czytanie teksty (9)

Passage 30    ------- --------------------

An orator, whose purpose is to persuade men, must__ spcak the things ihey w ish to hear; an orator, whose purpose is to move men, must aiso avoid disturbing the emotional effect by any obtrusion of intellectual antag-onism, but an author. whose purpose is to instruct men, wbo appeals to the imellect, must be careless of their opinions and think oniy of truth. lt will often be a ąuestion when a man is or is not wise in advancing un-palatable opinions, or in preaching heresies; but it can never be a question that a man should be silent if unpre-pared to speak the truth as he conceives it. Deference to popular opinion is one great source of bad writing and is alł the morę disastrous because the deference is paid to some purely hypothetical requirement. When a man fails to see the truth of certain generally accepted views, there is no law compelling him to provoke animosity by an-nouncing his dissent. He may be excused if he shrink from the lurid glory of martyTdom; he may be justified in not placing himself in a position of singularity. He may even be commended for not helping to perplex mankind with doubts which he feels to be founded on limited and possibly erroneous investigation. But if alle-giance to truth lays no stem command upon him to speak out his immaiure dissent, it does lay a stem command not to speak out hypocritical assent. There are many justifications of silence; there can be nonę of insincerity.

161, A man who dissents with generally accepted views

1.    should announce his dissent

2.    should be willing to be persecuted by others

3.    marks himself as an individualist

4.    should assent to the accepted view to achieve harmony

5.    must be sincere

162. To persuade people, it is wise to

1.    show them their errors

2.    avoid disturbing their peace of mind

3.    tell them what they want to hear

-4. voice heresies 5. instruct

163.    A good teacher

1.    disregards the reaction of his audience

2.    appeals to emotions

3. - tells his listeners what they already think -

heretical

5. tells his audience his own attitude toward the topie

164.    Among the justifications for silence, the author does not include

1.    dishonesty

2.    humility

3.    modesty

4.    fear

5.    uncertainty

Passage 31    ~~~----

Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or proeryptie coloring). The fact that the same method. concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well e.\plained by T. Bell who suggests as an illustration the rapidity ot movement which is also madę use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a ma\imum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is cornmonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus weli-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves ac-tively. On the other hand, smali animals which have no means of active defense, such as large numbers of in-sects, freąuently depend upon concealment alone. Pro-tective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of in-sectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such diflerences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense or attack, may be either generał or spe-cial. In generał resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environ-ment, but the conditions do not reąuire any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especialiy common among the animals inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color; on the latter. equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which and ground possesses when seen by raoonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than generał and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in generał resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps morę important than any other element in the complex method by wbich concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape,