czytanie teksty (11)

Passage 36

Criticism is a study by which men grow important and formidable at very smali expense. The power of in-vention has been conferred by naturę upon few, and the labor of learning those Sciences which may, by mere la-bor be obtained, is too great to be wiłlingly endured; but every man can exert such judgment as he has upon the works of others; and he whom naturę has madę weak, and idleness keeps ignorant, may yet support his vanity by the name of a critic.

I hope it wili give comfort to great numbers who are passing through the world in obscurity, when I inform them how easily distinction may be obtained. Ali the other powers of literaturę are coy and haughty; they must be long courted and at last are not always gained; but Criticism is a goddess easy of access and forward of advance, who will meet the slow and cncourage the tim-orous; the want of meaning she supplies with words, and the want of spirit she recompenses with malignity.

This profession has one recommendation peculiar to itseif, that it gives vent to malignity without real mis-chief. No genius was ever blasted by the breath of crit-ics. The poison which, if confined, wouid have burst the heart fumes away in empty hisses, and malice is set at ease with very little danger to merit. The critic is the oniy man whose triumph is without another’s pain and whose greatness does not rise upon another^ ruin.

To a study at once so easy and so reputable, so ma-licious and so harmless, it cannot be necessary to invite my readers by a long or labored exhortation; it is suf-ficient, sińce all wouid be critics if they could. to show by one eminent example that all can be critics if they will.

194.    According to the author, which of the foilowing

statements is true?

1.    The critic needs arduous training.

2.    The judgment of the critic may be harmful to the writer.

3.    Very few are qualified to be cntics.

4.    Literaturę is not malignant.

5.    The critic woos an incontinent goddess.

195.    The malignity of the critic

1.    can never hurt the one he is criticizing

2.    can be malignant

3.    is easy of access

4.    is reserved for the ignorant and vain

5.    is poisonous

Passage 37

Observe the dilemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no chlonftipyl. While all other plants put the sun^łs energy to work for them combining the nutrients of ground and air into body structure, the chlorophyl-less fungus must look elsewhere for an energy supply. It finds it in those other plants which, having received their energy free from the sun, relinąuish it at some point in their cycle either to other animals (like us humans) or to fungi.

In this search for energy the fungus has become the earth’s major source of rot and decay. Wherever you see mold forming on a piece of bread, or a pile of leaves turning to compost, or a blown-down tree becoming pulp on the ground, you are watching a fungus eating. Without fungus action the earth wouid be piled high with the dead plant life of past centuries. In fact, certain plants which contain resins that are toxic to fungi will last indefinitely; specimens of the redwood, for instance, can still be found resting on the forest floor centuries after having been blown down.

196.    The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

1.    Life without Chlorophy!

2.    The Source of Rot and Decay

3.    The Harmful Qualitie$ of Fungi

4.    The Strange World of the Fungus

5.    Utilization of the Su^s Energy

197.    The statement “you are watching a fungus eating” is best described as

1.    figurative

2.    ironical

3.    parenthetical

4.    joking

5.    contradictory

198.    The author implies that fungi

1.    are responsible for all the worlds rot and decay

2.    cannot live completely apart from other plants 37 attack plants in order to kill them

4.    are poisonous to resin-producing plants

5.    can survive indefinitely under favorable conditions

199.    The author uses the word dilemma to indicate that

1.    the fungus is both helpful and harmful in its effects

2.    no one understands how a fungus lives

3.    fungi are not really plants

4.    the function of chlorophyl in producing energy is a puzzle to scientists

5.    the fungus seems to have its own biologicai laws

200. ~Which word best describes the fungus as depicted

in the passage?

1.    Quixotic —^

2.    Sporadic —'

JŁ Enigmatic ~    **

4.    Parasitic

5.    Indolent