Sanders, T. A. B.; Key, T. J. A. Blood pressure, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations in vegans and omnivore controls. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition (1987), 41A(3), 204-11.

Abstract

Blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and the concns. of aldosterone and cholesterol in plasma and Na and K in urine and nutrient intakes were detd. in 22 vegans (11 male and 11 female) and omnivore controls matched for age, sex, and body build. The vegan diets contained less protein, Na, Ca, and S but more carbohydrate, K, and fiber than the diets of their controls. The mean urinary K:Na ratio was 1.13 in the vegans compared with 0.64 in the omnivores. Plasma renin and cholesterol concns. were lower in male, but not female, vegans compared with their resp. controls. Blood pressures of the vegan subjects were within the normal range, but they tended to have higher mean diastolic blood pressure than their controls.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood plasma

(aldosterone and renin of, of humans on vegan diet)

Sex

(renin and cholesterol levels of humans on vegan diet in relation to)

Urine

(sodium and potassium of, of humans on vegan diet)

Blood pressure

(vegan diet effect on, of humans)

Diet

(vegetarian, blood pressure and plasma renin and aldosterone response to)

7440-09-7, Potassium, biological studies

7440-23-5, Sodium, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of urine, of humans, vegan diet effect on)

52-39-1, Aldosterone

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

9015-94-5, Renin, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(vegan diet effect on, of blood plasma of humans)

Supplementary Terms

vegan diet blood pressure renin aldosterone

86. Van Faassen, Arendina; Bol, Jan; Van Dokkum, Wim; Pikaar, Nicolaas A.; Ockhuizen, Theo; Hermus, Rudolph J. J. Bile acids, neutral steroids, and bacteria in feces as affected by a mixed, a lacto-ovovegetarian, and a vegan diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1987), 46(6), 962-7.

Abstract

In a metabolic ward 12 healthy male subjects consumed mixed Western (M), lacto-ovovegetarian (L), and vegan (V) diets in a randomized order for 20 days each. The concns. of deoxycholic acid, isolithocholic acid, and total bile acids in 4-day composites of feces on the L and V diets were significantly lower than on the M diet. The chenodeoxycholic-to-isolithocholic plus lithocholic acid ratio was significantly higher on the V diet. The concns. of coprostanol and of coprostanol plus cholesterol were highest on M diet and lowest on V diet. The no. of fecal lactobacilli and enterococci on the V diet was significantly lower than on the M or the L diets. This study showed a decrease in the concn. of fecal (secondary) bile acids by the L and the V diets and an alteration of the fecal flora compn. by the V diet.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Feces

(bacteria and bile acids and neutral steroids of, in humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Bacteria

Bacteroides

Bifidobacterium

Clostridium

Lactobacillus

(of feces of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Bile acids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of feces of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Steroids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(hydroxy, of feces of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Streptococcus

(intestinal, of feces of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, bacteria and bile acids and neutral steroids of feces response to)

83-44-3, Deoxycholic acid

128-13-2, Ursodeoxycholic acid

434-13-9, Lithocholic acid

474-25-9, Chenodeoxycholic acid

911-40-0, 7-Ketodeoxycholic acid

1534-35-6, Isolithocholic acid

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(feces, of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

360-68-9, Coprostanol

19044-06-5, 24-Ethylcholesterol

66036-55-3

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of feces of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

4651-67-6, 7-Ketolithocholic acid

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of feces, of humans, vegetarian diet effect on)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet feces bile acid; bacteria feces vegetarian diet; steroid feces vegetarian diet

87. Shultz, Terry D.; Roth, William T.; Howie, Beverly J. Vitamin B6 to protein-bound homocysteine interrelationship as a possible risk factor for coronary heart disease among Seventh-Day Adventist men. Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease (1988), 19(Clin. Physiol. Appl. Vitam. B-6), 177-200.

Abstract

Nonvegetarian, lacto-ovovegetarian, and vegan men had vitamin B6/methionine ratios of 1.52, 3.28, and 4.88 in their diet (3-day records), 196, 214, and 2 mg cholesterol in their diet, 58, 71, and 35 nmol pyridoxal phosphate/L blood plasma, 187, 153, and 230 pmol protein-bound homocysteine (PBH)/mg protein, and 4.42, 4.00, and 3.67 mmol cholesterol/L blood plasma, resp. There were decreases in PBH with increases in dietary vitamin B6 intake. Homocysteine is considered to promote vascular damage, and this is discussed in relation to heart disease and diet among the 3 groups studied.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood plasma

(protein-bound homocysteine of, in vegetarian and nonvegetarian men, vitamin B6 status and heart disease in relation to)

Atherosclerosis

Heart, disease or disorder

(vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary vitamin B6 and methionine intakes of men in relation to)

Diet

(vitamin B6 and methionine of, of men, plasma protein-bound homocysteine and heart disease in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, vitamin B6 and methionine of, of mev, plasma protein-bound homocysteine and heart disease in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-ovo-, vitamin B6 and methionine of, of men, plasma protein-bound homocysteine and heart disease in relation to)

54-47-7, Pyridoxal phosphate

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, of vegetarian and nonvegetarian men)

6027-13-0D, Homocysteine, protein complexes

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, of vegetarian and nonvegetarian men, vitamin B6 status and heart disease in relation to)

63-68-3, Methionine, biological studies

8059-24-3, Vitamin B6

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diet of vegetarian and nonvegetarian men, plasma protein-bound homocysteine and heart disease in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

vitamin B6 plasma homocysteine heart disease; vegetarian diet heart disease

88. Beilin L J; Rouse I L; Armstrong B K; Margetts B M; Vandongen R Vegetarian diet and blood pressure levels: incidental or causal association?. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 806-10.

Abstract

Evidence that nutrients other than the major cations may influence blood pressure levels stems from studies of acculturated vegetarians and from randomized controlled dietary trials. Earlier studies of vegetarians focused on religious groups and on vegans, making it difficult to know whether their lower blood pressures were due to diet per se or to other aspects of lifestyle. Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians showed significantly less hypertension and lower blood pressures compared with Mormon omnivores, effects which were independent of differences in obesity and not due to altered sodium intake. Subsequently, controlled dietary intervention studies in healthy normotensive omnivores provided more direct evidence for a blood pressure-lowering effect of a lactoovovegetarian diet with reversible changes of 5-6 mm Hg systolic and 2-3 mm Hg diastolic occurring over 6-wk periods. Similar dietary effects in mild hypertensive subjects provides impetus for identifying the responsible nutrients.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Australia

*Blood Pressure

Child

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Hypotension: EP, epidemiology

Hypotension: ET, etiology

Life Style

Religion

89. Jacobs C; Dwyer J T Vegetarian children: appropriate and inappropriate diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 811-8.

Abstract

Acceptable and appropriate vegetarian diets fulfill the Recommended Dietary Allowances and other authoritative dietary guidelines dealing with balance, variety, moderation, and developmental appropriateness of diets for children. Vegetarian regimes currently fed to infants and children are evaluated using these criteria. Vegan-like diets, fed early in infancy and childhood, pose special problems with respect to sufficiency of certain nutrients, energy, and bulk, especially if they are unplanned and unaccompanied by ongoing health supervision. Lactovegetarian, lactoovovegetarian, and semivegetarian patterns are more likely to be satisfactory. They conform closely with the pediatric recommendations for promoting health and reducing risks of chronic degenerative diseases, are sufficient without being excessive in nutrients, are low in bulk, and are developmentally appropriate.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Child

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Growth

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

90. Fentiman I S; Caleffi M; Wang D Y; Hampson S J; Hoare S A; Clark G M; Moore J W; Bruning P; Bonfrer J M The binding of blood-borne estrogens in normal vegetarian and omnivorous women and the risk of breast cancer. Nutrition and cancer (1988), 11(2), 101-6.

Abstract

Serial blood samples were taken at two-hour intervals over a 24-hour period from 25 premenopausal vegetarians (12 vegans and 13 ovolactovegetarians) and from 21 omnivorous controls. All members of the former group had been on a vegetarian diet for a minimum of three years. The mean proportion of estradiol unbound to blood proteins was similar in both vegetarians (1.26%) and meat eaters (1.16%). However, the amount bound to albumin was significantly raised in vegetarians (50.1% vs. 43.1%, p less than 0.009), whereas that bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was correspondingly lower (48.7% vs. 55.8%, p = 0.01). Mean levels of SHBG were similar in vegetarians (59.9 nmole/l) and omnivores (62.0 nmole/l), as was the total amount of free fatty acid (0.42 mmole/l for both). Within the vegetarian group, no differences were detected between vegans and ovolactovegetarians.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

*Breast Neoplasms

Breast Neoplasms: BL, blood

Breast Neoplasms: ET, etiology

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Estradiol: ME, metabolism

Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: BL, blood

Humans

Protein Binding

Risk Factors

Serum Albumin: ME, metabolism

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin: ME, metabolism

Registry Numbers

50-28-2 (Estradiol)

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids, Nonesterified)

0 (Serum Albumin)

0 (Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin)

91. Laidlaw, Stewart A.; Shultz, Terry D.; Cecchino, Janet T.; Kopple, Joel D. Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1988), 47(4), 660-3.

Abstract

Plasma taurine levels and urinary taurine excretion were measured in 12 strict vegetarian (vegan) males who had maintained a vegan diet for an av. of 53 mo and in 14 male nonvegetarian control subjects. Plasma taurine levels differed (45 vs. 58 mol/L, resp.). Urinary taurine excretion was lower (266 vs. 903 mol/day), urinary N-methylhistidine was barely detectable, and urinary N-methylhistidine was significantly reduced (296 vs. 427 mol/day) in the vegans. Anal. of 3-day-dietary diaries kept by the vegans indicated marginal to adequate intake of protein, carbohydrate, vitamin B-6, methionine, and cystine, inadequate intake of Zn, and negligible intake of taurine. Prolonged absence of dietary taurine intake causes decreased plasma taurine and severely restricted urinary taurine output.

Indexing -- Section 18-3 (Animal Nutrition)

Carbohydrates and Sugars, biological studies

Proteins, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of vegan diet)

Blood plasma

Urine

(taurine of, vegan diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, taurine levels of blood and urine response to)

56-89-3, Cystine, biological studies

63-68-3, Methionine, biological studies

7440-66-6, Zinc, biological studies

8059-24-3, Vitamin B6

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of vegan diet)

107-35-7, Taurine

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(vegan diet effect on, of blood and urine)

Supplementary Terms

diet vegan taurine blood urine

92. Dwyer J T Health aspects of vegetarian diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 712-38.

Abstract

Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.

Controlled Terms

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Health

*Health Status

Humans

Mortality

93. Sanders T A Growth and development of British vegan children. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 822-5.

Abstract

The growth and development of children born of vegan mothers and reared on a vegan diet has been studied longitudinally: All of the children were breast-fed for the first 6 mo of life and in most cases well into the second year of life. The majority of children grew and developed normally but they did tend to be smaller in stature and lighter in weight than standards for the general population. Energy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes were usually below the recommended amounts. Their diets, however, were generally adequate but a few children had low intakes of riboflavin and vitamin B-12. Most parents were aware of the need to supplement the diet with vitamin B-12. It is concluded that provided sufficient care is taken, a vegan diet can support normal growth and development.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Body Weight

Child

*Child Development

Child Nutrition Physiology

Child, Preschool

*Diet, Vegetarian

Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Energy Intake

Great Britain

*Growth

Humans

Infant

Sex Factors

94. Mutch P B Food guides for the vegetarian. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 913-9.

Abstract

Special consideration must be given to providing key risk nutrients in planning food guides for vegetarians especially if the diet chosen excludes all animal products, such as dairy foods and eggs. The practical use of food guides for education is also important. Several food guides for adult vegans, including pregnant vegan women, were analyzed by computer for nutritional adequacy using 7-d menus and comparisons were made with the RDA for energy, protein, iron, calcium, and riboflavin. Several patterns were identified that supply the RDA for protein, iron, calcium, and riboflavin and have educational merit. None of the patterns provide sufficient energy to meet the RDA.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Age Factors

*Diet, Vegetarian

Energy Metabolism

*Food Services

Humans

*Menu Planning

Nutritional Requirements

Pregnancy

95. Allen R; Long A Dietary sources of vitamin B12 for vegans and other special groups. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners (1988), 38(308), 123.

Controlled Terms

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Food Analysis

*Vitamin B 12: AN, analysis

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

96. Acosta P B Availability of essential amino acids and nitrogen in vegan diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1988), 48(3 Suppl), 868-74.

Abstract

Vegan children often fail to grow as well as their omnivorous cohorts despite protein intakes that exceed RDA. Explanations for inadequate growth include deficiencies of energy, calcium, zinc and vitamins B-12 and D. Due to decreased bioavailability, amino acids and nitrogen in vegan diets may be inadequate to support normal growth. Bioavailability of amino acids and nitrogen may be decreased by dietary fiber, food processing and storage, inadequate energy, and other unknown factors. Bioavailability should be considered when evaluating adequacy of intakes of protein, amino acids and nitrogen from vegan diets by infants and children.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

*Amino Acids, Essential: PK, pharmacokinetics

Biological Availability

Child

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Energy Metabolism

Food Handling

Growth

Humans

*Nitrogen: PK, pharmacokinetics

Registry Numbers

7727-37-9 (Nitrogen)

Chemical Names

0 (Amino Acids, Essential)

97. Skoldstam L Vegetarian diets and rheumatoid arthritis. Is it possible that a vegetarian diet might influence the disease?. Nordisk medicin (1989), 104(4), 112-4, 124.

Abstract

For several decades representatives of Scandinavian health food movements have categorically recommended that victims of rheumatoid arthritis should switch to a vegetarian diet to obtain a cure for the disease. A very strict vegan diet (i.e., completely lacking in animal protein) is usually recommended, with certain features said to be particularly beneficial to rheumatic patients. These notions have been widely disseminated and have been adopted with remarkable faith by the public. Although a measure of support for the subjective palliative effects of a vegan diet has derived from certain medical studies, it should be borne in mind that, apart from exceptional cases, the inflammatory joint condition has persisted unabated; nor has the diet shown any tendency to forestall subsequent joint damage. More recent studies of the importance of various dietary factors vis-a-vis rheumatoid arthritis have to some extent improved our understanding of vegan diets, and shown there to be features of this type of diet which might contribute to the subjective improvement experienced by patients. The findings of such studies may provide a basis for speculation as to the form a more rational health food diet for rheumatic patients in the future.

Controlled Terms

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Clinical Trials

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

98. horogood M; McPherson K; Mann J Relationship of body mass index, weight and height to plasma lipid levels in people with different diets in Britain. Community medicine (1989), 11(3), 230-3.

Abstract

Blood samples and self-reported heights and weights have been collected from 114 vegans, 1550 vegetarians, 415 fish eaters who did not eat meat, and 1198 meat eaters. We have previously reported that mean total and LDL cholesterol were lower in the vegetarians and fish eaters than in the meat eaters, while the mean levels in vegans were lower still. We have examined the possibility that this relationship could be explained by differences in the mean body mass index of the four groups. While there was a small positive relationship between body mass index and plasma lipid levels this did not explain the previously reported difference between diet groups. After adjusting for the effect of body mass index there remained a small negative association between height and plasma lipid levels, which has not previously been reported. Height is known to be influenced by childhood ill health and has also been shown to be related to social class, and it may be that the relationship between plasma lipid levels and height can be explained by these factors.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

*Body Height

*Body Mass Index

*Body Weight

*Diet

Diet, Vegetarian

Great Britain

Humans

*Lipids: BL, blood

Chemical Names

0 (Lipids)

99. Heinrich, H. C.; Gabbe, E. E.; Pfau, A. A. Malnutrition, maldigestion and malabsorption of dietary heme/non-heme iron (iron-59) in man. Special Publication - Royal Society of Chemistry (1989), 72(Nutr. Availability: Chem. Biol. Aspects), 140-3.

Abstract

A review and discussion, with no refs., on the high bioavailability of heme Fe in meat and the poor bioavailability of nonheme Fe in plants, eggs, and milk; food Fe malnutrition in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians; the maldigestion of heme Fe in meat but normal or increased bioavailability of ferrous and Hb Fe in persons without normal gastric secretion; and the malabsorption of food and ferrous Fe in duodenal/jejunal villous atrophy and acute infection.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Malnutrition

(heme and nonheme iron in, in human)

Intestine, disease or disorder

(malabsorption, of dietary heme and nonheme iron in human)

14875-96-8, Heme

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(iron of, malabsorption and maldigestion and malnutrition of dietary, in human)

7439-89-6, Iron, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(malabsorption and maldigestion and malnutrition of dietary, in human)

Supplementary Terms

review iron diet malnutrition malabsorption; maldigestion diet iron review; heme iron diet malnutrition review

100. Lombard K A; Mock D M Biotin nutritional status of vegans , lactoovovegetarians, and nonvegetarians. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1989), 50(3), 486-90.

Abstract

Urinary excretion of biotin (total avidin-binding substances) was measured in adults and children who were adhering to one of the following self-selected diets: strict vegetarian (vegan), lactoovovegetarian, or mixed (containing meat and dairy products as well as plant-derived foods). In a subset of subjects, plasma biotin concentrations were also measured. In adults the biotin excretion rate was significantly greater in the vegan group than in either the lactoovovegetarian or the mixed-diet groups; the latter were not significantly different from one another. In children the biotin excretion rates in both the vegan group and the lactoovovegetarin group were significantly greater than in the mixed-diet group. A similar trend (vegan greater than lactoovovegetarian greater than mixed) was detected in the plasma concentrations of biotin of adults and children but differences were not generally statistically significant. These observations provide evidence that the biotin nutritional status of vegans is not impaired.

Controlled Terms

Adult

Biotin: BL, blood

*Biotin: DF, deficiency

Biotin: UR, urine

Child

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

*Nutritional Status

Registry Numbers

58-85-5 (Biotin)

101 Bar-Sella P; Rakover Y; Ratner D Vitamin B12 and folate levels in long-term vegans. Israel journal of medical sciences (1990), 26(6), 309-12.

Abstract

Serum vitamin B12, serum folate and red blood cell (RBC) folate levels were examined among 36 strict vegans of 5-35 years' duration. Vitamin B12 levels among the vegans were generally lower than in a control population. Most of the vegans had vitamin B12 values less than 200 pg/ml. RBC folate levels were normal but serum folate levels among the vegans were higher than among the controls. None of the vegans had any hematologic evidence of vitamin B12 deficiency, however four of them had neurologic complaints. Long-standing vegans should be monitored for vitamin B12 levels.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Aged

Child

*Diet, Vegetarian

Erythrocytes: AN, analysis

Folic Acid: AN, analysis

*Folic Acid: BL, blood

Humans

Middle Aged

*Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

Registry Numbers

59-30-3 (Folic Acid)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

102. Barsotti G; Cupisti A; Morelli E; Ciardella F; Giovannetti S Vegan supplemented diet in nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (1990), 5 Suppl 1 75-7.

Abstract

Thirteen patients (7 males, 6 females, aged 17-68 years) affected by primary, steroid-resistant, nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function were treated with a vegan, low-protein (0.7 g/kg per day) diet supplemented with essential amino acids and Ketoanalogues (VSD) for 3.9 +/- 2.9 months. These patients were studied at the beginning (following an unrestricted protein diet (UPD) supplying about 1 g/kg per day of mixed proteins) and at the end of VSD period. Urinary protein excretion decreased from 8.7 +/- 2.6 to 5.6 +/- 2.4 g/day (P less than 0.01), serum total cholesterol from 334.6 +/- 97.1 to 275.6 +/- 49.4 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). Serum albumin, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and anthropometric measurements (triceps skinfold thickness and middle arm muscle circumference) did not change. Urinary urea nitrogen decreased from 7.5 +/- 1.8 to 3.8 +/- 1.2 g/day (P less than 0.005), according to dietary prescriptions. Creatinine clearance changed from 104.4 +/- 28.7 to 89.3 +/- 16.7 ml/min (n.s.) and no correlation was found with the changes in urinary protein excretion. This data suggest that VSD reduces proteinuria and exerts favourable effects on hypercholesterolaemia. Protein malnutrition was absent in these patients, probably because of the essential amino acids and ketoanalogues supplementation.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Aged

Amino Acids, Essential: AD, administration & dosage

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Evaluation Studies

Humans

Hypercholesterolemia: DH, diet therapy

Middle Aged

Nephrotic Syndrome: BL, blood

*Nephrotic Syndrome: DH, diet therapy

Nephrotic Syndrome: UR, urine

Proteinuria: DH, diet therapy

Chemical Names

0 (Amino Acids, Essential)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

103. Laidlaw S A; Grosvenor M; Kopple J D The taurine content of common foodstuffs. JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition (1990), 14(2), 183-8.

Abstract

There is growing evidence that taurine is a biologically valuable nutrient. However, there are few published data concerning the taurine content of different foods. We measured the taurine content of 29 meats, including both cooked and uncooked samples, nine dairy products, 17 infant or adult-feeding solutions and 48 plant foods (including vegetables, nuts or seeds, fruits and legumes. Taurine was detected in meats, dairy products, and infant feeding solutions but not in plant products or adult feeding solutions. Using these data, we compared calculated and measured daily taurine intakes in six defined diets. We present sample daily diets for omnivores, lacto-ovovegetarians and vegans (strict vegetarians), together with calculated taurine intakes.

Controlled Terms

Adult

Cereals: AN, analysis

Dairy Products: AN, analysis

*Diet

*Food Analysis

Food, Formulated: AN, analysis

Fruit: AN, analysis

Humans

Infant Food: AN, analysis

Infant, Newborn

Meat: AN, analysis

*Taurine: AN, analysis

Registry Numbers

107-35-7 (Taurine)

104. Key, Timothy J. A.; Roe, Liane; Thorogood, Margaret; Moore, John W.; Clark, Graham M. G.; Wang, Dennis Y. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone, and estradiol in male vegans and omnivores. British Journal of Nutrition (1990), 64(1), 111-19.

Abstract

Total testosterone (T), total estradiol (E2) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concns. were measured in human plasma samples from 51 male vegans and 57 omnivores of similar age. Free T concn. was estd. by calcn. In comparison with the omnivores, the vegans had 7% higher total T, 23% higher SHBG, 3% lower free T, and 11% higher E2. In a subset of 18 vegans and 22 omnivores for whom 4-day diet records were available, there were statistically significant correlations between T and polyunsatd. fatty acids, SHBG and fat (r 0.43 for total fat, 0.46 for satd. fatty acids, and 0.33 for polyunsatd. fatty acids), and SHBG and alc. Thus, a vegan diet causes a substantial increase in SHBG, but has little effect on total or free T or E2.

Indexing -- Section 2-4 (Mammalian Hormones)

Section cross-reference(s): 18

Diet

(estradiol and testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulins of blood plasma response to omnivorous, in men)

Blood plasma

(estradiol and testosterone of, in men, omnivorous and vegetarian diets effects on)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(sex hormone-binding globulins of blood plasma in relation to dietary, in men)

Globulins, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin), omnivorous and vegetarian diets effects on, in men)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(polyunsatd., sex hormone-binding globulins and testosterone of blood plasma in relation to dietary, in men)

Diet

(vegetarian, estradiol and testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulins of blood plasma response to, in men)

50-28-2, Estradiol, biological studies

58-22-0, Testosterone

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, of men, omnivorous and vegetarian diets effects on)

64-17-5, Alcohol, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(sex hormone-binding globulins of blood plasma in relation to dietary, in men)

Supplementary Terms

testosterone male vegan omnivore; estradiol male vegan omnivore; sex hormone binding globulin male vegan; omnivore male sex hormone binding globulin

105. Gueant, Jean Louis. Malabsorption of cobalamins. Cobalamin Relat. Binding Proteins Clin. Nutr. (1990), 55-68.

Abstract

A review with 63 refs. including the inadequate dietary intake of cobalamin in vegans and in newborn infants of vegan mothers.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Digestive tract

(cobalamin malabsorption by)

Corrinoids

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(malabsorption of dietary)

Supplementary Terms

review cobalamin malabsorption

106. Anonymous Inadequate vegan diets at weaning. Nutrition reviews (1990), 48(8), 323-6.

Controlled Terms

*Diet, Macrobiotic: AE, adverse effects

Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

*Infant Nutrition Physiology

Language Development

*Nutrition Disorders: ET, etiology

Psychomotor Performance

*Weaning

107. Thorogood M; Roe L; McPherson K; Mann J Dietary intake and plasma lipid levels: lessons from a study of the diet of health conscious groups. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (1990), 300(6735), 1297-301.

Abstract

AIM--To re-examine the contentious relation between diet and plasma lipids within a population. DESIGN--Cross sectional sample from a large prospective cohort study of people eating different diets in Britain. Blood samples and diet records collected from subjects. SUBJECTS--Volunteers eating one of four distinct diets--namely, vegans, vegetarians, fish eaters who do not eat meat, and meat eaters. 52 Subjects selected from each group. METHODS--Examination of the relation between nutritional intake recorded in a four day dietary record and plasma lipid concentrations of subjects measured in blood samples collected previously. RESULTS--After controlling for age, sex, and body mass index, the correlation between plasma total cholesterol and the Keys score (which includes dietary cholesterol and saturated and polyunsaturated fat) was 0.37 (p less than 0.001). The mean saturated fat intake in all groups was low (6-14% of energy), but polyunsaturated fat intake was high, so mean total fat intake was generally above that recommended. A high dietary fibre intake was not associated with high carbohydrate intake. Plasma high density lipoprotein values were not associated with any measure of fat intake, but there was a significant correlation of 0.24 between high density lipoprotein values and alcohol intake. CONCLUSIONS--The nature rather than quantity of dietary fat is an important determinant of cholesterol concentrations. Health conscious individuals select a fat modified, rather than a low fat--high carbohydrate diet. National cholesterol lowering dietary advice should be reconsidered.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Body Constitution

*Cholesterol, HDL: BL, blood

*Cholesterol, LDL: BL, blood

Cross-Sectional Studies

*Diet

Diet Fads

Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated: AD, administration & dosage

Energy Intake

England

Fish Products

*Health Behavior

Humans

Meat Products

Middle Aged

Prospective Studies

Chemical Names

0 (Cholesterol, HDL)

0 (Cholesterol, LDL)

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Fats, Unsaturated)

108. Pusateri, Donald J.; Roth, William T.; Ross, Jane K.; Shultz, Terry D. Dietary and hormonal evaluation of men at different risks for prostate cancer: plasma and fecal hormone-nutrient interrelationships. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1990), 51(3), 371-7.

Abstract

Relations between dietary nutrients and plasma and fecal estrone, estradiol-17, testosterone, and plasma prolactin concns. were studied in young Seventh-day Adventist men: 18 nonvegetarians (NVs), 20 lactoovovegetarians (LOVs), and 15 vegans (V). Blood samples and 3-day dietary records were obtained. Diet composites and stool samples were analyzed for fiber. Vs and LOVs consumed more fiber than did the omnivores, whereas NVs and LOVs consumed more satd. fatty acids than did Vs. Although plasma steroid-hormone status did not differ, Vs had higher fecal estrogen concns. than did NVs or LOVs. Plasma prolactin concns. were higher in NVs and LOVs than in Vs. Significant relations were obsd. for the combined groups between dietary and fecal fiber components and fecal, but not plasma, steroid hormones. For the combined groups, prolactin concns. were pos. correlated with satd. fatty acid intake. Further research on the effects of dietary nutrients on endocrine homeostasis in other age groups is warranted. Possible relations between diet and prostate cancer are briefly discussed but no clin. data is presented.

Indexing -- Section 8-7 (Radiation Biochemistry)

Section cross-reference(s): 14

Diet

(nonvegetarian, steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces response to, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Steroids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and feces, of men, diet effect on, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Neoplasm

(of prostate, risk for, steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces of men in response to diet in relation to)

Dietary fiber

(steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces of men response to consumption of, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces of men response to consumption of, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Blood plasma

Feces

(steroid hormones of, of men, diet effect on, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Prostate gland

(neoplasm, risk for, steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces of men response to diet in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces response to, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-ovo-, steroid hormones of blood plasma and feces response to, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

50-28-2, Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17)-, biological studies

53-16-7, Estrone, biological studies

58-22-0, Testosterone

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma and feces, of men, diet effect on, risk for prostate cancer in relation to)

9002-62-4, Prolactin, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of blood plasma, of men, diet effect on, prostate cancer risk in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

diet steroid hormone plasma feces; nutrient diet steroid hormone prostate cancer

109. Ross, Jane K.; Pusateri, Donald J.; Shultz, Terry D. Dietary and hormonal evaluation of men at different risks for prostate cancer: fiber intake, excretion, and composition, with in vitro evidence for an association between steroid hormones and specific fiber components. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1990), 51(3), 365-70.

Abstract

Dietary fiber intake and fecal fiber excretion were investigated in Seventh-day Adventist men: 18 non-vegetarians (NVs), 20 lactoovovegetarians (LOVs), and 15 vegans Vs). Three-day composite diets and stools were analyzed for neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and pectin. In vitro binding of estrone (E1), estradiol-17 (E2), and testosterone (T) to a water-insol. fiber fraction obtained from these diets was correlated with the intake of specific dietary fiber components. Vs consumed and excreted more of all fiber components than did LOVs or NVs. LOVs consumed more of all fiber components (except cellulose) than did omnivores and excreted more NDF, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Dietary lignin was pos. correlated with T binding in the V group. There were relations for all groups combined between lignin and water-insol. fiber binding of E1, E2, and T. Further study is needed to clarify relations between fiber components, steroid-hormone metab., and risk of prostate cancer.

Indexing -- Section 18-4 (Animal Nutrition)

Section cross-reference(s): 2

Neoplasm

(dietary fiber and risk of prostate, in humans, steroid hormones in relation to)

Steroids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary fiber binding of, in vitro, prostate cancer risk in humans in relation to)

Dietary fiber

(prostate cancer risk in humans response to, steroid hormones binding in relation to)

Prostate gland

(neoplasm, dietary fiber intake by humans in risk of, steroid hormones binding in relation to)

Dietary fiber

(neutral-detergent, prostate cancer risk response to, steroid hormones in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, dietary fiber components consumption with, prostate cancer risk and steroid hormones binding in relation to)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-ovo-, dietary fiber components consumption with, prostate cancer risk and steroid hormones binding in relation to)

50-28-2, Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17)-, biological studies

53-16-7, Estrone, biological studies

58-22-0, Testosterone

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(dietary fiber binding of, in vitro, prostate cancer risk in humans in relation to)

9000-69-5, Pectin

9004-34-6, Cellulose, biological studies

9005-53-2, Lignin, biological studies

9034-32-6, Hemicellulose

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(prostate cancer risk response to dietary, steroid hormones in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

dietary fiber steroid hormone prostate cancer

110. Naveh Y Vegetarianism, veganism and trace elements (iron, zinc and copper). Harefuah (1991), 120(11), 673-4.

Controlled Terms

Copper: ME, metabolism

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Iron: ME, metabolism

Nutritional Status

*Trace Elements

Trace Elements: ME, metabolism

Zinc: ME, metabolism

Registry Numbers

7439-89-6 (Iron)

7440-50-8 (Copper)

7440-66-6 (Zinc)

Chemical Names

0 (Trace Elements)

111. Kuhne T; Bubl R; Baumgartner R Maternal vegan diet causing a serious infantile neurological disorder due to vitamin B12 deficiency. European journal of pediatrics (1991), 150(3), 205-8.

Abstract

We present a 9-month-old exclusively breast-fed baby of a strict vegetarian mother who had excluded all animal proteins from her diet. The patient's symptoms included dystrophy, weakness, muscular atrophy, loss of tendon reflexes, psychomotor regression and haematological abnormalities. Biochemical investigations revealed severe methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria in the patient, slight methylmalonic aciduria in the mother and low concentrations of serum vitamin B12 in both patient and mother.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

*Breast Feeding

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Homocysteine: BL, blood

Humans

Infant

Methionine: BL, blood

Methylmalonic Acid: UR, urine

Milk, Human: CH, chemistry

*Nervous System Diseases: ET, etiology

Vitamin B 12: AN, analysis

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: BL, blood

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: DI, diagnosis

*Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

Registry Numbers

454-28-4 (Homocysteine)

516-05-2 (Methylmalonic Acid)

63-68-3 (Methionine)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

112. Festen H P Intrinsic factor secretion and cobalamin absorption. Physiology and pathophysiology in the gastrointestinal tract. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement (1991), 188 1-7.

Abstract

Intrinsic factor is produced by the gastric parietal cell. Its secretion is stimulated via all pathways known to stimulate gastric acid secretion: histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine. There is, however, a different mode of secretion for both substances: atropine, vagotomy, and H2 receptor antagonists inhibit both intrinsic factor and acid secretion, but secretin and the hydrogen-potassium ATPase antagonist omeprazole have no effect on intrinsic factor while substantially reducing acid secretion. Cobalamin in food is bound to animal protein. Cobalamin deficiency due to inadequate dietary intake is rarely seen in extreme vegetarians (vegans). In the stomach cobalamin is liberated from its protein binding by peptic digestion and bound to R-proteins. Hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, whether medically induced or not, may impair cobalamin uptake. The cobalamin-R-protein complex is split by pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum, where cobalamin is bound to intrinsic factor. Pancreatic insufficiency may lead to cobalamin deficiency. Lack of intrinsic factor is the commonest cause of cobalamin deficiency; very rarely, aberrant forms of intrinsic factor are produced, but the clinical syndrome is similar. Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria bind the cobalamin-intrinsic factor complex, and bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine diminishes cobalamin resorption. Parasitic infections with fish tape-worm and Giardia lamblia are also associated with cobalamin malabsorption. The cobalamin-intrinsic factor complex binds to the ileal receptors in the terminal ileum. Cobalamin absorption may be impaired after resection or by diseases affecting more than 50 cm of the terminal ileum, such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, tuberculosis, lymphoma or radiation. There is clearly a wide diversity in the aetiology of cobalamin deficiency, which requires a versatile diagnostic approach.

Controlled Terms

Humans

*Intestinal Absorption

Intestinal Absorption: PH, physiology

*Intrinsic Factor: SE, secretion

*Vitamin B 12: ME, metabolism

Vitamin B 12: PH, physiology

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: ET, etiology

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: PP, physiopathology

Registry Numbers

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

9008-12-2 (Intrinsic Factor)

113. Debry G Diet peculiarities. Vegetarianism, veganism , crudivorism, macrobiotism. La Revue du praticien (1991), 41(11), 967-72.

Abstract

People who refuse to eat meat animal products mostly adhere to vegetarianism, veganism, crudivorism or macrobiotism, But these food habits are only one part of life-style chosen for spiritual, ethic or hygienic and healthy motivations. Except vitamin B12 deficiencies these regimens do not produce other deficiencies if they are correctly followed and if the energy intake is in agreement with the RDA'S. They reduce the risks of metabolic diseases, coronaropathies, arterial hypertension, colon cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, kidney and gallstones. Nevertheless crudivorism and macrobiotism are associated with high risks of deficiencies especially in children and pregnant women.

Controlled Terms

Deficiency Diseases: ET, etiology

*Diet

Diet, Macrobiotic: AE, adverse effects

Diet, Vegetarian

*Food Habits

Food Habits: PH, physiology

Humans

Nutritional Requirements

Nutritive Value

114. Resnicow K; Barone J; Engle A; Miller S; Haley N J; Fleming D; Wynder E Diet and serum lipids in vegan vegetarians: a model for risk reduction. Journal of the American Dietetic Association (1991), 91(4), 447-53.

Abstract

The lipid levels and dietary habits of 31 Seventh-Day Adventist vegan vegetarians (aged 5 to 46 years) who consume no animal products were assessed. Mean serum total cholesterol (3.4 mmol/L), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (1.8 mmol/L), and triglyceride (0.8 mmol/L) levels were lower than expected values derived from the Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies prevalence data. Mean high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (1.3 mmol/L) was comparable to expected values. Analysis of quantitative food frequency data showed that vegans had a significantly lower daily intake of total energy, percentage of energy from fat (31% vs 38%), total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and protein and a significantly higher intake of fiber than a sample of matched omnivore controls. Vegans' food intake was also compared with expected values, matched for sex and age, derived from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 24-hour recall data. The vegan diet was characterized by increased consumption of almonds, cashews, and their nut butters; dried fruits; citrus fruits; soy milk; and greens. We conclude from the present study that a strict vegan diet, which is typically very low in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and high in fiber, can help children and adults maintain or achieve desirable blood lipid levels.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

Child

Child, Preschool

Cholesterol: BL, blood

Cholesterol, HDL: BL, blood

Cholesterol, LDL: BL, blood

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Fats: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Fats, Unsaturated: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Fiber: AD, administration & dosage

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Eating

Energy Intake

Humans

*Lipids: BL, blood

Middle Aged

Questionnaires

Registry Numbers

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Chemical Names

0 (Cholesterol, HDL)

0 (Cholesterol, LDL)

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Dietary Fats, Unsaturated)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Lipids)

115. Kjeldsen-Kragh J; Haugen M; Borchgrevink C F; Laerum E; Eek M; Mowinkel P; Hovi K; Forre O Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (1991), 338(8772), 899-902.

Abstract

Fasting is an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but most patients relapse on reintroduction of food. The effect of fasting followed by one year of a vegetarian diet was assessed in a randomised, single-blind controlled trial. 27 patients were allocated to a four-week stay at a health farm. After an initial 7-10 day subtotal fast, they were put on an individually adjusted gluten-free vegan diet for 3.5 months. The food was then gradually changed to a lactovegetarian diet for the remainder of the study. A control group of 26 patients stayed for four weeks at a convalescent home, but ate an ordinary diet throughout the whole study period. After four weeks at the health farm the diet group showed a significant improvement in number of tender joints, Ritchie's articular index, number of swollen joints, pain score, duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and a health assessment questionnaire score. In the control group, only pain score improved score. In the control group, only pain score improved significantly. The benefits in the diet group were still present after one year, and evaluation of the whole course showed significant advantages for the diet group in all measured indices. This dietary regimen seems to be a useful supplement to conventional medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Analysis of Variance

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: PP, physiopathology

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Fasting

Humans

Middle Aged

Placebo Effect

Single-Blind Method

116. Barsotti G; Morelli E; Cupisti A; Bertoncini P; Giovannetti S A special, supplemented ' vegan ' diet for nephrotic patients. American journal of nephrology (1991), 11(5), 380-5.

Abstract

High dietary protein intake, in the past recommended for nephrotic syndrome, does not improve hypoproteinemia and may accelerate progressive renal damage. In contrast, low-protein diets reduce proteinuria and preserve renal function in experimental renal models of nephrotic syndrome. In this study, 20 steroid-resistant, nephrotic patients were treated with a pure vegetarian, low-protein diet, supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoanalogues (supplemented vegan diet, SVD) for 4.6 +/- 3.1 months. Before the study, these patients followed an unrestricted protein, low-sodium diet (LSD). Proteinuria, daily urea nitrogen excretion and creatinine clearance decreased significantly on SVD. A similar lowering effect of SVD was observed on serum total cholesterol. Seven of the 20 patients changed from LSD to SVD and vice-versa on 3 occasions, and in all cases, we found an increase of proteinuria during the LSD period. Serum albumin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and anthropometric measurements did not change on SVD. Our data suggest that SVD exerts a favorable effect on proteinuria and hypercholesterolemia in nephrotic patients, without inducing clinical or laboratory signs of malnutrition.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

*Amino Acids, Essential: TU, therapeutic use

Cholesterol: BL, blood

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Humans

*Nephrotic Syndrome: DH, diet therapy

Sodium, Dietary: AD, administration & dosage

Time Factors

*Vegetable Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Registry Numbers

57-88-5 (Cholesterol)

Chemical Names

0 (Amino Acids, Essential)

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Sodium, Dietary)

0 (Vegetable Proteins)

117. Lentze M J Vegetarian and outsider diets in childhood. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1992), 81(9), 254-8.

Abstract

Nutrition of children on vegetarian diet is considered to be adequate and well-balanced when the diet contains dairy products and eggs. A severe or strict vegetarian diet (i.e. vegan or macrobiotic diet) is not suitable for babies or infants. Serious deficiency-states have been described after such regimens i.e. rickets, osteoporosis, anemia and growth retardation. Under ovo-lacto-vegetarian diets growth- and weight-measurements at regular intervals are recommended over the first two years of life. Critical food-components in vegetarians are: energy, protein, calcium, vitamins D and B12 and iron. An ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet provides an adequate supply with these substances with the exception of iron. A benevolent information about eventual deficiency states by the physician aids in keeping children thriving well and assures parents that their children will not incur damages.

Controlled Terms

Child

Child, Preschool

Deficiency Diseases: ET, etiology

*Diet Fads

Diet, Macrobiotic

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

*Nutritional Requirements

118. Sanders, T. A. B.; Reddy, Sheela. The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant. Journal of Pediatrics (St. Louis, MO, United States) (1992), 120(4, Pt. 2), S71-S77.

Abstract

Vegan and vegetarian diets supply higher amts. of linoleic acid than those of omnivores. Intakes of -linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are variable, depending on the oils used, but are generally high in vegans. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) is absent from vegan and many vegetarian diets. Cord plasma and cord artery phospholipid levels of Hindu vegetarians contained less DHA and more docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) compared with those of omnivore control subjects. These differences in fatty acid compn. were not statistically related to differences in birth wt., head circumference, or length. In human milk from vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores, the mean percentage in total fatty acids of 18:2n-6 was 23.8%, 19.7%, and 10.9%, resp.; that of 18:3n-3 was 1.36%, 1.25%, and 0.49%, resp.; and that of 22:6n-3 was 0.14%, 0.30%, and 0.37%, resp. The proportion of DHA in erythrocyte total lipids of infants breast-fed by vegans was 1.9% compared with 3.7% in infants fed a milk formula contg. butterfat as the sole source of fat and 6.2% in infants breast-fed by omnivores at 14 wk postpartum. The ratio of linoleic/-linolenic acid in the diet was predictive of the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid but not that of DHA in infant red blood cell lipids. It is concluded that the intakes of linoleic acid and DHA are the major determinants of the proportion of DHA in plasma and red blood cell lipids.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Newborn

(fatty acids of phospholipids of blood plasma of, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Phospholipids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of, of blood plasma of infants, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Lipids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acids of, of erythrocytes of infants, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Erythrocyte

(fatty acids of, of infants, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of human milk, of women on vegetarian diet)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(essential, status of, in human infants, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Milk

(human, fatty acids of, of women on vegetarian diet)

Developmental stages

(infant, essential fatty acid status in, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(polyunsatd., of phospholipids of blood plasma of infants, maternal vegetarian diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, fatty acid compn. of milk and essential fatty acid status of infant response to)

60-33-3, Linoleic acid, biological studies

463-40-1, -Linolenic acid

6217-54-5

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(fatty acid compn. of human milk and essential fatty acid status of infant response to maternal vegetarian diet in relation to)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian diet fatty acid milk infant

119. Webberley M J; Webberley J M; Newell D G; Lowe P; Melikian V Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in vegans and meat-eaters. Epidemiology and infection (1992), 108(3), 457-62.

Abstract

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been used to diagnose serologically the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Asian life-long vegans. There was no difference in the seropositivity between these individuals and a group of age- and sex-matched Asian meat-eaters, indicating the meat consumption is not a risk factor for H. pylori infection. However, both Asian groups had a higher prevalence of infection than age- and sex-matched Caucasian meat-eaters. Additionally, the Asian individuals had a wider range of specific IgG antibody concentrations than the Caucasians. This did not appear to be due to antigenic cross-reactivity between H. pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. The significance of these observations to the establishment of cut-off levels for the serodiagnosis of certain ethnic groups is discussed.

Controlled Terms

Adolescent

Adult

Aged

Antibodies, Bacterial: AN, analysis

Asia: EH, ethnology

Campylobacter jejuni: IM, immunology

*Diet, Vegetarian

England: EP, epidemiology

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

European Continental Ancestry Group

*Helicobacter Infections: EP, epidemiology

Helicobacter Infections: EH, ethnology

Helicobacter Infections: MI, microbiology

Helicobacter pylori: IP, isolation & purification

Humans

Immunoglobulin G: IM, immunology

*Meat

Middle Aged

Prevalence

Risk Factors

Seroepidemiologic Studies

Chemical Names

0 (Antibodies, Bacterial)

0 (Immunoglobulin G)

120 Kanaka C; Schutz B; Zuppinger K A Risks of alternative nutrition in infancy: a case report of severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. European journal of pediatrics (1992), 151(10), 786-8.

Abstract

A 7.5-month-old infant with failure to thrive, developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, a visible goitre and severe osteopenia is described. Laboratory examination revealed a markedly increased serum TSH with low free T4, severe iodine and carnitine deficiency. The infant was breastfed until the age of 2.5 months and was then given a mixture of almond extract in water. The mother is a strict vegan and the father a lactovegetarian. The nutritional intake of the child was severely depleted in calories (-46%), calcium (-73%) and iodine (-88%). The restrictive alternative nutrition was responsible for the various deficiency disorders.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Male

*Carnitine: DF, deficiency

*Diet: AE, adverse effects

*Energy Intake

Humans

Infant

*Infant Nutrition Disorders: ET, etiology

Infant Nutrition Disorders: ME, metabolism

*Iodine: DF, deficiency

Nutritional Requirements

Risk Factors

Registry Numbers

541-15-1 (Carnitine)

7553-56-2 (Iodine)

121. Sanders T A; Roshanai F Platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition and function in vegans compared with age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. European journal of clinical nutrition (1992), 46(11), 823-31.

Abstract

Platelet function and phospholipid composition, plasma lipids and dietary intakes were assessed in 20 vegan subjects and 20 age- and sex-matched omnivore controls. The intakes of saturated fat were lower in the vegans and those of linoleic and linolenic acids were greater. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were absent from the diets of the vegans. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were lower in the male vegan subjects and those of carotene were greater compared with their controls. The platelet phospholipids of the vegans contained higher proportions of linoleic (18:2n-6) and adrenic (22:4n-6) acids and lower proportions of arachidonic (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids. Template bleeding times, platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, compound U44619 and collagen were similar in both groups.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adenosine Diphosphate: PD, pharmacology

Adult

*Blood Platelets: CH, chemistry

Collagen: PD, pharmacology

Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Fatty Acids: AN, analysis

Humans

Phospholipids: BL, blood

*Phospholipids: CH, chemistry

*Platelet Aggregation

Platelet Aggregation: DE, drug effects

Registry Numbers

58-64-0 (Adenosine Diphosphate)

9007-34-5 (Collagen)

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids)

0 (Phospholipids)

122. Haugen M A; Kjeldsen-Kragh J; Skakkebaek N; Landaas S; Sjaastad O; Movinkel P; Forre O The influence of fast and vegetarian diet on parameters of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical rheumatology (1993), 12(1), 62-9.

Abstract

Nutritional status was studied over a period of 13 months in 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Seventeen patients fasted for 7-10 days, were then transferred to a gluten-free vegan diet for 3.5 months and finally to a lactovegetarian diet for 9 months. The remaining 17 patients followed a "normal" diet. After one month, the values for body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were significantly reduced in the diet group compared with the values at inclusion (p < 0.001), whereas upper arm muscle area (UAMA) was not significantly reduced. Evaluation of the whole study course revealed a significantly lower BMI (p = 0.04) and TSF (p < 0.01) in the diet group compared with the control group. The concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was significantly reduced in the diet group after one month compared with the value at inclusion (p = 0.01), but the overall difference between the two groups was not significant. There were no overall significant differences with regard to VAMA, concentration of serum albumin, haemoglobin, ferritin, zinc and copper between the two groups. Thus fast, followed by diet manipulations for one year, had a minor impact on nutritional status in patients with RA.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

Anthropometry

Arm

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: BL, blood

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: PA, pathology

Body Mass Index

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Energy Intake

*Fasting

Food

Humans

Middle Aged

Muscles: PA, pathology

*Nutrition Physiology

Skinfold Thickness

Time Factors

123. Giem P; Beeson W L; Fraser G E The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology (1993), 12(1), 28-36.

Abstract

We investigated the relationship between animal product consumption and evidence of dementia in two cohort substudies. The first enrolled 272 California residents matched for age, sex, and zip code (1 vegan, 1 lacto-ovo-vegetarian, and 2 'heavy' meat eaters in each of 68 quartets). This design ensured a wide range of dietary exposure. The second included 2,984 unmatched subjects who resided within the Loma Linda, California area. All subjects were enrolled in the Adventist Health Study. The matched subjects who ate meat (including poultry and fish) were more than twice as likely to become demented as their vegetarian counterparts (relative risk 2.18, p = 0.065) and the discrepancy was further widened (relative risk 2.99, p = 0.048) when past meat consumption was taken into account. There was no significant difference in the incidence of dementia in the vegetarian versus meat-eating unmatched subjects. There was no obvious explanation for the difference between the two substudies, although the power of the unmatched sub-study to detect an effect of 'heavy' meat consumption was unexpectedly limited. There was a trend towards delayed onset of dementia in vegetarians in both substudies.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Aged

Aged, 80 and over

Alzheimer Disease: EP, epidemiology

Alzheimer Disease: ET, etiology

California: EP, epidemiology

Dementia: EP, epidemiology

*Dementia: ET, etiology

Dementia, Multi-Infarct: EP, epidemiology

Dementia, Multi-Infarct: ET, etiology

Diet, Vegetarian

*Food Habits

Humans

Life Style

*Meat: AE, adverse effects

Middle Aged

*Religion and Medicine

Risk Factors

124. Draper, Alizon; Lewis, Janet; Malhotra, Nina; Wheeler, Erica. The energy and nutrient intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements? British Journal of Nutrition (1993), 69(1), 3-19.

Abstract

Vegetarians of 3 types were studied: 34 meat-avoiders, 52 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 38 vegans. Weighed dietary intake measures were made over 3 days. Cereals were the mainstay of the diet, supplemented by dairy products (demivegetarians and lacto-ovo-vegetarians), vegetables and fruit, and soybean products (vegans). Many vegans progressed by stages to complete avoidance of animal foods; some had retreated, but most were highly committed. Demivegetarians were the least involved in a vegetarian lifestyle. All groups had mean energy intakes close to the current dietary ref. values (DRV), with adequate protein intakes. Only vegans had fat intakes close to current recommendations; all groups had high dietary polyunsatd.:satd. fatty acid ratios. Mean intakes of all micronutrients studied for demi- and lacto-ovo-vegetarians met the UK DRV. Intakes of I, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 for vegans were below DRV; more than half considered their diets supplied all necessary vitamins. About 25% took some type of dietary supplement during the survey. The impact of low I intakes should be further studied, and it is recommended that new vegetarians and vegans should use appropriate dietary supplements.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Fats and Glyceridic oils

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diets, of vegetarians)

Diet

(vegetarian, nutrient deficiencies in)

Diet

(vegetarian, lacto-ovo-, nutrient intake on)

68-19-9, Vitamin B12

83-88-5, Riboflavin, biological studies

7553-56-2, Iodine, biological studies

Role: BIOL (Biological study)

(of diets, of vegetarians)

Supplementary Terms

fat intake vegetarian diet; vegetarian diet vitamin iodine intake

125. Adlercreutz H; Fotsis T; Lampe J; Wahala K; Makela T; Brunow G; Hase T Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum (1993), 215 5-18.

Abstract

The first quantitative method for the determination of both lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in plasma is presented. Using ion-exchange chromatography the diphenols are separated into two fractions 1) the biologically "active" fraction containing the free compounds + mono- and disulfates and 2) the biologically "inactive" fraction containing the mono- and diglucuronides and the sulfoglucuronides. After hydrolysis the fractions are further purified by solid phase extraction and ion exchange chromatography. Losses during the complete procedure are corrected for using radioactive estrogen conjugates during the first steps and later by adding deuterated internal standards of all compounds measured (matairesinol, enterodiol, enterolactone, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and genistein). The final determination is carried out by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS/SIM). The diphenols may be measured at concentrations as low as 0.2 to 1.0 nmol/l. Results of plasma analyses of all compounds in 27 pre- and postmenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women are presented for the first time. The most important findings are that the free+sulfate fraction is low for genistein (3.8% of total), but as much as 21-25% of enterolactone and enterodiol occurs in this fraction. A good correlation between plasma and urine values was found. Total concentrations of individual compounds vary greatly between the subjects (from pmol/l to mumol/l), the vegetarians having higher values, particularly one vegan subject. The highest total enterolactone concentration value exceeded 1 mumol/l. It is concluded that a highly specific method for the assay of 3 lignans and 4 isoflavonoids in plasma has been developed. This method will be useful in future studies of lignan and isoflavonoid metabolism.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Estrogens: BL, blood

Estrogens: UR, urine

*Estrogens, Non-Steroidal

Finland

*Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: SN, statistics & numerical data

Humans

*Indicator Dilution Techniques

*Isoflavones: BL, blood

Isoflavones: UR, urine

Lignans

*Lignin: AN, analysis

Menopause

Phytoestrogens

Plant Preparations

Plants

Registry Numbers

9005-53-2 (Lignin)

Chemical Names

0 (Estrogens)

0 (Estrogens, Non-Steroidal)

0 (Isoflavones)

0 (Lignans)

0 (Phytoestrogens)

0 (Plant Preparations)

126. Adlercreutz, Herman; Fotsis, T.; Lampe, J.; Wahala, K.; Makela, T.; Brunow, G.; Hase, T. Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Supplement (1993), 53(215), 5-18.

Abstract

The first quant. method for the detn. of both lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in plasma is presented. Using ion-exchange chromatog., the diphenols are sepd. into two fractions (1) the biol. active fraction contg. the free compds. + mono- and disulfates and (2) the biol. inactive fraction contg. the mono- and diglucuronides and the sulfoglucuronides. After hydrolysis, the fractions are further purified by solid-phase extn. and ion-exchange chromatog. Losses during the complete procedure are cor. for by using radioactive estrogen conjugates during the first steps and later by adding deuterated internal stds. of all compds. measured (matairesinol, enterodiol, enterolactone, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and genistein). The final detn. is carried out by isotope diln. gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode (GC/MS/SIM). The diphenols may be measured at concns. as low as 0.2 to 1.0 nmol/L. Results of plasma analyses of all compds. in 27 pre- and postmenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women are presented for the first time. The most important findings are that the free + sulfate fraction is low for genistein (3.8% of total), but as much as 21-25% of enterolactone and enterodiol occurs in this fraction. A good correlation between plasma and urine values was found. Total concns. of individual compds. vary greatly between the subjects (from pmol/L to mol/L), the vegetarians having higher values, particularly one vegan subject. The highest total enterolactone concn. value exceeded 1 mol/L. Thus, a highly specific method for the assay of 3 lignans and 4 isoflavonoids in plasma has been developed. This method will be useful in future studies of lignan and isoflavonoid metab.

Indexing -- Section 9-16 (Biochemical Methods)

Lignans

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, in blood plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope-diln. gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry)

Mass spectrometry

(gas chromatog. combined with, isotope-diln., of lignans and isoflavonoids in blood plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women)

Chromatography, gas

(isotope-diln., mass spectrometry combined with, of lignans and isoflavonoids in blood plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women)

Blood analysis

(lignans and isoflavonoids detn. in, of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope-diln. gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry)

Flavonoids

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(iso-, detn. of, in blood plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope-diln. gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry)

446-72-0, Genistein

486-66-8, Daidzein

531-95-3, Equol

580-72-3, Matairesinol

21255-69-6, O-Desmethylangolensin

78473-71-9, Enterolactone

80226-00-2, Enterodiol

Role: ANT (Analyte); ANST (Analytical study)

(detn. of, in blood plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope-diln. gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry)

Supplementary Terms

plasma lignan isoflavonoid detn women; gas chromatog lignan isoflavonoid plasma woman; mass spectrometry lignan isoflavonoid plasma woman

127. Rauma A L; Nenonen M; Helve T; Hanninen O Effect of a strict vegan diet on energy and nutrient intakes by Finnish rheumatoid patients. European journal of clinical nutrition (1993), 47(10), 747-9.

Abstract

Dietary intake data of 43 Finnish rheumatoid arthritis patients were collected using 7-day food records. The subjects were randomized into a control and a vegan diet groups, consisting of 22 and 21 subjects, respectively. The subjects in the vegan diet group received an uncooked vegan diet ('living food') for 3 months, and they were tutored daily by a living-food expert. The subjects in the control group continued their usual diets and received no tutoring. Adherence to the strict vegan diet was assessed on the basis of urinary sodium excretion and by the information on consumption of specific food items (wheatgrass juice and the rejuvelac drink). The use of these drinks was variable, and some boiled vegetables were consumed occasionally. However, only one of the subjects in the vegan diet group lacked a clear decrease in urinary sodium excretion. Rheumatoid patients had lower than recommended intakes of iron, zinc and niacin, and their energy intake was low compared to mean daily energy intake of the healthy Finnish females of the same age. Shifting to the uncooked vegan diet significantly increased the intakes of energy and many nutrients. In spite of the increased energy intake, the group on the vegan diet lost 9% of their body weight during the intervention period, indicating a low availability of energy from the vegan diet.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: ME, metabolism

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: UR, urine

Cookery

Diet Surveys

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Energy Intake

*Energy Metabolism

Finland

Humans

Iron: AN, analysis

Middle Aged

Multivariate Analysis

Niacin: AN, analysis

Nutrition Physiology: ED, education

Patient Compliance

Sodium: UR, urine

Weight Loss

Zinc: AN, analysis

Registry Numbers

59-67-6 (Niacin)

7439-89-6 (Iron)

7440-23-5 (Sodium)

7440-66-6 (Zinc)

128. Magrath G; Hartland B V Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents with diabetes: an implementation paper. British Diabetic Association's Professional Advisory Committee. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (1993), 10(9), 874-85.

Abstract

General Recommendations: 1. Children with diabetes mellitus have the same basic nutritional requirements as other children. 2. Dietary recommendations should be based on good eating habits for the whole family. Radical changes in diet involving unusual foods or eating patterns for the child with diabetes alone are not appropriate. 3. Energy requirements of children vary widely and the energy content of the diet should be based on what the child usually eats. The diet should be reviewed regularly to meet the changing needs of growth and physical exercise without obesity. 4. The insulin regimen should, as far as is possible, be chosen to fit the child's daily lifestyle and preferred eating habits. Insulin type, dose, and frequency should be reviewed with the diet as the child develops. 5. Regular distribution of meals and snacks throughout the day remains the most important way to avoid extremes of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. This distribution should be based on an exchange system, using handy measures and taking into account food and meal type, the particular insulin regimen and the child's exercise patterns and usual eating habits. Currently this exchange system is based on carbohydrate foods but in the future the energy and fat contents will need further consideration. 6. Most special 'diabetic foods' are unnecessary. Low calorie sweeteners, as used in low calorie fruit squashes and fizzy drinks, are useful. 7. Children with diabetes from specific ethnic minority groups, or on vegan diets or living in deprived circumstances require special dietary attention for their diabetes. Those with coexisting chronic disorders such as cystic fibrosis or coeliac disease, should receive dietary advice from professionals with specialist knowledge. 8. Translating the principles of diabetic dietary management into a varied diet, arranged readily by the parents and eaten by the child, is demanding.

It can best be met by a skilled dietitian working in close co-operation with child, parents, diabetes specialist nurse and doctor. Infancy 9. The diet should not differ from that of infants without diabetes. Breast feeding should be encouraged or a standard infant formula-feed used. Solids may be introduced from 3-6 months, but breast milk or a modified infant formula is encouraged as part of the increasingly mixed diet to at least the end of the first year. 10. Diabetes is rare in infancy so expert advice should be sought from dietitians experienced in paediatric diabetes. Under fives: 11.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Age Factors

Alcohol Drinking

Child

Child, Preschool

*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: DH, diet therapy

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: EP, epidemiology

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1: RH, rehabilitation

*Diabetic Diet

Ethnic Groups

Exercise

Great Britain: EP, epidemiology

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

Minority Groups

*Patient Education

Prevalence

129. Beardsworth A D; Keil E T Contemporary vegetarianism in the U.K.: challenge and incorporation?. Appetite (1993), 20(3), 229-34.

Abstract

The relationship between vegetarianism and the "orthodox" food ideology and the overall food system in the U.K. is complex and ambiguous. Vegetarianism, and a fortiori veganism, appear to represent a direct challenge to orthodox foodways and current production methods. Yet there is some evidence for the incorporation of vegetarianism into the commercial food system, which raises the question of how and why incorporation has occurred.

Controlled Terms

Attitude

*Diet, Vegetarian

Ecology

Food

Great Britain

Humans

Morals

Nutrition Physiology

130. Sanders, T. A. B.; Reddy, Sheela. Vegetarian diets and children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1994), 59(5, Suppl.), 1176S-1181S.

Abstract

A review, with 54 refs., on growth of children reared on vegetarian diets. Excessive bulk combined with low energy d. can be a problem for children aged  5 yrs and can lead to impaired growth. Diets that have a high content of phytate and other modifiers of mineral absorption are assocd. with an increased prevalence of rickets and iron-deficiency anemia. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is a real hazard in unsupplemented or unfortified vegan and vegetarian diets. It is suggested that vegans and vegetarians should use oils with a low ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid in view of the recently recognized role of docosahexaenoic acid in visual functioning. If known pitfalls are avoided, the growth and development of children reared on both vegan and vegetarian diets appears normal. Vegetarian diet child growth.

Indexing -- Section 18-0 (Animal Nutrition)

Animal growth

(vegetarian diet effect on, of children)

Developmental stages

(child, growth during, vegetarian diet effect on)

Diet

(vegetarian, children growth on)

Supplementary Terms

Vegetarian diet child review

131 Orlov S N; Agren J J; Hanninen O O; Nenonen M T; Lietava J; Rauma A L; Cragoe E J Jr Univalent cation fluxes in human erythrocytes from individuals with low or normal sodium intake. Journal of cardiovascular risk (1994), 1(3), 249-54.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: High salt intake is a risk factor for essential hypertension in man. There is evidence that, in hypertension, intracellular sodium content and univalent cation transport across erythrocyte membranes are changed. It has been proposed that a low-sodium diet has an antihypertensive effect; this may be related to changes in cation fluxes across plasma membranes. METHODS: Sodium and potassium fluxes and the composition of fatty acids were studied in the erythrocytes of people who had eaten a low-sodium vegan diet for many years (n = 9) and in those of controls who had consumed a mixed diet (n = 11) to investigate the dependence of these variables on dietary factors. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower in vegans than in controls. RESULTS: The passive permeability to sodium (P < 0.05) ,Na+,K+ cotransport (P < .001) and the intracellular content of exchangeable sodium (P = 0.076) were decreased in the erythrocytes of those who had consumed the low-sodium diet compared with the controls. The activity of the Na+-K+ pump, Na+-H+ exchange and the passive permeability to potassium were unaltered. Swelling-induced K+,C1- cotransport was increased in the erythrocytes of those who had eaten the low-sodium vegan diet compared with controls (P < 0.01). The proportion of linoleic acid was increased (P < 0.01) at the expense of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (P < 0.001) in the erythrocyte membranes of the vegans. CONCLUSION: Our results show that levels of intracellular sodium and Na+,K+ cotransport activity, which increase in patients with hypertension, decreased in those consuming a low-sodium vegan diet. This suggests that the risk of essential hypertension was diminished in the vegan participants, confirming our observation that systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower in the strict vegans than in the controls.

Controlled Terms

Adult

Blood Pressure

Cell Membrane Permeability

Diet, Sodium-Restricted

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Erythrocytes: ME, metabolism

*Fatty Acids: ME, metabolism

Humans

*Hypertension: BL, blood

Hypertension: PC, prevention & control

Ion Transport

Middle Aged

*Potassium Channels: ME, metabolism

*Sodium Channels: ME, metabolism

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids)

0 (Potassium Channels)

0 (Sodium Channels)

132. Okuda T; Miyoshi-Nishimura H; Makita T; Sugawa-Katayama Y; Hazama T; Simizu T; Yamaguchi Y Protein metabolism in vegans. The Annals of physiological anthropology = Seiri Jinruigaku Kenkyukai kaishi (1994), 13(6), 393-401.

Abstract

To elucidate the mechanisms of adaptation to a low-energy and low-protein vegan diet, we carried out dietary surveys and nitrogen balance studies five times during one year on two women and a man who ate raw brown rice, raw green vegetables, three kinds of raw roots, fruit and salt daily. Individual subjects modified this vegan diet slightly. The mean daily energy intake of the subjects was 18, 14, and 32 kcal/kg, of body weight. The loss of body weight was about 10% of the initial level. The daily nitrogen balance was -32, -33, and -11 mg N/kg of body weight. In spite of the negative nitrogen balance, the results of routine clinical tests, initially normal, did not change with the vegan diet. Ten months after the start of the vegan diet, the subjects were given 15N urea orally. The incorporation of 15N into serum proteins suggested that these subjects could utilize urea nitrogen for body protein synthesis. The level of 15N in serum proteins was close to the level in other normal adult men on a low-protein diet with adequate energy for 2 weeks.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Aged

*Diet, Vegetarian

Dietary Proteins: AD, administration & dosage

Energy Intake

Humans

Middle Aged

*Proteins: ME, metabolism

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Proteins)

0 (Proteins)

133. Alexander D; Ball M J; Mann J Nutrient intake and haematological status of vegetarians and age-sex matched omnivores. European journal of clinical nutrition (1994), 48(8), 538-46.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to investigate the nutritional intake and haematological status of adult vegetarians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison of vegetarians and age/sex-matched omnivores. SETTING: Free-living community subjects. SUBJECTS: Fifty vegetarians were recruited by local advertisement. Each vegetarian selected their own age/sex-matched 'friend' control. OUTCOME MEASURES: Each subject completed a 12 day dietary record. Haemoglobin, red cell indices, and serum ferritin, B12 and folate were measured. RESULTS: Protein, saturated fat and vitamin D intake were significantly lower in the vegetarians, particularly in the vegans. Dietary fibre was higher in the vegetarians, and intake of calcium and zinc was similar. Mean (SD) iron intake in the vegetarians and vegans of 16.8 (4.8) mg/day was significantly greater than that of the omnivores: 14.6 (4.3) mg/day (P = 0.02). All the iron consumed by the vegetarians was non-haem; for the omnivores 10% was haem iron. Serum ferritin concentrations were significantly lower in male vegetarians than omnivores; mean (SD): 36.6 (36.0) and 105.4 (78.7) ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.01; and significantly more had values below 12 ng/ml (P < 0.001), despite having higher iron intakes which exceeded the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI). Female vegetarians also had lower ferritin concentrations than omnivores; mean (SD) 13.6 (7.5) compared to 33.6 (54.3) ng/ml, P < 0.01, but similar numbers of women had values below 12 ng/ml (42% and 39%). The vegans all had B12 intakes below the RNI; and 35% of the long-term vegetarians and vegans had serum vitamin B12 concentrations below the reference range. CONCLUSION: Although the vegetarians had diets nearer to the recommended diet with a lower fat and salt content, a significant number need advice to improve their haematological status. Recommended intakes of iron may also need to be higher for vegetarians, particularly men.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Case-Control Studies

Cross-Sectional Studies

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Dietary Fats

Erythrocyte Indices

Ferritins: BL, blood

Folic Acid: BL, blood

Hemoglobins: AN, analysis

Humans

Matched-Pair Analysis

New Zealand

Nutrition Policy

Nutrition Surveys

Nutritional Requirements

*Nutritional Status

Sodium Chloride, Dietary

Vitamin B 12: BL, blood

Registry Numbers

59-30-3 (Folic Acid)

68-19-9 (Vitamin B 12)

9007-73-2 (Ferritins)

Chemical Names

0 (Dietary Fats)

0 (Hemoglobins)

0 (Sodium Chloride, Dietary)

134. Rauma, A-L; Tormala, M-L; Nenonen, M; Hanninen, O. Iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet. Nutrition Research (New York, NY, United States) (1994), 14(12), 1789-95.

Abstract

The dietary intake and urinary output of iodine and the thyroid activity was measured in 12 living food eaters (people consuming uncooked, Lactobacilli rich vegan food) and omnivores. Seven day food record was used for calcg. the dietary iodine intake, instrumental neutron activation anal. for measuring the urinary iodine output and RIA for detg. of the thyroid hormones (TSH and FT4). The living food eaters were divided into two groups according to urinary iodine output:high iodine group (≥900 g/d) and low iodine group (<200 g/d). Thyroid activity in both groups was with in normal range. Dietary intake of iodine was dependent on the use of seaweed. The highest amts. of dietary iodine obsd. in the present study, as assessed by the urinary iodine output, can be harmful for susceptible subjects. On the other hand the calcd. intake of iodine by living food eaters did not fill the RDA. Apparently, anyone on a living food diet has to ensure the sufficient intake of iodine, perhaps by consuming seaweed or kelp tablets daily. However the intake of these prepns. needs to be kept at reasonable limits due to their possible high iodine content.

Indexing -- Section 18-1 (Animal Nutrition)

Seaweed

(dietary; iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet)

Animal nutrition

(iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet)

Diet

(vegetarian, uncooked; iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet)

51-48-9, Thyroxine, biological studies

9002-71-5, Thyrotropin

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet)

7553-56-2, Iodine, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); FFD (Food or feed use); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process); USES (Uses)

(iodine status in vegans consuming a living food diet)

Supplementary Terms

iodine status vegan diet

135. Peltonen R; Kjeldsen-Kragh J; Haugen M; Tuominen J; Toivanen P; Forre O; Eerola E Changes of faecal flora in rheumatoid arthritis during fasting and one-year vegetarian diet. British journal of rheumatology (1994), 33(7), 638-43.

Abstract

The beneficial effect of a 1-yr vegetarian diet in RA has recently been demonstrated in a clinical trial. We have analysed stool samples of the 53 RA patients by using direct stool sample gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids. Based on repeated clinical assessments disease improvement indices were constructed for the patients. At each time point during the intervention period the patients in the diet group were then assigned either to a group with a high improvement index (HI) or a group with a low improvement index (LI). Significant alteration in the intestinal flora was observed when the patients changed from omnivorous to vegan diet. There was also a significant difference between the periods with vegan and lactovegetarian diets. The faecal flora from patients with HI and LI differed significantly from each other at 1 and 13 months during the diet. This finding of an association between intestinal flora and disease activity may have implications for our understanding of how diet can affect RA.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: EP, epidemiology

*Arthritis, Rheumatoid: MI, microbiology

Chromatography, Gas

*Diet

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Fasting

Fatty Acids: AN, analysis

Fatty Acids: ME, metabolism

*Feces: MI, microbiology

Humans

Pain

Prospective Studies

Questionnaires

Time Factors

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids)

136. Haugen, Margaretha A.; Kjeldsen-Kragh, Jens; Bjerve, Kristian S.; Hostmark, Arne T.; Forre, Oystein. Changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acids and their relationship to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with a vegetarian diet. British Journal of Nutrition (1994), 72(4), 555-566.

Abstract

In a controlled clin. trial we have recently shown that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improved after fasting for 7-10 d and that the improvement could be sustained through 3.5 mo with a vegen diet and 9 mo with a lactovegetarian diet. Other studies have indicated that the inflammatory process in RA can be reduced through manipulation of dietary fatty acids. A switch to a vegetarin diet significantly alters the intake of fatty acids. Therefore, we have analyzed the changes in fatty acid profiles of the plasma phospholipid fraction and related these changes to disease activity. The concns. of the fatty acids 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6 were significantly reduced after 3.5 mo with a vegan diet (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 resp.), but the concn. increased to baseline values with a lactovegetarian diet. The concn. of 20:5n-3 was significantly reduced after the vegan diet (P < 0.0001) and the lactovegetarin diet periods (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in fatty acid concns. between diet responders and diet non-responders after the vegan or lactovegetarian diet periods. Our results indicate that the changes in the fatty acid profiles cannot explain the clin. improvement.

137. Sanders T A Vegetarian diets and children. Pediatric clinics of North America (1995), 42(4), 955-65.

Abstract

Although the general health and development of vegan and vegetarian children seem to be normal, there may be subtle differences compared with omnivores. They are at increased risk of iron deficiency, and impaired psychomotor development associated with iron deficiency has been reported in macrobiotic infants. Fortunately, this impairment is not permanent, and follow-up studies have reported higher-than-average intelligence quotients among older macrobiotic children. Several other hazards of vegetarian diets have been identified, including vitamin B12 deficiency, rickets, and a bulky diet that can restrict energy intake in the first few years of life; however, these pitfalls can be avoided easily, and children can be successfully reared on vegetarian diets.

Controlled Terms

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency: ET, etiology

Birth Weight

Child

*Child Nutrition Physiology

Child Nutrition Physiology: PH, physiology

Child, Preschool

*Diet, Vegetarian

Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Fatty Acids, Omega-3

Growth

Humans

Infant

Infant, Newborn

Nutritional Requirements

Rickets: ET, etiology

Taurine

Vitamin B Deficiency: ET, etiology

Registry Numbers

107-35-7 (Taurine)

Chemical Names

0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-3)

138. Panczenko-Kresowska, Bogumila; Ziemlanski, Swiatoslaw. The effect of vegetarian mode of nutrition on plasma lipids and peroxidation processes. Plasma lipids in vegetarians. Part I. Zywienie Czlowieka i Metabolizm (1995), 22(3), 207-214.

Abstract

The National Food and Nutrition Institute began studies on the nutritional status and dietary habits of Polish vegetarians. Within this program the concns. of plasma lipids were assessed in 170 vegetarians. The obtained results were compared with those in a group of 80 controls on traditional diet (nonvegetarians). The whole population of vegetarians comprised 87 lactoovovegetarians (LOV), 41 lactovegetarians (LV), 13 vegans (V) and 38 semivegetarians (SV). In all vegetarians statistically significantly lower levels were found of total cholesterol (TC) 3.94  0.92 mmol/l, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) 2.28  0.77 mmol/l. In the control group of nonvegetarians the resp. values were 4.33  0.80 mmol/l for TC and 2.64  0.69 mmol/l for LDL-C. The lowest TC and LDL-C levels were in the group of vegans. Vegan diet caused in males more pronounced lowering of plasma TC and LDL-C than in females. No differences were found between the levels of HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma of vegetarians and nonvegetarians.

Indexing -- Section 18-7 (Animal Nutrition)

Lipoproteins

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(high-d.; vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Lipoproteins

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(low-d.; vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Nutrition, animal

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Glycerides, biological studies

Lipids, biological studies

Peroxidation

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Diet

(vegetarian; vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

57-88-5, Cholesterol, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian nutrition lipid peroxidn

Citations

1) Ada; J Am Diet Assoc 1988, 88, 352

2) Bergan, J; J Am Diet Assoc 1980, 76, 151

3) Cooper, R; Atherosclerosis 1982, 44, 293

4) Fisher, M; Arch Inter Med 1986, 146, 1193

5) Friedewald, W; Clin Chem 1972, 18, 499

6) Kannel, W; The Framingham Study, Section 24 1970

7) Kestin, M; Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50, 280

8) Krajcovicova-Kudlackowa, M; Cor Vasa 1993, 35, 224

9) Knuiman, J; Atherosclerosis 1982, 43, 71

10) Liebman, M; Am J Clin Nutr 1983, 38, 612

11) Margetts, B; Br Med J 1986, 293, 1468

12) Masironi, R; Bull World Health Org 1970, 42, 103

13) Meinertz, H; Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50, 786

14) Millet, P; Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50, 718

15) Ornish, D; Trial Lancet 1990, 336, 129

16) Pesciatini, F; Int J Clin Pharm Red 1985, 5, 199

17) Philips, R; Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31, 191

18) Resnicow, K; J Am Dietetic Assoc 1991, 91, 447

19) Roshanai, F; Human Nutrition - Applied Nutr 1984, 38, 345

20) Sacks, F; Engl J Med 1975, 292, 1140

21) Sacks, F; JAMA 1985, 254, 1337

22) West, R; Am J Clin Nutr 1968, 21, 853

23) Ziemlanski, S; Zyw Czlowieka i Metabol 1993, 20(3), 221

139. Ziemlanski, Swiatoslaw; Panczenko-Kresowska, Bogumila. The effect of vegetarian mode of nutrition on plasma lipids and peroxidation processes. Activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides level in vegetarians. Part II. Zywienie Czlowieka i Metabolizm (1995), 22(3), 215-220.

Abstract

The aim of this study was the assessment the effects of vegetarian nutrition mode (lactoovovegetarian, lactovegetarian, vegan, semivegetarian) on the blood levels of lipid peroxides detd. indirectly as thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) as well as catalase activity (CAT). The studied group of vegetarians comprised 170 subjects who were compared with 80 controls living on traditional diet. A statistically significantly higher of TBARS (3.61  0.47 nmol/mL) and lower SOD activity (1631  200 U/gHb) and CAT activity (48.2  11.6 U/gHb) were found in vegetarians as compared to nonvegetarians (3.21  0.43 TBARS, 1719  172 SOD and 62.2  15.6 CAT). Higher TBARS level in vegetarians depended, in some degree, on the type of vegetarian diet. The highest TBARS level was found in the vegan group (3.87  0.53 nmol/mL). The obtained results show that vegetarian diets may contain factors inhibiting the antioxidant enzymes and diets rich in polyunsatd. fatty acids can be the source of lipid peroxides.

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(polyunsatd.; vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Antioxidants

Blood

Nutrition, animal

Peroxidation

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Lipids, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Diet

(vegetarian; vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

7440-43-9, Cadmium, biological studies

Role: ADV (Adverse effect, including toxicity); BOC (Biological occurrence); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence)

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

50-81-7, Vitamin c, biological studies

1406-18-4, Vitamin e

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(vegetarian mode of nutrition effect on plasma lipids and peroxidn. processes)

Supplementary Terms

vegetarian nutrition lipid peroxidn antioxidant

Citations

1) Agte, V; Ann Nutr Metabol 1994, 38(1), 13

2) Ada; J Am Diet Assoc 1988, 88, 352

3) Beers, R; J Biol Chem 1952, 195, 133

4) Buege, J; Methods in Enzymology 1978, 52, 302

5) Dwyer, J; Am J Clin Nutr 1988, 48, 712

6) Erenel, G; Mat med Pol 1993, 85, 37

7) Fisher, M; Arch Int Med 1986, 146, 1193

8) Halliwell, B; Biochem J 1984, 219, 1

9) Holman, R; Fed Proc 1964, 23, 1062

10) Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, M; Cor Vasa 1993, 35, 224

11) Kwiatkowski, J; Post Biochem 1988, 34, 311

12) Melchert, H; Atherosclerosis 1987, 65, 159

13) Misra, H; J Biol Chem 1972, 247, 3170

14) Panczenko-Kresowska, B; Zyw Czlow Metabol 1995, 22(3)

15) Phillips, R; Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31, 191

16) Rouse, I; J Hyperten 1984, 2, 231

17) Sacks, F; N Engl J Med 1975, 292, 1148

18) Sanders, T; Am J Clin Nutr 1978, 31, 805

19) Ziemlanski, S; Acta Physiol Pol 1982, 33(supl 24), 55

20) Ziemlanski, S; Zyw Czl i Metabol 1993, 20, 221

21) Ziemlanski, S; Zyw Czlow i Metab 1995, 22(1), 1

22) Ziemlanski, S; Rola diet wegetarianskich w zapobieganiu i leczeniu metabolicznych chorob ukladu krazenia Czynniki Ryzyka

23) Ziemlanski, S; Zywienie Czlow i Metab 1995, 22(2), 1

24) Wartanowicz, M; Zyw Czlow i Metabol 1989, 16, 296

140. Suzuki, Hideo. Serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (1995), 41(6), 587-94.

Abstract

A nutritional anal. was conducted on the dietary intake of a group of 6 vegan children aged 7 to 14 who had been living on a vegan diet including brown rice for from 4 to 10 yr, and on that of an age-matched control group. In addn., their serum vitamin B12 levels and other data (red blood cell count, hematocrit, Hb, etc.) were detd. in the lab. In vegans' diets, 2-4 g of nori (dried laver), which contained B12, were consumed daily. Not a single case of symptoms due to B12 deficiency was found. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to any of the examn. data, including B12 levels (p <0.05). Therefore, consumption of nori may keep vegans from suffering B12 deficiency.

Indexing -- Section 18-2 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood

(indexes; serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice)

Porphyra

(serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice and nori)

Rice

(brown, serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice)

Diet

(vegetarian, serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice)

68-19-9, Vitamin B12

Role: BOC (Biological occurrence); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence)

(serum vitamin B12 levels in young vegans who eat brown rice)

Supplementary Terms

vitamin B12 serum vegan diet nori

141. Law S Risks of vegan diets during pregnancy and lactation. AARN news letter (1995), 51(3), 11.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

*Diet, Vegetarian: AE, adverse effects

Humans

Infant, Newborn

*Lactation

*Pregnancy

Prenatal Care

142. Janelle K C; Barr S I Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association (1995), 95(2), 180-6, 189, quiz 187-8.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To compare nutrient intakes between vegetarians and nonvegetarians with similar health practices, and to assess relationships with eating behavior scores from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Metropolitan area in western Canada. SUBJECTS: Subjects (n = 45) were participants in a study comparing subclinical menstrual disturbances between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. To be included, women had to be 20 to 40 years old, be weight stable with a body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) of 18 to 25, be a nonsmoker, exercise 7 hours a week or less, consume one alcoholic drink or less a day, and not be using oral contraceptives. Nonvegetarians (n = 22) ate red meat three times a week or more, and vegetarians (n = 23, 8 vegans and 15 lactovegetarians) had excluded all meat, fish, and poultry for 2 years or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nutrient intake assessed by three 3-day diet records; supplement use; body composition; and dietary restraint (conscious limitation of food intake), disinhibition, and hunger assessed by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Anthropometric variables, nutrient intakes, and eating behavior scores were compared between vegetarians and nonvegetarians using unpaired t tests, and among vegans, lactovegetarians, and nonvegetarians using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. Supplement use was compared using chi 2 analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate relationships between variables. RESULTS: Diets of all women adhered closely to current nutrition recommendations. Vegetarians had lower protein and cholesterol intakes and higher percentage of energy as carbohydrate, ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat (P:S ratio), and fiber intake than nonvegetarians. Vegetarians had lower riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-12, zinc, and sodium intakes and higher folate, vitamin C, and copper intakes.

However, many differences were not apparent between the subgroup of lactovegetarians and nonvegetarians (their P:S ratios and carbohydrate, fiber, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, and copper intakes were similar). In contrast, differences existed between the lactovegetarian and the vegan subgroups. Supplement use was similar between groups, except for greater vitamin C use by vegetarians. Vegetarians were leaner than nonvegetarians, had lower restraint scores, and had significant associations between restraint and BMI (r = .49; P < .05) and energy per kilogram body weight (r = -.60; P < .01). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Current nutrition recommendations can be attained by vegetarians and nonvegetarians alike, but nutrient intakes cannot be inferred from dietary pattern. In this study, the intakes of health-conscious nonvegetarians and lactovegetarians were more similar than the intakes of lactovegetarians and vegans. Vegans' calcium and vitamin B-12 intakes may need attention. Vegetarians' lower restraint scores suggest that they are not at increased risk for eating disorders.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

Analysis of Variance

Anthropometry

British Columbia

Diet Records

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Eating

*Feeding Behavior

Food, Fortified

Humans

Minerals: AD, administration & dosage

Nutrition Policy

Prospective Studies

Questionnaires

Vitamins: AD, administration & dosage

Chemical Names

0 (Minerals)

0 (Vitamins)

143. Kjeldsen-Kragh J; Kvaavik E; Bottolfs M; Lingaas E Inhibition of growth of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli in urine in response to fasting and vegetarian diet. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica (1995), 103(11), 818-22.

Abstract

It has recently been shown that serum antibody levels against Proteus mirabilis decreased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who improved clinically during treatment with 7-10 days of fasting followed by a one-year vegetarian diet. As P. mirabilis is commonly implicated in urinary tract infections, this study was carried out to examine whether fasting and vegetarian diet may influence the growth of P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli in urine. Urine samples were collected from 22 patients who were referred to a health farm for various reasons. The dietary regimen recommended by the health farm consisted of fasting for 7 to 10 days followed by a vegan diet. The growth of both bacteria in urine samples collected after 8 days was significantly slower than in samples collected at baseline. In urine samples collected after 18 days growth was also reduced, although not significantly for E. coli. Our results show that dietary manipulation may reduce the ability of urine to support the growth of P. mirabilis and E. coli.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female

Adult

Aged

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: DH, diet therapy

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: MI, microbiology

Arthritis, Rheumatoid: UR, urine

*Diet, Vegetarian

*Escherichia coli: GD, growth & development

*Fasting: PH, physiology

Humans

Middle Aged

*Proteus mirabilis: GD, growth & development

*Urine: MI, microbiology

144. Agren, Jyrki J.; Tormala, Marja-Leena; Nenonen, Mikko T.; Hanninen, Osmo O. Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans. Lipids (1995), 30(4), 365-9.

Abstract

The fatty acid compn. of erythrocytes, platelets, and serum lipids was compared between subjects who has been eating a strict uncooked vegan diet ("living food") for years and omnivore controls. The vegan diet contains equal amts. of fat but more monounsatd. and polyunsatd. and less satd. fatty acids than the mixed diet of the control group. In vegans, the proportion of linoleic acid was greater in all lipid fractions studied. Also, the levels of other n-6 fatty acids were greater, with the exception of arachidonic acid levels, which were similar in most fractions. In erythrocytes, platelets and serum phospholipid fractions, this increase was mainly at the expense of the n-3 fatty acids. The proportions of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid were only 29-36% and 49-52% of those in controls, resp. In vegans the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids was only about half that in omnivores. In addn. to the lower levels of n-3 fatty acids, the proportions of palmitic and stearic acids were lower in serum cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and free fatty acids of vegans. The proportion of oleic acid was slightly lower only in serum cholesteryl esters and erythrocyte phosphatidylserine. The results show that, in the long term, the vegan diet has little effect on the proportions of oleic and arachidonic acids, whereas the levels of n-3 fatty acids are depressed to very low levels with prolonged consumption of the high linoleic and oleic acid components of this diet.

Indexing -- Section 18-5 (Animal Nutrition)

Blood platelet

Erythrocyte

(fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

Lipids, biological studies

Phosphatidylserines

Phospholipids, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

Fatty acids, biological studies

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(polyunsatd., n-3, fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

Diet

(vegetarian, strict, vegan; fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

60-33-3, Linoleic acid, biological studies

112-80-1, Oleic acid, biological studies

506-32-1, Arachidonic acid

6217-54-5

10417-94-4

Role: BOC (Biological occurrence); BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); OCCU (Occurrence); PROC (Process)

(fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

57-88-5D, Cholesterol, ester

Role: BPR (Biological process); BSU (Biological study, unclassified); BIOL (Biological study); PROC (Process)

(fatty acid compn. of erythrocyte, platelet, and serum lipids in strict vegans)

Supplementary Terms

vegan fatty acid erythrocyte platelet lipid

145. Ritter M M; Richter W O Effects of a vegetarian life style on health. Fortschritte der Medizin (1995), 113(16), 239-42.

Abstract

A vegetarian diet has a positive effect on various risk factors for coronary artery disease: these include usually lower average body weight, lower total and LDL cholesterol levels, and lower blood pressure. In conjunction with a generally more healthy way of life (more exercise, less alcohol and tobacco use), vegetarians have roughly 30% reduction in overall mortality. The prevalence of bronchial, colon and breast cancer is also lower. In particular in its strict form (total vegetarianism or veganism), a vegetarian regimen may lead to deficiency disorders, in particular vitamin B12 deficiency, which may occur especially in vegetarian children, pregnant or lactating women. Overall, however, a vegetarian regimen has a more beneficial effect on health than the usual Central European diet.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

*Cardiovascular Diseases: PC, prevention & control

*Diet, Vegetarian

Humans

Infant, Newborn

Life Style

*Neoplasms: PC, prevention & control

Nutrition Assessment

Nutritional Requirements

Nutritive Value

Pregnancy

146. Rauma A L; Torronen R; Hanninen O; Verhagen H; Mykkanen H Antioxidant status in long-term adherents to a strict uncooked vegan diet. The American journal of clinical nutrition (1995), 62(6), 1221-7.

Abstract

Antioxidant status was investigated in 20 Finnish middle-aged female vegans and in one male vegan who were following a strict, uncooked vegan diet ("living food diet"), by means of a dietary survey and biochemical measurements (blood concentrations of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, and the activities of the zinc/copper-dependent superoxide dismutase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase). Values were compared with those of omnivores matched for sex, age, social status, and residence. Antioxidant supplementation was used by 4 of 20 female vegans and by 11 of 20 control subjects. Based on dietary records, the vegans had significantly higher intakes of beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, and copper, and a significantly lower intake of selenium than the omnivorous control subjects. The calculated dietary antioxidant intakes by the vegans, expressed as percentages of the US recommended dietary allowances, were as follows: 305% of vitamin C, 247% of vitamin A, 313% of vitamin E, 92% of zinc, 120% of copper, and 49% of selenium. Compared with the omnivores, the vegans had significantly higher blood concentrations of beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, as well as higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. These differences were also seen in pairs who were using no antioxidant supplements. The present data indicate that the "living food diet" provides significantly more dietary antioxidants than does the cooked, omnivorous diet, and that the long-term adherents to this diet have a better antioxidant status than do omnivorous control subjects.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adult

Aged

*Antioxidants: AN, analysis

Ascorbic Acid: AD, administration & dosage

Ascorbic Acid: BL, blood

Carotenoids: AN, analysis

Carotenoids: BL, blood

Cross-Sectional Studies

*Diet: ST, standards

*Diet, Vegetarian

Eating

Erythrocytes: EN, enzymology

*Fruit

Glutathione Peroxidase: AN, analysis

Glutathione Peroxidase: BL, blood

Humans

Middle Aged

Superoxide Dismutase: AN, analysis

Superoxide Dismutase: BL, blood

Time Factors

*Vegetables

Vitamin E: AD, administration & dosage

Vitamin E: BL, blood

beta Carotene

Registry Numbers

1406-18-4 (Vitamin E)

36-88-4 (Carotenoids)

50-81-7 (Ascorbic Acid)

7235-40-7 (beta Carotene)

Chemical Names

0 (Antioxidants)

EC 1.11.1.9 (Glutathione Peroxidase)

EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase)

147. Soomro G M; Crisp A H; Lynch D; Tran D; Joughin N Anorexia nervosa in 'non-white' populations. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (1995), 167(3), 385-9.

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Comparisons were made between two groups of anorectic patients, 'non-white' and 'white', on a variety of clinical and social characteristics. METHOD. The study is based on a 34-year long database (1960-93) associated with a national tertiary referral centre. Thirty-six non-white patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) and five with 'partial syndrome' are compared with a white group comprising 944 patients with full syndrome. RESULTS. The main finding is clinical similarity between the two groups, extending to social class and pathological patterns of family relationship. The non-whites are shorter in stature (P = 0.004) and report earlier menarche (P = 0.004); they are younger at presentation (P < 0.001), somewhat less emaciated, and practice veganism slightly more commonly; they less often acknowledge sensitivity to 'fatness' (P < 0.003). This sensitivity was exposed later whenever treatment involved substantial weight gain. The proportion of non-white cases accepted for assessment has not changed in respect of year of onset (around 6%) for the last 20 years, or year of presentation (around 6-7%) over the last 15 years. There was a tendency for non-white patients to be referred earlier in their illness. CONCLUSIONS. The clinical and background profiles of non-white and white anorectics are generally similar. The numbers arising and presenting have not changed recently. Non-white patients apparently have as ready access as white patients to assessment and treatment by us.

Controlled Terms

Check Tags: Female; Male

Adolescent

Adult

African Americans: PX, psychology

African Americans: SN, statistics & numerical data

African Continental Ancestry Group

Anorexia Nervosa: DI, diagnosis

*Anorexia Nervosa: EH, ethnology

Anorexia Nervosa: PX, psychology

Asia: EH, ethnology

Body Image

*Cross-Cultural Comparison

England

Ethnic Groups: PX, psychology

*Ethnic Groups: SN, statistics & numerical data

European Continental Ancestry Group: PX, psychology

*European Continental Ancestry Group: SN, statistics & numerical data

Family

Humans

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

Social Class

Syndrome

Treatment Outcome

Weight Gain

---